英语中的从句

英语中的从句 句子: 简单句结构:一个主语(或有两个以及两个以上的并列主语)+一个谓语(或有两个或两个以上的并列谓语) 主系;主谓;主谓宾;主谓间宾直宾;主谓宾宾补 复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句。 并列复合句指的是用连词连接两个或两个以上的简单句，其结构:为:简单句+并列连词+简单句。常用并列连词:and, or, but, not only…but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…, so, nor/neither 例如: The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. Some are wise and some otherwise. Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory. You may lead a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink. 主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。不同的词类在句子中充当不同的句子成分，以句子的形式充当句子成分的句子既是主从复合句。既从句在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语和状语。所以从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类。 一、名词性从句 名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句四种。 引导名词性从句的词语有: 从属连词:that, whether, if 疑问代词:who, which, whose, what 疑问副词:when, where, how, why 关系代词:what(the things that), whatever(anything that), whoever(anybody who), whichever 1. 主语从句 以句子的形式在句子中充当主语，例如: That things will improve is obvious. Whether he’s coming (or not) doesn’t matter very much. Who said that is not important. Which one is correct is hard to say. Whose side she is on is not quite clear. What made him do so is a mystery. (what做疑问代词) What matters most is good health. (what做关系代词) When and where the meeting will be held is not yet fixed. How she got wounded at work should be investigated. Why we should develop education is not a question. Whoever said that was lying. Whatever you give is fine with me. Whichever of you gains the most points wins the competition. Notes: a) 主语从句前面的that不能省略。主语从句虽然可以位于主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况 下用先行词it作形式主语，将that(包括其他引导词引导的)主语从句后置。在后置的 主语从句中，that常可省略。 例如: It is your own concern whether you believe me or not. It doesn’t matter much who does it as long as it is done. It is surprising how many unhappy marriages there are. It is a mystery what he sees in her. It wasn’t very clear what she meant. b) whether 和if 的用法应有所区别:引导主语从句、表语从句和介词后面的宾语从句时， 必须用whether;引导动词后面的宾语从句和否定结构的“be+形容词+宾语从句”(如not certain, not sure等)的时候，whether 和if 两者都可。但是，discuss等动词后的宾语从 句用whether引导而不用if。如果对这两个从属连词没有把握，用whether为宜。 c) what 既可以作疑问代词，也可以作关系代词，用法和意义大为不同。作疑问代词时， what表示“什么”，作关系代词时，what表示“所……的”，相当于“the things that……” 例如: What we shall do depends on you. What may be done at any time is done at no time. (= The thing that may be done at any time is done at no time.) d) whatever, whoever和whichever称为复合关系代词。Whoever的宾格形式还是whoever， 不用whomever。Whatever, whoever, whichever的其他用法见“状语从句”部分。 2(宾语从句 名词性质的词类在句中可以做谓语动词的宾语，非谓语动词的宾语以及介词的宾语，名词性从句亦然。 例如: He told me (that) the match had been cancelled. 谓语动词后 The manager objected that it was impossible. 谓语动词后 Hearing (that) he failed the examination, he cried. 现在分词后 To do what we are required to do is necessary. 不定式后 It is good asking why and how changed are made. 动名词后 He will talk to us about what he has experienced. 介词后 We are glad (that) you can attend our party. 形容词后 I’m interested in how he did it. 介词后 Prisoners have to eat whatever they are given. 谓语动词后 I’ll give my ticket to whoever wants it. 介词后 A straw will show which way the wind blows. 谓语动词后 a) 在较为常用的动词后引导宾语从句的that可以省略，但是，在较为正式和不常用的动词后引导宾语从句的that不可以省略。如上述第一和第二例。一般不省略宾语从句中的从属连词that的动词有:accept, acknowledge, add, advertise, affirm, allege, appreciate, answer, argue, assert, certify, charge, check, confirm, disagree, dream, emphasize, ensure, exclaim, forecast, imply, indicate, note, observe, predict, record, remark, repeat, reply, report, respond, show, state, teach, vote, write,等。 b) “be + 形容词+ that从句”的结构中的形容词往往是afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry等表示个人感情色彩和certain, sure等表示确信意义的形容词。在这一结构中，that 可以省略。 c) 动词+介词(短语动词)和be+形容词+介词的结构不能跟that引导的宾语从句(即that引导的宾语从句不能位于介词之后)。但，疑问词引导的宾语从句可以放在介词之后。如: He boasted about his success. He boasted that he was successful. He boasted about how successful he was. It depends on whether he is willing to undertake it. We are interested in what you are doing. 3(表语从句 表语从句是以句子的形式来充当表语。表语从句如果是一个陈述句，其引导词that不能省略。 例如: The question is whether we can understand the meaning of his remarks. This is why he had a day off yesterday. My idea is that you should take this matter into reconsideration. That was what we are badly in need of. The problem is who can undertake this responsibility. 4(同位语从句 补充说明名词、名词短语或代词的名词以及名词短语称为同位语。起相同作用的从句形式称 为同位语从句。同位语从句的特点是:从句由that引导，一般位于抽象名词之后，说明抽象 名词所包含的具体内容、含义是什么。 例如: His delay of an hour is due to the fact that he did not catch the train. Most teachers share the opinion that the majority of the freshmen are promising. a) 同位语从句在形式上与定语从句非常相似。但是，其性质完全不同。 同位语从句和定语从句的主要区别在于:同位语从句只能用that，不能用which来引导;同 时that在句子中不充当任何句子成分，只起到标示同位语的作用。而定语从句一般情况下既 可以用that也可以用which来引导，无论是that还是which都是关系代词，在定语从句中充 当句子的主语或宾语。 如以下对比: He put forward the suggestion that the matter be brought up at the next meeting. The suggestion that he put forward at the meeting was turned down. He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights, dropped simultaneously from the same height, would fall to the ground at the same time. Galileo favored Copernicus’ theory which declared that the earth is a planet which revolves around a fixed sun. b) 常带同位语从句的名词:belief, conviction, doubt, explanation, fact, fear, feeling, guarantee, hope, idea, indication, message, news, opinion, order, proof, rumor, suggestion, thought, wish 例如: We must keep this basic fact in mind that English and Chinese as carriers of different cultures are vastly different. Your fear that you can’t learn English well is entirely groundless. I have the feeling that most of the old people do not like the way some young people behave nowadays. Everybody was delighted at the thought that we shall soon be going to Tibet for a visit. c) “…the fact that…”的结构也可以用于according to, apart from, as for/to, as from, as regards, as a result of, because of, but for, by comparison with, despite, due to, except for, for the sake of, in addition to, in connection with, in comparison to/with, in line with, in spite of, instead of, in view of, on account of, regardless of, up to, with the exception of, with reference to, with regard to, notwithstanding等介词或介词短语之后。 例如: In spite of /Despite the fact that hotel prices have risen sharply, the number of tourists is as great as ever. 二、定语从句 复合句中修饰名词、名词短语或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、名词短 语或代词称为先行词。定语从句在句中所起的作用与形容词所起的作用是一样的，所以定语 从句又可以称为形容词从句。另外，定语从句是借助关系代词或关系副词与句子中被修饰的 成分发生关系的，所以又被成为关系从句。 定语从句可以用于修饰和形容人、事、物。引导定语从句的可以是关系代词，也可以是关系 副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语和宾语;关系副词在定语从句中作状语。 关系代词: 指人:who, that(主格)/ who, whom, that(宾格)/ whose(所有格) 指物:which, that(主格)/ which, that(宾格)/ whose, of which(所有格) 关系副词: when(=介词+which), where(=介词+which), why(=介词+which), as/in which; that 1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句是一个句子中不可分割的组成部分。如果没有该定语从句，先行词的意思就 会不明确，主句就会不完整。 非限制性定语从句是对主句中先行词的补充说明。如果没有该定语从句，主句的意思依然完 整，不受影响。二者的主要区别在与逗号的使用。 例如: He has two brothers who are college students. He has two brothers, who are college students. The travelers who knew about the floods took another road. The travelers, who knew about the floods, took another road. He tore the photo that upset me. He tore the photo, which upset me. a) 限制性定语从句一般不用任何方式与主句分割开来。说话时不停顿，书写时无逗号。非 限制性定语从句经常与主句分割开来。说话时需停顿，书写时用逗号。但是，并非所有 的定语从句都作如此严格的区分，在不影响句子基本意思的情况下，在句子的意思不至 于引起误解的时候，使用逗号与否，可由作者自行定夺。 b) 非限制性定语从句比较正式，多用语书面语。非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that， 而且关系代词不能省略。 例如: I gave him a thick book, which he read immediately. I went to see their new house, which I liked very much. Yesterday I met my old classmate, who was very pleased to see me. c) 非限制性定语从句中的介词位置比较灵活。正式文体中，一般位于关系代词之前，其他 情况下可以位于从句的末尾。如果从句修饰的是“人”，关系代词作宾语时常常用whom 而不用who. 例如: I have found a man, whom you can safely depend on. The small man in the raincoat, whom nobody recognized, turned out to be her first husband. d) 如果先行词在句子中已经由形容词性的物主代词或指示代词作了明确的说明，则不能再 使用限制性定语从句来修饰。这时，须使用非限制性定语从句。但如果把指示代词换成 定冠词，则可使用限制性定语从句。 例如: My book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (x) This book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (x) My book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting. (?) The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. (?) e) 限制性定语从句中，先行词如果是something, everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, a few, little, a little等词语，或者由some, every, any, no, all, few, a few, little, a little, only等 词语以及形容词的最高级形式修饰的时候，限制性定语从句用关系代词that引导，表示 人的时候，用who引导。 例如: There is nothing that costs less than civility. The only thing that matters is to find a way out of the trouble. Have you got anything that belongs to me? Is that all that you have done? The little that you have said is of much help to us. f) 非限制性定语从句中，可以用“不定代词/数量词/形容词最高级+of whom/ which”的结 构，表示数量或某种特点。all, each, both, either, neither, none, little, few, many, much, some, most, any 和majority, half, several, enough, a number of等词语都可以用于这种结构。 例如: After class, he asked me many questions, some of which were difficult to answer. Two students of the class, neither of whom studied hard, failed the final exam. He has five children, the youngest of whom is studying English. g) which引导的非限制性定语从句还可以指前面的整个主句或主句的一部分，说明其情况 如何。这时的which相当于and this或and that。此外，in which case, at which point, on which occasion等短语中的which同样说明前面整个主句(或部分)的情况。 例如: They said she married her student, which was not true. He left the job for nothing, which annoyed his parents. I may be a bit late for the meeting this afternoon, in which case I will telephone. He changed his mind, at which point all the others decided to leave him alone. 另外，非限制性定语从句有时并不修饰先行词，而是用语保持叙述的连贯性，表示时间先后， 因果关系，并列或转折的意思，相当于“and/but+主语”的形式。 如: I lent the book to my roommate, who lent it to his girl friend. (who= and he) I turned to him for help, who said it was not his business. (who= but he) h) 定语从句可以用同位语，非谓语动词(不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词)，“介词+ 关系代词+不定式”(非常正式)，“不定式+介词”的形式来进行缩略。 例如: Mr Wu, who is a classmate of mine, never misses the opportunity to tell me the latest news. Mr Wu, a classmate of mine, never misses the opportunity to tell me the latest news. You are the only person who can understand his meaning. You are the only person to understand his meaning. Those who expect to pass the examination must work hard. Those expecting to pass the examination must work hard. This is one of the books that were written by Lu Xun. This is one of the books written by Lu Xun. He is not the right person whom you can work with. He is not the right person who(m) you can work with. He is not the right person with whom you can work. He is not the right person with whom to work. He is not the right person to work with. You’d better change a topic that you should write on. You’d better change a topic (that/which) you should write on. You’d better change a topic on which you should write. You’d better change a topic on which to write. You’d better change a topic to write on. Small children usually need a good place where they can play. Small children usually need a good place (that/which) they can play in. Small children usually need a good place in which they can play. Small children usually need a good place in which to play. Small children usually need a good place to play in. 2(关系代词作主语 在限制性定语从句中作主语指“人”时，关系代词可以用who或that, 以who为多;在 非限制性定语从句中作主语指“人”时，关系代词只能用who。 例如: They are the women who/that live the next door. God helps those who help themselves. The astronauts, who are reported to be very cheerful, are expected to land on the moon shortly. 在限制性定语从句中作主语指事，物时，关系代词可以用which或that;在非限制性定 语从句中作主语指事，物时，关系代词只能用which。 例如: This is the photo which/that shows my house. The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years. 3(关系代词作宾语 关系代词在定语从句中可以作动词，介词的宾语。 限制性定语从句中指人时，用whom, who(一般在口语中用来代替whom), that, 或省 略。非限制性定语从句中指人时，只能用whom或who，不能省略。 例如: The energetic man (whom/who/that) we met on holiday works for the BBC. The author of the book, whom/who I met at a party last week, proved to be a well-known journalist. 限制性定语从句中指事，物时，用that, which或省略。非限制性定语从句中指事，物时， 只能用which，不能省略。 例如: The shed (that/which) we built in the garden last year had begun to rot. The shed in our garden, which my father built many years ago, had lasted for a long time. a) 在“动词+介词”的固定动词短语中，介词通常放在原来的位置上为宜，不放在关系代 词之前。 例如: This is the magazine which you are looking for. The child whom Aunt Li takes care of is ill. b) 限制性定语从句中作介词宾语指人的时候，如果介词在句子末尾，关系代词可以用whom, who或that, 而且在非正式文体中，这些关系代词通常可以省略。但是如果介词在关系 代词前面，关系代词只能用whom，不能省略。 例如: She is the woman (whom/who/that) I gave the money to. She is the woman to whom I gave the money. c) 非限制性定语从句中作介词宾语指人的时候，如果介词在句子的后面，关系代词可以用 whom或who，但不能用that来代替，同时，whom或who不能省略。但是如果介词在 关系代词的前面，关系代词则只能用whom，不能省略。 例如: The hotel manager, whom/who I complained to about the service, refunded part of our bill. The hotel manager, to whom I complained about the service, refunded part of our bill. d) 限制性定语从句中作介词宾语指事，物时，如果介词在句末，关系代词可以用which或 that，并且通常都可以省略。如果介词在关系代词前，则关系代词必须用which，不能省 略。 例如: The agency (which/that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt. The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt. e) 非限制性定语从句中作介词宾语指事，物时，不管介词在句子的后面或是关系代词的前 面，关系代词都只能用which，不能省略。 例如: The travel agency, which our company has been dealing with for several years, has opened four new branches. The travel agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened four new branches. f) “whose+名词”的形式。无论在限制性还是非限制性定语从句中，都可以作动词或介词 (不管介词是前置还是后置)的宾语。 例如: He is the man whose responsibility we don’t know. He is someone in this unit, whose orders other people have to follow. My son studied in this classroom, whose windows were broken by the students. This is a small classroom whose windows were broken by the students. He is the man whose house the pictures were stolen from. 4(关系代词作定语 whose 是疑问代词，有形容词性所有格用法和名词性所有格用法。 例如: Whose car is that outside? 形 Whose is that car outside? 名 Whose side are you on? 形 Whose is this? 名 For whose benefit were all these changes made? He is going to buy a car, --- with whose money? 但是在定语从句中，whose是关系代词，表示所属关系，相当于普通情况下代词所有格 的用法，既可以指人，又可以指物。“whose+名词”这一结构在限制性定语从句和非限制性 定语从句中作主语，动词宾语，或介词宾语。 例如: When I looked through the window I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away. In the west there is a mysterious dark lake, whose depth has never been measured. This is Tom, whose sister you met last week. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time. In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still suffers. 作介词宾语指事 Michel Croz, with whose help Whymper climbed the Matterhorn, was one of the first of the professional guides. 作介词宾语指人 注意: 指事物的时候，与“whose+名词”的结构相比，“名词+of which”的用法更好。 例如: We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear. We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear. He has written a book whose name I have completely forgotten. He has written a book the name of which I have completely forgotten. 5(关系副词作状语 关系副词when, where, why在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作状语，表示时 间，地点，原因。When只能跟在表示时间的名词后，相当于“介词in/on/at+ which”;where 只能跟在表示地点的名词之后，相当于“介词in/at+ which”;why一般跟在reason之后，相 当于“for+ which”。例如:the time when, the place where, the reason why。 在限制性定语从句中，可以用关系代词that来代替关系副词when, where, why。而且可 以省略。 有时，可以直接用when, where, why，而把它们前面的先行词省略，省略了先行词之后， when, where, why不再是关系副词，而变成了疑问副词，表示“什么时候”，“什么地方”，“为 什么”。这时它们引导的是名词性从句。 1) 表示时间 I still remember the day when we first met. I still remember the day on which we first met. I still remember the day that we first met. I still remember the day we first met. I still remember when we first met. 疑问副词when引导宾语从句。 2)表示地点 This is the school where he received his primary education. This is the school in which he receive his primary education. This is the school that he received his primary education. This is the school he received his primary education. This is where he received his primary education. 疑问副词where引导表语从句 3) 表示原因 Do you know the reason why he was absent from the meeting? Do you know the reason for which he was absent from the meeting? Do you know the reason that he was absent from the meeting? Do you know the reason he was absent from the meeting? Do you know why he was absent from the meeting? 疑问副词why引导宾语从句 4) 表示方式 表示方式的时候，定语从句不能用how 来引导，不能说成the way how。 引导表示方式的定语从句，可以that或in which，且二者都可以省略。 例如: He doesn’t like the way in which she behaves. He doesn’t like the way that she behaves. He doesn’t like the way she behaves. 先行词是必不可少～～～ 三、状语从句 1.时间状语从句 引导从句的从属连词:when, while, before, after, since, once, as soon as, hardly---before, no sooner---than, scarcely---when, by the time (that), during the time, till\until When(ever) an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you. While the grass grows the horse starves. All things are difficult before they are easy. Once they are on shore, people pray no more. Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried. Man in general does not appreciate what he has until he loses it. After he had finished his work, he played a game of chess with his friend. He has written us once since he left last year. a) 从句在主句前，要用逗号。 b) When引导时间状语从句的时候，表示将来时间概念时，不用将来时，而用一般现在时。 2. 地点状语从句 Where, wherever, any where, everywhere, 谚语中，where常常出现在句首 Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is reek, there is heat. Wherever you are, you should work for the people heart and soul. Young people should go where conditions are unfavorable. You can travel where\ wherever\anywhere you like these days. 3. 方式状语从句 as= in the way or manner that,表示“以---方式” When in Rome, do as the Romans do. She told the story as it happened. This paper isn't typed as I showed you. =in the way I showed you a) as和so 连用，as---so As a man sows, so he shall reap. As the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries. b) be, act, appear, behave, feel, look, see, smell, sound, taste等系词和行为动词后，用as if 引导 的从句也常常看成是方式状语从句 They acted as if they knew each other. It looks as if it is going to rain. 4. 原因状语从句 Because, since, as, for, in that, considering, seeing that, now that He didn't hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio. 既然你很忙，我只好自己动手了。 因为天气不错，他们决定出门玩一趟。 因为他们两个人同时下公共汽车，所以他看见了她。 Now that you mention it , I do remember. Considering he was new at the job, he did quite well. Seeing that it is eight o'clock, we will wait no longer. 5. 条件状语从句 if, even if , providing\provided that, unless, as long as, on condition that If you are over 35 and out of work, you're in great trouble. Unless we hurry up, we will miss the beginning of th lecture. Providing that there is no objection, we shall hold the meeting here. You may use this book as long as you return it on time. I will come on condition that he is not invited. (真实和非真实条件状语从句) 6 让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句的从属连词和结构有:although/though, even if/though, no matter+疑问 词(不管…;无论…)，疑问词+ever(不管…;无论…)，however+形容词/副词(不管;无论)， 形容词/副词/名词+as/though+主语+be，动词+as+主语+助动词，动词+疑问词+主语+助动词， 等等。 例如: Although/though you don’t like him, you can still be polite. Even though the sun were to rise in the west, he would not do so. Even if you were to try, you wouldn’t be able to do it. No matter who/whoever may come, he will be welcome. It is a fine house, no matter whom/whomever it belongs to. No matter what/whatever you say, I will not change my mind. No matter which/whichever you choose, you will be pleased. No matter when/whenever it rains, the roof leaks. No matter where/wherever you go, you can’t easily escape from yourself. No matter how hard/however hard it may be, do your best. Unlikely as it may sound, it is true. Much as I’d like to help, there isn’t a lot I can do. A young woman as she is, she is original. Try as she would, she could never remember a word of what she had said. Come what may(no matter what /whatever may come), I am prepared for it. Go where I will (no matter where/wherever I may go), I am homesick. Be a man ever so clever/let a man be ever so clever, if he does not learn, he knows nothing. 7. 目的状语从句 目的状语从句回答what for,/for what purpose,的问题。可由下列词语引导: 一般将来时/一般现在+so that+ can/may/will/shall+V 时/现在完成时 一般过去时/过去完成+so that+ could/might/would/should(否定句不能用could not) 时 一般将来时/一般现在+in order that+ may/shall+V 时/现在完成时 一般将来时/一般过去+in order that+ might/should(否定句不能用could not) 时/过去完成时 一般将来时/一般现在+in case+现在时或might/should+V 时/现在完成时 一般过去时/过去完成+in case+过去时或might/should+V 时 各种时态 +lest+(should)+V 各种时态 +for fear that+ might+V 例如: I wrote out an itinerary so they could follow us. She takes notes carefully in class so that she may/can/will use them when she reviews her lessons after class. The secretary put the note on the manager’s desk so that the manager would be sure to see it. He used simple language in class in order that the students might understand him. He wrote his diary in cipher so that/ in order that his wife would not be able to read it. I always keep candles in the house in case there is/should be a power cut. We must hurry off lest we (should) miss the bus. a) so that比in order that普遍。So that和in order that引导的是目的状语从句，so as to和in order to引导的是动词不定式作目的状语。 b) lest一般用于正规的书面语中。在lest引导的目的状语从句中，should可有可无，也可 以用虚拟语气的形式，即省略should而用动词原形，或过去式谓语动词(be用were)。 在for fear that和in case表示“主观想象”时，for fear that之后用“might+动词原形”， in case之后用“过去时谓语动词”。 例如: I bought the computer at once for fear that my wife might change her mind. I bought the computer at once in case that wife changed her mind. 8. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句通常由so…that, such…that, so that, such that等连接词语来引导。 例如: He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him. He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep. The situation was such that observers found it difficult to predict. Nothing more was heard of him, so that people thought he was dead. Those ponds and streams are so small that they cannot be shown in the maps. a) 在非正式语体中，so…that和such…that结构中的that可以省略。省略that 时，可以用 逗号。在so…that和such…that结构中，such是形容词，修饰名词。So是副词，修饰形 容词或副词。So和such修饰句中名词时，用法结构大为不同。 如:such+不可数名词:such greatness/restlessness such+形容词+复数名词:such fascinating places such+ a/an+形容词+名词:such a gentle person so+形容词+a/an+名词:so gentle a person so+ much/little+不可数名词:so much dust so+ many/few+复数名词:so many people b) 目的状语从句和结果状语从句的主要区别是:目的状语从句中，任何情况下都可以用in order that来代替so that，而在结果状语从句中则不行;目的状语从句可以放在主句之前 也可以放在主句之后，而结果状语从句总是放在主句之后，并且用逗号隔开。 例如: I got up early so that I might be in time for the first train. I got up early, so that I was in time for the first train. (= so early that) 9. 比较状语从句 比较状语从句暗含in relation to或compared with的意思，结构包括: (形容词/副词)比较级+than;more+than;less+than;as+形容词/副词+as;not so/as+形容词 /副词+as(不如…那样…);the…,the…。 例如: Actions speak louder than words. More is meant than meets the ears. During the last fifty years the short story has developed in scope and variety more rapidly than during the preceding five centuries. He’s more of a scholar than you are, but he’s got less common sense than you. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old as she looks. The more a man has, the more he wants. 10. 缩略性状语从句 在表示时间，地点，方式，条件，让步等内容的状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句 的主语相同，连词后面的主语和系动词大都可以省略。这种简略形式的状语从句称为缩略性 状语从句。 例如: 时间 While (she was) at college, Delia wrote a novel. 地点 Where (it is) necessary, improvement will be made. 方式 He acted as if (he was) certain of success. 条件 If (it is) possible, please let me know by this evening. 让步 Though (he was) exhausted, he went to bed very late. 注意:原因状语从句不能用这种方法来缩略。缩略原因状语从句，通常用分词结构的形式。