专升本英语语法资料

专升本英语语法资料 专升本英语动词语法复习资料 要把握英语语法，要把握英语句子中“动词”的特点。英语句子最简单的结构就是“主谓结构”(当然，有时候省略主语，如祈使句)。而其中的谓语就是动词了(当然，包括系动词，如Be动词)。因此，动词是每个句子中都应该存在的成分。以下则即简述动词的一些特点。 第一、英语的动词具有数的变化。 动词的这一特点就是我们经常所说的“第三人称动词单数形式”。考察的是句子的主语数的问题。与之相对应的语法点是“名词数的形式”(可数名词和不可数名词;单数名词和复数名词)、“主谓一致”、“人称代词的用法”(人称代词和物主代词;名词性的物主代词和形容词性的物主代词)等等。 例如:He always reads books before sleeping.He，第三人称单数代词，因此，动词用了reads这个加“s”的第三人称动词单数形式。 第二、英语的动词具有时态的变化。 首先，动词具有形态上的变化:是经常发生的，还是已经发生的，还是正在发生的。我们称为“一般式”、“完成式”和“进行式”(相延伸的，则产生了“延续动词”和“静态动词”的区别。)。其次，动词具有时间上的变化，即:“过去”、“现在”、“将来”。这样交叉之后即产生了不同的时态变化(应该是9种，但是一般常用的是8种，除去了一种将来完成式)。因此，我们要正确的使用动词的不同时态，关键是把握上述两点。 例如:Now，John is playing basketball.在这个句子中，从Now这个词语中，我们可以知道动词play发生的时间是现在，此外，这个动作正在发生，因此，我们要用“现在进行时”。 第三、英语的动词具有语态的变化。 这里考察的是动词动作的对象是句子的主语还是句子的宾语。如果是主语，则是“被动语态”，如果是宾语，则是“主动语态”。而大量英语的句子是以物作为主语的，因此，英语句子中被动语态特别多。 例如:They sent Lucas to prison for five years.(主动语态) Lucas was sent to prison for five years.(被动语态) 第四、英语的动词具有语气的变化。 相应的知识点有:情态动词的用法和虚拟语气。这也是英语句子动词用法中最复杂的一个知识点了。相应的内容不展开论述了，有兴趣的朋友可以参看一下的一个附件中的内容。 非常详细的虚拟语气讲解(见论坛里的其它两个帖子) 第五、在一个英语句子中，仅存在一个主句动词。 可能很多人会不同意这一点，但是只要我们稍微分析一下，我们会发现这是非常重要的一个特点。相延伸的知识点是“从句”、“非谓语动词”、“介宾结构的短语”等等。我们 所看到的在一个句子主句中存在两个动词的唯一的一种情况是:用并列连词连接的两个动词(在并列句中，其实是两个主句)。 “从句”:在整个句子中处于从属地位，充当句子的某一个成分。我们可以根据从句在句子中充当的成分对从句进行分类。如:主语从句，充当主语;宾语从句，充当宾语;状语从句，充当状语等等。 “非谓语动词”:具有动词的性质，但不是句子主句的所表达的动作概念，在句子中也是处于从属地位。有三类非谓语动词:动名词、分词和不定式。其区别在于三者时间概念上的区别:动名词表示动作正在进行，且具有名词的性质;分词表示动作已经完成，过去分词表被动涵义，现在分词表主动涵义;不定式表示动作即将发生。 “介宾结构的短语”:以介宾形式在句子中处于从属地位，充当句子的非主要成分。在一定条件下，三者之间可以进行转化。 例如:Running into the room，she started to cry.动名词。 After she ran into the room，she started to cry.时间状语从句。 句子中的主语是she，主句的动词是start.而 to cry 是不定式结构。表明哭是在开始之后发生的动作，表将来概念。 第六、其它的一些语法点。 剩余的一些语法点是比较零碎的，相对重要的有:“形容词和副词的比较级”、“句式”(包括基本句式，如肯定句、疑问句:一般疑问句;特殊疑问句;反意疑问句、否定句;特殊句式，如倒装句、强调句)、“冠词的用法”、“数词的用法”、“名词的所有格”等等。 2010年成人高考英语备考指导 一、~ the + ~ est +名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read，etc) ~ the most +形容词+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read，etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调„„的重要性也不为过。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V„„(不可否认的„„) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that +句子~~(全世界都知道„„) 例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that +句子~~(毫无疑问的„„) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that +句子(„„的优点是„„) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create(produce)any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why +句子~~~ is that +句子(„„的原因是„„) 例句: The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此„„以致于„„) 例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be，S + V~~~(虽然„„) 例句:Rich as our country is， the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V，~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V，~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈„„愈„„) 例句:The harder you work，the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read，the more learned we become. 我们读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving，~~ can ~~(借着„„，„„能够„„ 例句:By taking exercise，we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V(„„使„„能够„„) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~(我们绝对不能„„) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S +过去式(该是„„的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 九、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此„„以致于„„) 例句:So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be，S + V~~~(虽然„„) 例句:Rich as our country is， the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V，~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V， ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈„„愈„„) 例句:The harder you work，the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read，the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving，~~ can ~~(借着„„，„„能够„„ 例句:By taking exercise，we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V(„„使„„能够„„) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~(我们绝对不能„„) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S +过去式(该是„„的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~(„„是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on(以„„为基础) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V(不遗余力的) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to +人+事(让„„明白„„事) 例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~(与„„息息相关) 例句:Taking exercise is closely related t o health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 2010年成人高考专升本英语备考辅导 动词主要时态 一般现在时 1、 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等时间状语连用; 2、 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等; 3、 表示客观事实或普遍真理; 4、 表示安排或好的将来要发生的动作;The plane takes off at 10 am 。 5、 在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right . 6、 在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money。 一般过去时 用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July 。 一般将来时 主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况 在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。I’ll let you know the result when I finish everything。 1、 shall, will + 动词原型构成一般将来时; 2、 am (is , are) going to + 动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情; 3、 am (is , are) about to + 动词原型，表示即将发生的动作; 4、 am (is , an) to + 动词原型，表示必须或计划要进行的动作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered 。 过去将来时 用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态 was (were) going to +动词原型 was (were) about to +动词原型 was (were) to + 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作 现在进行时 go, come , stay , leave, start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作 He is coming to see you tomorrow 。 hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态 过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。 go, come , stay , leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作 将来进行时 将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作 This time next week she will be working in the company . 现在完成时 表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 He has paid his income tax。 过去完成时 用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。 He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。 将来完成时 用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作 I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow 。 现在完成进行时 表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 。 过去完成进行时 表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。 可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。 在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。 一般现在时 1、 表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often , always, usually ,sometimes,everyday 等时间状语连用; 2、 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等; 3、 表示客观事实或普遍真理; 4、 表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作;The plane takes off at 10 am 。 5、 在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作;When you see her just tell her that I am all right . 6、 在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money。 一般过去时 用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,last week,three years ago , in 1987, at the time , in July 。 一般将来时 主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况 在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。I’ll let you know the result when I finish everything。 1、 shall, will + 动词原型构成一般将来时; 2、 am (is , are) going to + 动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情; 3、 am (is , are) about to + 动词原型，表示即将发生的动作; 4、 am (is , an) to + 动词原型，表示必须或计划要进行的动作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered 。 过去将来时 用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态 was (were) going to +动词原型 was (were) about to +动词原型 was (were) to + 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作 现在进行时 go, come , stay , leave, start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作 He is coming to see you tomorrow 。 hate, like, love, believe, think, look, mind, have, seem, sound, smell, taste 通常不使用进行时态 过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night 。 go, come , stay , leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作 将来进行时 将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按计划在未来将要进行的动作 This time next week she will be working in the company . 现在完成时 表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 He has paid his income tax。 过去完成时 用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延 续到过去另一个时间的动作。 He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier 。 将来完成时 用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作 I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow 。 现在完成进行时 表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要 继续进行下去。 She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985 。 过去完成进行时 表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。 可能刚刚停止，也可能 还在继续。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years 。 在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用 现在时态。 被动语态 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词 含有情态动词:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分辞 短语动词 :example takes good care >> taken good care 虚拟语气 用来表示非真实的假设，表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望 条件从句 主句 违背现在事实 过去式 should / would / could / might + 动词原形 If the manager were here , he might make a decision immediately 违背过去事实 had + 过去分词 should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词 I could have done it better if I had been more careful 违背将来事实 should + 动词原形 should / would / could / might + 动词原形 were + 动词不定式( were to + 动词原形) If it should rain tomorrow , what could we do ? 在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气 It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable that It is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged that 混合虚拟句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词形式需要调整 If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。 Suggest , order , ask , demand , command , request , require etc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟 句， 在这些动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should 。 It is ( It was ) important ，其后的主语从句用虚拟语气，助动词用should 。 It is important that we ( should ) learn computer . Wish + ( that ) 从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。 表示现在的动作或状态是，从句中的动 词用过去时;表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had + 过去分词。 但是，从句中动词用would (might ) + 动词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望 I wish I knew a little contract law . 但愿我知道一点法(我不知道) I wish you would come tomorrow . 我希望你明天能来 (有可能来) As if / as thought 引导的状语从句(或表语从句)中，常用虚拟语气。 如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词则应使用过去式; 如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词则使用 had + 过去分词的形式 。 基本句型 主语 + 谓语动词 The two-man spaceship took off this morning 。 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 The drilling machine is making a hole 。 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 The answer is off the point 。 主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 The new approach has saved us a great deal of time 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 We like our guests to feel at home 。 常用连词 等立连词:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for 常用关联词 主从连词 that , whether , if 连接代词 who , whom , whose , what , where , which 连接副词 when , where , why , how 倒装句 Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时) There be 句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句 Here , there , then , thus 等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come , be , exist , follow 等不及物动 词时，句子一般都为全部倒装 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus . 句首为 so , nor , neither 等副词时、表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时 ，句子为倒装 Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister 在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动 次 had ,should 和动词were 。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train so / nor / neither + 系动词/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。 He doesn’t like music . Nor / Neither do I . 在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中，由于否定词或否定词组 放在句首，主句部分中的主、谓要到装———助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital . 直接引语和间接引语 John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .” John said that he was going to London with his father . 一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句 He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?” He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。 祈使句变为动词不定式， 作ask , tell 等动词的宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等; 表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词，原句中的don’t 应变为 not 。 The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .” The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients . 如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态 He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .” He says that he is very busy reading the book . 如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化: 一般现在时———一般过去时 现在进行时———过去进行时 一般将来时———过去将来时 现在完成时———过去完成时 一般过去时———过去完成时 过去完成时不变 直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般相应变化如下: this -- that last week – the week before therse – those three days ago – three days before now – then tomorrow – the next day today – that day next week – the (next ) following week this week – that week here -- there yesterday – the day before come – go 介词 at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two o’clock in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in the morning , in spring , in 1967 on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon durning 表示一段时间 ，强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacation at one time 过去有段时间、从前 at the same time 同时 on time 按时 below 表示低于 ， 温度低于多少度 above 表示高于 ， 温度高于多少度 几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下: 好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词 和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc. 非谓语动词 forget to do something 忘了而没有做某事 forget doing something 忘了已做过某事 remember to do something 记住了要去做某事 remember doing something 记得已经做过的事情 stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做别的事情 stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事 go on to do something 接下来做另一件事情 go on doing something 继续做一直在做的事情 动词need , want , require 和形容词 worth 后，可接动名词的主动形式来表示被动的意义 现在分词的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动: 前者表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为 The problem being discussed is important 后者表示承受过了的行为 The problem discussed yesterday was important . 情态动词 must + have + 过去分词，表示对过去的某事做出肯定性的判断; must + 动词原形 ，表示对现在的某事作出肯定性的判断。 Need not + have +过去分词 表示过去做了本没有必要做的事情 主谓一致 (语法一致、意义一致、就近) 谓语动词用单数: 不定式、动名词或名词性结构从句作主语时; 事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称作主语时; one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主语或修饰主语时; 表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等词语作主语表示总量时; a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一个、一种、一系列等词组用来修饰主语时; 集体名次作主语表示一个整体概念时。 谓语动词用复数 both , few , many , several 等词语作主语或修饰主语时;(some 不一定) 形容词前加定冠词用于泛指一类时; cattle , people , police , clothes 等名词作主语时; 由and 连接两个主语时; a number of 修饰主语时。 定语从句 I. 定义:定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,定语可由单词、短语来充当。当用一个句子来充当 名词或代词的修饰语时，这种起定语作用的句子就被称为定语从句。 They have a clever son. Do you know the man over there? I know the man who wrote the book. II. 要点: 1. 定语从句的前面都有先行词(被修饰语) This is the boy whom we are looking for 2. 定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后 3. 先行词与定语从句之间要有关系词(有时可省略) 4. 关系词在定语从句中充当某一成分 The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister. The man whom you want to see has come. III. 关系词基本用法 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which of which 但that 一般可用来代替who, whom, which,作宾格时可省略 Do you remember the teacher that/who taught us English? A bookstore is a store that/which sells books. The man (that/whom/who) you know is a famous professor. A) that 不能用来替代who, whom, which的两种情况 1)“介词+whom/which”的结构中，不能用that She is a good student from whom we should learn. 2) 在非限制性定语从句中，逗号后面不能用that She sang a new song, which we like very much. 注意:非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略 B) 用that不用which的一些特殊情况 1) 先行词为all, much, little, something, anything, everything, nothing等 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? 2) 先行词前有形容词最高级修饰 This is the most exciting report that I have ever read. 3) 先行词前有first, last, next, only, very, all, any等词修饰 The first step (that) we are to take is very difficult. 4) 先行词同时含有“人”和“非人”时，用that 不用which，也不用who/whom He talked about the people and the books that interested him. C) 关系副词when, where, why 用关系副词when时，它的先行词是表示时间的名词，用where时先行词是表示地点的名词， 而用why时它的先行词只可能是reason，使用时应注意以下几点: 1) 关系代词的选择主要是看先行词在从句中所作的成分 This is the city where I was born. This is the city (which/that) he has visited I don’t know the reason why she is late. That is the reason (which/that) everybody knows Do you still remember the day when he arrived? Do you still remember the day (that/which) we spent together? 2) 关系副词when,where, why可由“介词+which”的结构来替代 Is this the reason for which they came? He left the day on which I came. 注意:how 不能用来引导定语从句 This is the way how he did it. D) As 作关系代词的用法 与the same, such连用 This is the same book as I read last week. Such books as I have read are classical works. 定语从句练习: 1. The book ______ is yellow was given to me by Mr. Li. A) it’s cover C) whose cover B) its cover D) the cover of that 2. Who was the grey-haired old woman ______ at yesterday’s meeting? A) we saw her C) we saw B) we saw whom D) she was seen 3. He makes good use of the time ______ he can spare. A) when C) that B) in that D) in which 4. I don’t know the room ______ A) where our headmaster lives in B) our headmaster lives in C) in that our headmaster lives D) in which does our headmaster live 5. This is the least interesting book ______ A) which I have ever read C) what I have ever read B) I have ever read D) which I have ever read 6. You must do everything _____ I have told you to. A) which B) that C) when D) how 7. Has all _____ can be done _____? A) what/done C) that/been done B) that/be done D) what/ already done 8. Oct. 1, 1949 is the day _____ even a small child can well remember. A) when B) that C) what D) why 9. That was the room ______ they pretended to be working hard. A) which B) in that C) in which D) that 10. This is the reason ______ I love to read the story. A) Why B) because C) when D) since 11. She had three sons, all ______ became doctors. A) of which B) which C) of whom D) who 12. Have you bought the same dictionary ______ I referred to yesterday? A) that B) which C) what D) as 13. The doctor ______ stepped in. A) Della was waiting for him B) whom Della was waiting C) Della was waiting for D) who Della was waiting 14. I want to buy such a dictionary _____ you bought last week. A) that B) what C) like D) as 15. This is the TV station ______ we visited last year. A) Where B) that C) to which D) in which 16. Do you still remember the days ______ we spent together in Australia? A) when B) during which C) which D) on which 17. Have you ever asked him the reason _____ may explain his absence? A) why B) when C) that D) what 18. Mary is good at English and mathematics, ______ we all know very well in our school. A) that B) what C) / D) as 19. Let’s go and visit Mr. Brown, ______ you know visited us last year. A) that B) who C) whom D) whose 20. She is pleased with ______ you have given her and ______ you have told her. A) that/that B) what/that C) what/all what D) all/what 21. I, who ____ your friend, will try my best to help you. A) be B) am C) are D) is 22. I’ll remember the days and nights ______ we were together in Australia. A) when B) that C) at which D) at when 23. The world ______ is made up of matter. A) in that we live C) on which we live B) where we live in D) we live in 24. This is the most difficult book ______. A) what I have ever read C) which I have ever read B) I have ever read it D) that I have ever read 25. There comes a time in every man’s life ______. A) then he has to think C) when he has to think B) therefore he has to think D) about which he has to think 26. He spoke confidently, _____ impressed me most. A) so that B) that C) it D) which 27. He took down a square green bottle, _____ he poured into a dish. A) its content B) which content C) the content of which D) the content of that 28. It wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. A) that B) which C) as D) what 29. All _____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A) what is needed B) for our needs C) the thing needed D) that is needed 30. The goals _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A) after which B) for which C) with which D) at which 31. The time is not far away _____ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A) when B) as C) until D) before 32. The residents, _____ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A) all whose homes B) all their homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes 33. Language is a city, to the building of _____ every human being brought a stone. A) which B) that C) it D) this 34. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent. A) there B) them C) where D) which 35. The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. A) what B) which C) that D) why 36. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _____ up to half will be from overseas. A) of whom B) for whom C) with which D) in which 37. I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place _____. A) where I’d like to visit B) I most want to visit C) in which I’d like to visit D) that I want to visit it most 38. We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, _____ saves money, of course. A) which B) as C) that D) what 39. Today the public is much concerned about the way _____. A) nature is being ruined B) which nature is ruined C) on which to ruin nature D) of nature to be ruined 常用连词 等立连词:and , so , not only ~ but also , neither ~ now , or , otherwise , either ~ or , but , yet , still , however , while ,whereas, for 常用关联词 主从连词 that , whether , if 连接代词 who , whom , whose , what , where , which 连接副词 when , where , why , how 倒装句 Never , Scarcely , hardly , rarely , little , nowhere , no sooner ~ than , not only , in no case , in no way , on no accoune , at no time , under no circumstances (这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时) There be 句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句 Here , there , then , thus 等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come , be , exist , follow 等不及物动 词时，句子一般都为全部倒装 Here is a book for you . Here comes the bus . 句首为 so , nor , neither 等副词时、表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时 ，句子为倒装 Richard can speak Japanese . So can his sister 在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动 次 had ,should 和动词were 。 Had I left a little earlier , I would have missed the train so / nor / neither + 系动词/ 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。 He doesn’t like music . Nor / Neither do I . 在Hardly ~~ when 和 No sooner ~~ than 以及 Not until 的句型中，由于否定词或否定词组 放在句首，主句部分中的主、谓要到装———助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 No sooner had he got well than he left the hospital . 直接引语和间接引语 John said , “ I ‘m going to London with my father .” John said that he was going to London with his father . 一般疑问句变成以if (whether ) 引导的宾语从句 He said , “Have you all understood this passage ?” He asked the class if they had all understood that passage 。 祈使句变为动词不定式， 作ask , tell 等动词的宾语补足语。表示命令时常用 tell , order 等; 表示请求时常用ask , beg 等动词，原句中的don’t 应变为 not 。 The manager said to the clerk , “Be polite to all the clients .” The manager told the clerk to be polite to all the clients . 如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态 He says , “ I am very busy reading the book .” He says that he is very busy reading the book . 如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化: 一般现在时———一般过去时 现在进行时———过去进行时 一般将来时———过去将来时 现在完成时———过去完成时 一般过去时———过去完成时 过去完成时不变 直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般相应变化如下: this -- that last week – the week before therse – those three days ago – three days before now – then tomorrow – the next day today – that day next week – the (next ) following week this week – that week here -- there yesterday – the day before come – go 介词 at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间 at two o’clock in 表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间 in the morning , in spring , in 1967 on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午 on Sunday , on Monday afternoon durning 表示一段时间 ，强调时间的延续 durning the Summer vacation at one time 过去有段时间、从前 at the same time 同时 on time 按时 below 表示低于 ， 温度低于多少度 above 表示高于 ， 温度高于多少度 几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下: 好坏、美丑等 + 大小、新旧、颜色 + 质地、属性 + 名词 和前缀a- 组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语， afraid , alive , alike ,alone , ashamed , asleep , awake etc. 非谓语动词 forget to do something 忘了而没有做某事 forget doing something 忘了已做过某事 remember to do something 记住了要去做某事 remember doing something 记得已经做过的事情 stop to do something 停下正做的事情去做别的事情 stop doing something 停下手中正在做的事 go on to do something 接下来做另一件事情 go on doing something 继续做一直在做的事情 动词need , want , require 和形容词 worth 后，可接动名词的主动形式来表示被动的意义 现在分词的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动: 前者表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为 The problem being discussed is important 后者表示承受过了的行为 The problem discussed yesterday was important . 情态动词 must + have + 过去分词，表示对过去的某事做出肯定性的判断; must + 动词原形 ，表示对现在的某事作出肯定性的判断。 Need not + have +过去分词 表示过去做了本没有必要做的事情 主谓一致 (语法一致、意义一致、就近) 谓语动词用单数: 不定式、动名词或名词性结构从句作主语时; 事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称作主语时; one , every , everyone , everybody , each , one of , many a , either , neither , no one , nobody , anybody ,some body 做主语或修饰主语时; 表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等词语作主语表示总量时; a person of , a series of , a kind of 等表示一个、一种、一系列等词组用来修饰主语时; 集体名次作主语表示一个整体概念时。 谓语动词用复数 both , few , many , several 等词语作主语或修饰主语时;(some 不一定) 形容词前加定冠词用于泛指一类时; cattle , people , police , clothes 等名词作主语时; 由and 连接两个主语时; a number of 修饰主语时。