争议职业打假人

争议职业打假人 裹挟着褒贬不一的争议，职业打假人到底能走多远,在其个人利益与打假维权的公益性之间，平衡的支点在哪里, 文/《瞭望》新闻周刊记者李俊杰 “刘江事件后，这个行业估计会迎来一次全新的洗牌，优胜劣汰。”12月2日，在电视里看到有“成都打假第一人”之称的刘江及其两名同伙受审，身为同行的湖南打假人喻晖语气沉重。 据检方指控，刘江等人以举报电视台刊播虚假广告为由，共涉嫌敲诈勒索305家电视台，非法牟利242万余元。庭审吸引了各地一些职业打假人前往旁听。 12月15日，刘江被重庆市万州区法院一审判处有期徒刑7年。 职业打假人被曝出敲诈勒索丑闻，刘江案并非首例。2003年，有“假药克星”之称的职业打假人臧家平，被法院以敲诈勒索罪判处有期徒刑3年。 近年也有一些职业打假人曾被检察机关以涉嫌敲诈勒索罪公诉，后被判无罪，但萦绕在这一群体上空的乌云一直未消散。 在多位接受《瞭望》新闻周刊采访的工商部门及消协负责人看来，职业打假人依然有其重要作用，在规范市场秩序，打击假冒伪劣商品的过程中，光靠政府部门是远远不够的。 裹挟着褒贬不一的争议，职业打假人到底能走多远,在其个人利益与打假维权的公益性之间，平衡的支点在哪里,是什么导致一些打假人铤而走险、触犯刑律,为此，本刊记者走近几位打假人，从他们的“职业”生存状态，来探悉这个尚欠规范的特殊“行业”。 “王海现象” 1996年，时届中年的喻晖放下手上的生意，一门心思加入了职业打假行列。15年来，他已是湖南乃至全国打假圈内的知名人士。 此前的1993年，喻晖在长沙创办了一所民营美容美发培训学校。花十余万元从广州购回一批教学设施，用了不到半年，便频频出现故障，甚至险些酿出安全事故，这给学校声誉造成巨大的负面影响。喻晖办学血本无归，还欠下了十几万元银行贷款。 投诉无门时，他从媒体上获知了关于打假界“元老”王海的报道，令他为之一振，后来索性“改行”。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 1995年12月，王海成为中国保护消费者基金会设立的“消费者打假奖”第一位获得者，奖金5000元。在喻晖看来，这笔奖金在当时不是小数，但更重要的是，说明官方认可民间打假行为。 王海的职业打假生涯，始于个人维权。1995年3月，这位22岁的山东青岛人在北京一商场购买了两副耳机，后被证实为假冒商品。抱着一试的心态，王海依据1994年1月1日起施行的消费者权益保护法，成功索赔。 这一年，被称之为“消费者维权元年”，一批个人打假索赔者连接出现，是为“王海现象”。 消费者权益保护法第49条规定，经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的一倍。也就是说，成功打假索赔，将获100%的收益。 谈及当初以打假为业的动机，包括王海在内，多位受访者并不避讳其趋利性，“毕竟能赚些钱”。 消费者权益保护法的威力随后不断显现。依靠该法，喻晖也赚到了打假的“第一桶金”。1996年的3月15日，即国际消费者联盟组织于1983年确定的国际消费者权益日，喻晖在长沙某百货大楼购买了360元的不锈钢产品，后经辨认发现，该品牌的不锈钢产品原产自上海，却贴着潮州厂家的伪造商标。 商场主管出面受理了喻晖的投诉。不到两小时，他拿到连本带赔的720元。由此开始，仅在这一个月，他便赚了1万多元。 “只要我保留购物凭证，随时可以投诉。”喻晖说，但在消费者权益保护法出台前，消费者缺乏维权渠道，购买了假冒伪劣商品，往往只能自认倒霉。有的商家甚至在显眼处贴出“霸王条款”——出门概不负责。 各有生存之道 “我们是游走在钢丝上的人，如果技能好，能掌握平衡度，就能平稳到达，若心态不好，则会掉下来，摔得很惨。”职业打假15年，喻晖见证了这个群体的起落浮沉——几乎每年都有新人加入，也不乏老人离开。 作为职业打假行业的“领头人物”，王海每次出现在公共场合，都会戴上茶色墨镜，纵然面对公众多次请求露出全貌，他依然不为所动。 “这个主要是为了工作方便，也不想自己平时生活被打扰。”王海对本刊记者解释。在他打假高峰期，随着其名气增大，有些地方甚至打出了“防火防盗防王海”的标语。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 王海当初下决心以打假为职业，是因为看中了打假本身也是一个有着较大潜力的市场，他准确地预计到，随着经济发展，假冒伪劣产品会越来越多，打假工作肯定有社会需求。 王海亦是职业打假人中首个以公司打假为主的人。1996年，他创办北京大海商务顾问有限公司，随后又成立王海热线工作室。前者帮助企业打击侵犯知识产权行为，并协助执法部门取缔之，后者则为百姓提供免费咨询。 “个人买假索赔有其局限性，不可能成为一个长远的事业。”王海说，成立公司后，可以抵御各种风险，也可以通过组织与组织的博弈，取得胜利。 如今，王海的打假公司事业越做越大，深圳、杭州等地正在筹建新的分公司。他很满意自己现在的打假状态:靠两家不同的公司“两条腿”走路，既可赚钱，也不妨碍帮助、指导消费者打假维权。 与“老板”王海所不同的是，活跃在许多城市的职业打假人，多数仍然是单兵作战。 湖南的黄平国曾试图将省内职业打假人组合成一个公司，后来未遂，“有些打假人完全是冲着赚钱而来，很多理念压根没法合拍。” 既成“行业”，便有竞争，职业打假人之间的关系十分微妙。多位受访者告诉本刊记者，同行的业务交流几乎没有，碰到打假难去咨询对方，“人家会很委婉地拒绝你。” 于是，不同的人都有各自的生存之道。 今年62岁的喻晖选择以“交朋友”的方式来打假。喻晖通常会选择正规的商场超市，发现问题商品后，若问题不普遍，他会通知商场值班经理，建议他们撤柜，加强管理。 反之，如该商品为品牌，销售量多面广，性质恶劣，他会以最快的方式将购买经过及商品拍成图片，以面的形式递交给该商场，“让他们自己看着办”。 他要赚钱，“不赚钱，我吃什么,”但他并不“贪心”，只买几百元左右的商品，“给商家一点教训就行。” 有时候，商场及生产厂家会主动找到他私下和解，让他自己开价。对此，喻晖说，他会按照商品的性质，对照相关法律法规，在赔偿标准下协商解决。 自认拿捏有度，喻晖笑着告诉本刊记者:“我是一个没有绯闻的人。” 与喻晖相较，今年37岁的黄平国打起假来，更“生猛”一些。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 黄平国介绍，他购买商品后，会在第一时间将购物发票、产品包装等凭据扫描下来，快递给工商或质检等执法部门。如未在规定的时间内等到官方答复，他便起诉政府行政不作为，其后，才会考虑打民事官司索赔。 一次，在某知名超市购买到过期食品后，黄平国当场拒绝了协调的处理意见，执意让媒体曝光。 近3年间，他申请了四五十起行政复议，被人称之为“较真哥”。一位与黄平国交往甚密的朋友告诉本刊记者，他的每次维权，都是直指企业的违法之举或政府部门的不作为。 与喻晖一样，“较真”的黄平国说，他也与很多“对手”成了“朋友”，“他们新产品上市，甚至有些会将外包装发给我看，征求我的意见，是否存在问题”。 质疑之声 早年的职业打假人往往以消费者代、打假英雄形象面世，但后来，很多人都觉得，他们越来越像是生意人。 2002年，在中央电视台《实话实说》栏目中，北京大学法学院一位教授当面询问王海:“我不知道在你的心中，是不是也涌起过这种念头，想做这样的一个英雄而不是赚钱的人呢,” 王海当时回答:“没有～没有～从来没有～”这位教授便说:“噢，原来是这么低俗的一个人～” 如今面对本刊记者采访，王海依然表示，他没想过要当道德楷模，但他会在法律内，赚合法的钱。他说，法律里带有惩罚性的赔偿机制，一是为了惩罚制假售假厂家及商家，二是利用经济驱动鼓励消费者积极维权。 黄平国也说，打假不能光看动机，要看对假冒伪劣商品减少所起到的实际作用。有些打假者目的是为了获得赔偿，但厂家受到惩罚性赔付后，引起重视，受益的还是消费者。 黄平国介绍，2009年食品安全法出台后，湖南出现了一批专门针对超市过期食品的打假人。 食品安全法规定，生产不符合食品安全标准的食品或者销售明知是不符合食品安全标准的食品，消费者除要求赔偿损失外，还可以向生产者或者销售者要求支付价款10倍的赔偿金。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 某知名企业一位从事售后服务十几年的负责人告诉本刊记者，职业打假人具备一定的专业素质，精通相关专业知识，一旦出手基本不落空，而知名商家为了顾及品牌声誉与社会影响，不想进入审判程序，多数以调解及和解的方式了结。 该负责人说，一些普通消费者遇到消费纠纷时，也乐意去找职业打假人，获得赔偿后，私下分成。因此，走法律程序只需几百元即可解决的问题，职业打假人介入后，往往要成倍赔偿收场。 “我们抱着息事宁人的态度，花钱消灾。”这位负责人告诉本刊记者，每一年，公司都有几例类似的事件发生。 据公开报道，王海起诉过的几家大公司，都指责他为受竞争对手之托的“枪手”。 最近一起，是在今年起诉“蓝月亮”洗衣液增加荧光增白剂的诉讼中，“对方在庭审中质疑我是竞争对手的工具，我差点就开骂了。”王海说。 面对记者的再次求证，王海没有正面回复“枪手”说。他说，即便真的这样做了，也不存在问题，企业之间互相监督，能促进行业自律，最终会增加消费者的福利。“企业这种说辞，实为转移公众视线，动机不纯，这是企业惯用的伎俩。” 王海起诉的几乎都是大公司，他解释，“起诉大公司社会价值更大。” 职业打假人受到的质疑还有:如果知假买假，算不算消费者、是否受到欺诈, 这一问题，在许多职业打假讼案中尚无全国统一的答案。比如上海法院曾就此类赔偿案件明确:经营者对故意购假的消费者不构成欺诈，对“知假买假”、“诱假买假”的消费者要求经营者“退一赔一”的诉讼请求，法院将不予支持。而北京石景山区法院则将职业打假人视同于普通消费者，赋予其消费维权类案件的原告主体身份。 中国消费者协会律师团团长邱宝昌对本刊记者表示，发现市场上有假冒伪劣商品，或者有欺骗消费者的行为，依照法律途径，协商解决，要求索赔，只要没有采取违法的方式，都应给予支持。他认为，打假对规范经济秩序及广大消费者多有裨益，不能因为打假人牟利，而追究打假人的责任。 “不是一门好生意” “单纯从商业的角度说，打假不是一门好生意。”王海说，公众看到的只是他们赚钱的一面，职业打假人的生存状态却鲜有人关注——即便他戴着墨镜，还要抵御各种风险的侵袭，如恐吓、威胁。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 他认为，消费者不可能对每件商品了如指掌，仅能凭经验对商品属性进行初步判断，顶多只是怀疑，鉴定难是当前消费者普遍存在的维权困局。 王海回忆说，1995年，自己首起打假案例中，便遇到了鉴定难的问题。当时，他在北京某商场厦购买了两副85元的日本索尼耳机，发现耳机的合模缝处有小毛刺。他找到消协，消协称要投诉，须先到质监局做商品鉴定。质监局说，他们得送耳机到索尼公司鉴定真伪，一般要三个月才出结果。王海觉得时间长，便自己去索尼公司驻京办事处要求鉴定。索尼公司驻京办事处鉴定其所购耳机为假冒产品，但拒绝开具鉴定证明。 如此折腾两天，住宿费、餐费、交通费等等加起来已花去200多元，即便获得加倍赔偿的170元，仍赔钱。无奈之下，王海继续返回原商场，将剩下的10副假索尼耳机全部买了下来。最后带着12副耳机和购物发票找到所在地工商局，要求按新出台的消费者权益保护法赔偿。8个月后，他如愿以偿。 “有时候买假不一定能得到赔偿，风险很大。”喻晖说，2000年以前坚持至今的湖南职业打假人已所剩无几，一些打假多年的同行无奈退出了这个圈子。 喻晖表示，他每个月打假的收入为3000多元，除去交通、通讯等费用，仅够养家糊口。 为更好地保护消费者权益，王海有一系列建议:设定一个消费者维权的基准赔偿标准，比如以1000元作为起步价，以保证消费者维权成本得到充分补偿;建立罚款分利制度，政府执法罚款后给举报人或者受害人奖励;赋予消费者组织代表不特定消费者提起诉讼的资格，从而解决消费者维权概率低的问题。 而成都刘江事件出现后，职业打假人也对自身行业进行了反省。12月15日下午，得知刘江一审被判处7年有期徒刑后，黄平国给本刊记者发来短信说，刘江事件的发生，对整个行业发出了警示:法律底线摆在那里，不能逾越，只能在法律规定范围内进行维权索赔。 “刘江的悲剧，在于他法律知识等自身素养的缺乏。”知名打假人士叶光在接受重庆当地媒体采访时说，作为同行，他支持司法机关依法惩处刘江的不法行为，同时也希望相关部门将民间打假尽快纳入正规监管范围，让职业打假人的职业道德接受社会与政府的监督，而非尴尬地存在。 本刊记者采访的多位职业打假人，几乎都在打假生涯中自学了法律。一位王海的“崇拜者”曾表示想加入这个行业，王海直截了当地告诉他说，如果要加入这个行业，首先要学习法律。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model 早年，王海的支持者、一位经济学家还送给他一句话:“要有一个很高的道德要求 在心里，否则，只顾利益就容易走偏。” “这既是一种告诫，又是一种鞭策。”不想当“道德楷模”的王海承认，打假面临诸多 挑战，如果一味谋求经济效益，很容易失去原则。 undertaking, strengthen the construction of party and Government personnel. To vigorously implement the "capacity building" project, solution engineering immigrants safe haven and other key projects, key projects as the main capacity-building and their own business, Act big, good, capable to do difficult things, high standards and a high level, and constantly enhancing the development of leadership capacity. Focusing on precision of poverty, strengthen the construction of practical personnel in rural areas. Around the development of practice, a village if there are several talents cultivation, processing, marketing, can promote the development of the village, village of JI Zhen an Peng is a People driving a village, Sun Qingyuan back in business as branch Secretary, Ann village has changed dramatically. County Social Welfare Bureau, agriculture Bureau, the Immigration Department (unit) will increase its training of rural talents, pay attention to the strong desire to learn, cultural foundation of "local people" skills training, role play capable drive getting rich, focused on creating a support national policy, Fu Fu and strong talent. With the development of urbanization, especially promotion of hedging relief project, communities of immigrants have been staying, need more community management personnel. The relevant town (Street) to co-ordinate focus on Community Affairs, Social Affairs, public service, protection of migrant people into community, sharing the good life. Laohuzhen Qian BU Zi Cun Jie Qingli, after participating in the e-business training courses throughout the County using learned knowledge of electrical contractor, registered the "Chen of Dongping Lake fish produce" shop, forming a home order online order business model