三环职业发展之道

三环职业发展之道 三环职业发展之道1:综述 人生的事业成功，是一个复杂的系统过程，本文给出了一个框架模型，将尽可能多的成功因素或规律，纳入到内部相互关联的系统模型之内，并且冠以“三环职业发展之道”名称，以组成更完整、正确的事业成功背后的“道”，这些成功因素或规律孤立存在时，往往是片面的、局部的和静态的(本文结尾处给出了传统化的成功公式)。 三环理论的所谓“三环”，简单通俗的说就是，做你“喜欢做的、善于做的、也值得做或应该做”的事情或工作。喜 欢做，就是兴趣、爱好、意愿、动机、专注与投入。善于做，就是特长、知识、技能、经验、经历和能力。机遇，就是值得做、应该做的事情或工作，适应了社会需 要(天时)，具有环境条件和资源供应优势(地利)，以及良好的组织或人际关系基础(人和)，并且能给自己带来好的物质和精神(情感)回报(功名利禄等等等 等)。按照三环之道发展职业和学业，你比较容易取得成就和成功，所得到的物质、精神(情感)回报，也会令你个人比较满意，你的职业生涯也将会充满愉悦感和幸福感。 “三环”的另一种通俗理解:性格、才能、外部机遇。事业命运就是由这三个因素决定的，而不仅仅是“性格决定了命运”。需要注意的是，这只是一种“通俗的”理解，并不严格，也不全面，以及没有动态性。为便于理解和加深记忆，本文捎带说过一下。 三环职业发展之道，作为一个完整的方法论，其内涵远远超出(也不同于)以上的简单通俗说法。三环职业发展之道的系统原理图如图所示，该图是系统思考的结果，所描述的是一个完整的事业成功之路。阅读以下内容时，请务必同时参看该原理图。(一个好的图，胜过一百句话。) 想要看清晰的原图，必须:点击某个图片，再点击按钮“点击查看原图”，再用放大按钮查看原始尺寸的图片。即需要经过3次点击。另，需要下载之后查看的，也必须如此，看到最清晰图片后方可保存。否则看到的，是被新浪处理过的模糊图片。切记～(不能所见即所得，无奈啊～) 居于原理图核心的是三个圆环，它们的共同交集就是“成”:“成效、成果、成绩、成长、成功、成就”。“成”是一个事实结果。而决定它的就是三个环的内容，分别为“1 态度/努力水平:专注、持续、稳定的心理动力能量”、“2 思维与行为的才能种类与深度:知识、技能、经验、智慧等”、“3 外部事业与成长的实践展示机会/机遇、支持”。三个环可分别用“态度、才能、机会”来冠名示，这样更直观一些。也就是说，一个人要“成功”，是由他的个人才能、努力态度以及外部机会等三个大类因素决定的。如果只有一个或两个因素，其余因素不合适或不好，那么就不会取得真正的“成功”，真正的成功是主观成功与客观成功的统一，详见博文“什么是职业成功”。而残缺的不成功状态，例如状态I、II、III，都不是真正的成功，详细说明„„，略。) 另一方面，“成”作为事实结果，也会随着时间慢慢积累起来。比方说一个人的学业成就，就是慢慢累积进阶的，(学好初中数学，才能学高中数学)，当学习就是“本 职工作”时(学生就是如此)，那么所追求并得到的“成”实际上就是当事人的才能，是当事人的“潜能特质”(见图中右部小框内)得以开启、修炼，并成为显性才能的螺旋上升过程。也就是说，才能方面的成功，本身就是一个人的成就。而同时已取得的才能，会进一步参与到“未来才能”的提升过程之中(同态度努力、外部受教育机会等一起)，这就是学业、才能增长的基本动态过程规律，也是培育、教育的基本规律。 而对于正式的职业工作来说，“成”会随着时间慢慢动态积累起来并螺旋上升(见图中左上角的“成的积累等”)，也就组成了当事人自己更好的“3 外部事业与成长的实践展示机会/机遇、支持”的一部分。累积的成果，例如所积累的物质财富、(个人或组织的)品牌声誉、社会关系(行业内的客户关系)等，统称为资源关系，虽然是个人的身外之物，但在当事人的下一个成功过程中，与当事人的努力态度、所得个人才能，一起奠定了一个更大号的“成”，进而得到更好的个人成就感、满意度，等等......所以说“外部机会”(“3 外部事业与成长的实践展示机会/机遇、支持”)，不仅仅是运气的、外部的，其实是当事人自己的历史积累和当前机缘的综合。 这就是一个人事业有成的动态过程规律，即慢慢走上了上坡路了，越来越好。或用“滚雪球式”、一日千里来形容事业的爆炸式成长，此时是因为以上的各种因素，组成了一个增强的闭环系统(图中的线段最终成了一个圆圈)，因而事业会挡不住的取得一个又一个成功。至于事业中途遇到平台期、瓶颈或挫折的，往往是这个闭环系统的某个因素，到了饱和区，或者出现了新的不同性质的因素，等等。 好，继续往下说...... 从三个圆环往下看。“成功”之后，就是回报了，一方面是自己对自己的“心理回报”，另一方面是外部他人对自己的物质和精神的“回报”。自己的回报就简单直接了，“成功”经过与自己内心的隐含预期(或没有什么明确的预期)比较后，立即就会产生成就感、愉悦感等美好的感觉，也就是说，自己由衷的、发自内心的认可自己的“成”。而外部他人的回报则会延迟一段时间，并且经过与他人对当事人的预期的对比，按照考评和回报机制进行的，当事人一般会期望能够“公平公正公开”并及时的回报自己，但在现实中往往不会完全“三公一时”，因此如果明显不“公”或不及时的话，外部他人的“回报”可能会让当事人产生挫折感、压力感、失落感等负面感觉，而不是立即的成就感等美好感觉。 以上心理感觉的产生还要遵照个体的心理需求或欲望进行， 只有“成”或回报的类型，符合当事人个体的心理需求或欲望，才会产生共振式正面或负面感觉，即回报越是“对口满足了”需求或欲望，正面的成就感等美好感觉 也就越强烈，或负面的挫折感等负面感觉也就越强烈。不对口的，也许会有轻微的心理感觉产生，但是对于个人来说，没有进一步的影响作用。不在意名誉的当事 人，如果得到了名誉回报，因为“不对口”自己的心理需求，因而就产生不了什么心理感觉，心中起不了涟漪，就是无所谓了。那么这个“成”就不会进一步增强当 事人的行为和努力。 无论是正面的心理感觉，还是负面的心理感觉，都会进一步影响、决定当事人的外在努力水平，即态度。正 面的成就感等美好感觉，会进一步刺激和维持当事人的兴趣、爱好，以进一步保持良好的态度。而负面感觉，起作用的方式则不同，有可能会激发当事人更好的努力 水平，例如“屡败屡战”、“不服输”、“激发了斗志”、“争一口气”，但也有可能抑制当事人的努力水平而使得偃旗息鼓，所谓“消极怠工”、“破罐子破摔” 等。这与当事人的个性特质是相关的。 这样的话就形成了一个循环: 好的态度，在合适的才能，以及合适的外部事业机会下，使得事业(更可能)成功，进一步(应该)得到好的回报，为此符合了自己的心理需求，就应该会产生好的 心理感觉，进一步使得当事人兴趣盎然，以维持良好的态度，取得下一个成功。这样的正面循环，是每个当事人都希望得到的。但也可能是另一个循环:当事人虽然得到了负面的心理感觉，但却激发了当事人更加卖力的努力水平，以期“扳回”不成功的结果或向外部他人证明“他们对自己是不公的、自己其实是可以取得成功的”。但后者情况相对于前者比较少见，不是一般人常有的反应模式。更可能的循环是:由于种种原因...当事人得到了负面的心理感觉，然后当事人干活的努力水平下降，即态 度变差了，此时即使有合适的才能和外部事业机会下，当事人所取得的事业成果也就(更可能)变差了，这一下好了，当事人得到回报也就(更可能)变差，为此进 一步不能符合心理需求，心理感觉就更差，然后当事人干活也就更不努力了...好员工如何变成坏员工的，这就是一个过程规律(之一)。 以上是三环职业发展之道的总体概述，详细的说明和讨论见后文“三环职业发展之道2:态度”。 附:为了迎合传统惯例，本文也了一些文字描述的公式，说明如何取得事业成功，所总结出的一些静态公式，但是强烈建议不要用它们来思考、决策，因为它们是“死的”，没有动态性、系统性。列出来，只是便于我们掌握系统原理图，也同我们已经知道的一些简单“成功公式”作个对比而已，例如:成功,99%的汗水，1%的天分;成功,85%的人际关系，15%的个人能力，等等。 三环职业发展之道的简化静态公式: 你的成就 , 你自己，你的外部实践机会或机遇{任务或事务、天时地利人和、贵人、资源、运气„}+ 一个动态的时间过程,修炼才能、积累历史成就、积累资源和人 群关系„,， 其中，你自己 , 你的思维和行为的才能,知识、技能、经验、智慧等,， 你的态度或努力水平,专注、持续、稳定的心理动力能量,， 你的个性特质,偏好特质(心理需求、欲望、动机，个性倾向)、潜能特质, ， 气质或性格(与职业发展关系不大的)， 其它(与职业发展不太相关的)。 一个动态的时间过程,首先深入理解并把握自己的个性性格、潜在能力/天分 ， 持续的、有针对性的修炼潜能天分成为显著的才能 ， 据此选择匹配一个最合适自己的职业发展或事业机会 ， 过程中随时再探索、调整、驾驭以及应对偶然的机会和挑战(在愿景、目标、原则、策略、方法等下)， 慢慢提升自我才能和积累外部各有形或无形资源/关系 ， 螺旋上升的职业发展轨迹。 三环职业发展之道2:态度 阅读本文时，请务必对照博文“三环职业发展之道1:综述”中的三环职业发展之道原理图。 1、态度是什么 1)“态度”就是当事人思维和行为的努力水平， 表现为专注、持续、稳定的心理动力能量，反过来说，努力水平的品质，就是心理动力能量的品质，体现在专注的定向性、持续不间断以及稳定的幅度。思维和行为 的努力水平高，其实就是心理动力能量的品质高，进一步说就是，当事人在时间和精力投入方面， 对应的，努是聚焦专注的，且能不断持续的维持这个稳定、高强度的专注。相 力水平低的表现就是，心不在焉、索然无味、(小和尚念家)有口无心、得过且过、三心二意、三天打鱼两天晒网、反复无常等。 注:所谓“思维”，主要是指动脑子的活动。而伴随动脑子的动手、动腿、动口等，就是“行为”。当事人的活动，也就主要体现思维和行为这两大方面了，这也是一种大概的分法。 2)毋庸置疑，好的态度有利于当事人的事业、任务或学习的成功。从道理上来说，为了成功，每个当事人都应该是理智的，都应“信誓旦旦”认为自己是可以保持良好的态度的，毕竟为了自己的成功嘛。但事实上，态度不是保证出来的，也不是道德说教出来的，更不是随随便便说说就可以出来的。放眼四周，同一时间内不同人的参差不齐的态度水平，以及同一个人不同时间内参差不齐的态度水平，作为事实存在，已经说明了事情的复杂性。态度作为一个自己心里清楚、别人也较看得见的外在表现结果，背后是有较复杂的心理动力过程的，即由一些更深入的原因因素决定的，是这些因素的一个产出结果而已。那么当事人的态度从哪里来, 3)态度不同于兴趣。简单说，兴趣是当事人能够努力工作学习(好态度)的能量发动机，(更详细的讨论见“三环职业发展之道3:兴趣”)，兴趣自然是态度的激发源之一，但没有兴趣也可以有好态度，因为一般来说，态度的来源(激发源)有三个。 2、态度的来源 态度来源于三个方面，,)其一为短暂的新鲜感， 面对新鲜的事物，当事人常会有一个起码的、短暂的好态度，“啊，这个看起来还蛮有意思的”，但是否能维持下去，就意味着新鲜感的失效与否。新鲜感往往不能 长期维持一个良好的感兴趣态度。(确实有人通过不断接触新鲜事物，来保持旺盛的工作热情，而且有些行当确实还需要如此。) ,)其二为大脑中多巴胺系统的作用结果。如果人脑得到了愉悦的、快乐的、富有乐趣的、爱的、成就的等正面的好感觉，就会产生足够的多巴胺物质，进一步刺激或维持人脑神经细胞对所承担事情、任务、工作或学习的兴奋性，体现出来就是努力水平高。即脑细胞看起来喜欢“吃”这些“材料”的，就是通俗的兴趣、爱好了。一个Hobby之所以成为兴趣爱好，就是我们喜欢啊，可以乐此不疲、疲而不倦、倦而不厌的做它们啊。打游戏的学生、打麻将的成年人、熬夜看足球的球迷们，他们的努力水平那是没得说的，不吃不喝不睡也可以玩很长时间，如果将这种努力水平用在学习、工作上，该会产生多好的成功啊。但是这不太容易，因为对“打游戏”感兴趣的脑细胞不一定对“学习课本知识”或“干好本职工作”感兴趣，因此关键在于“对不对口”。如果能够培养起来对学习和工作的兴趣，那么至少表现在大脑中，就是有了一大群喜欢“吃”学习和工作“内容”的脑细胞了。稳定的一个多巴胺运作系统或模式，就意味着一个兴趣/爱好/乐趣的成型。这 么一群有定向偏好的特质化的脑细胞群体，就属于一个人的心理特质了(或者说是心理特质的物质基础)。比如说吸烟上瘾的人，就是一部分大脑细胞“爱上了”尼 古丁，没有尼古丁，多巴胺系统就不能正常工作了，脑细胞就要罢工了，表现出来就是当事人呵欠连天、流鼻涕、无精打采或萎靡不振。所以这个过程可以直接看作 是脑细胞喜欢“吃”尼古丁，而吸烟就是为脑细胞提供了可口的饭菜。 那些工作狂人，干活不知疲倦，就是脑细胞不累的缘故。不累有可能是脑细胞确实喜欢干活的内容，也可能是脑细胞对多巴胺的需求天生很低，即很少的多巴胺就可以使得脑细胞得到满足，以继续输出稳定的努力水平，表现为一个功率强大、稳定的心理动力能量发生器。工作狂人对工作的满意度确实可能是不同的，有狂人声明自己享受工作，因为喜欢，所以投入。而有狂人则一本正经的声明自己其实对工作“无所谓、没什么感觉”的，只是自己身不由己就能不知疲倦的干活了，虽然老板或公司喜欢这样的人，但同时他们的多巴胺系统运作不太正常(与大多数人不同)，也是一个事实。 ,)其三是负面的心理感觉， 例如仇恨、压力感、不安全感、恐惧感、屈辱感、嫉妒感、挫折感等。负面的心理感觉有时候对有些人甚至可以激发起更大的努力水平，促使他们去奋斗、拼搏和抗 争。譬如秋菊打官司一般，“人活一口气”，故可以日复一日、坚持不懈的与地头蛇势力“斗下去”，目的只是“讨一个公道或说法”。这种心理动力能量，不是来 自于快乐，而是来自于屈辱感、仇恨感，促使“君子报仇十年不晚”的坚持不懈、努力奋斗。同样的，因为嫉妒感的“烧心”，也会促使有些人暗地里做一些不断“ 揭发、控诉、对抗、举报”被嫉妒对象的事情，也是坚持不懈的努力水平，看起来仿佛成为了一个业余乐趣一般。“破釜沉舟”的恐惧感激起了士兵们更勇猛的杀敌 热情，即战斗的努力 水平，那是知晓只能成功，不能失败，否则自己及家人(或公司)会很惨，这就是因为害怕失去的恐惧感，所激发起的努力水平，强度也可能超 过单纯兴趣爱好所能激发的水平。爱可能比恨让人感觉更痛苦，而恨可能激发出比爱更强大的精神力量。 工作中比较经常遇到的是压力感，有些人喜欢压力感，可以让他们产生更好的动力(化压力为动力)去做事情。而一般人在长期的压力下，体内皮质醇浓度增加，进而会产生一系列的心理、生理变化，使得大脑的功能、效能和人体的体质下降，甚至出现神经衰弱、忧郁症、亚健康、慢性病等，自然也就不能长期维持努力水平了，即便心里想如此，也心有余而力不足了。(有一种说法是，皮质醇浓度就是压力的代名词。) 负面的心理感觉，即使可以短期或长期激发起更强烈的努力水平，但是对当事人的心理伤害和生理伤害是显而易见的，走极端、没有快乐，甚至有些心理变态了，也容易诱发忧郁症。 所以说，负面的心理感觉，是否能够激起好的努力水平还是带来更差的努力水平，也同样取决于当事人个体的心理特质。通俗说的“心理素质如何如何”、能否“不屈不挠”/“屡败屡战”，就是心理的特质及其水平表现如何。 3、心理欲望需求及其满足来源 因而这就引出了一个“心理欲望、需求、动机等偏好特质”的说法。不同当事人个体的这些“特质”是不同的，虽然大家所能有的特质类型大体上是差不多的，马斯洛的需求层次理论也大致说明了这个道理。因而个体之间的差异，就在于具体特质的差异上了(量的或程度的)。同工作相关的心理欲望或需求一般包括了:外激or内激，X欲、价值观、信仰等。外激是指当事人依靠外部他人给予当事人以物质、精神和情感的激励。内激是指当事人自己给自己以心理激励。外激型的人容易被他人“激将”、“挑战”，内激型的人对他人的“激将法”往往不为所动。 欲望(X欲)有哪些呢,包括了:亲和欲、权力支配欲、表现欲、好胜心、自信心、被尊重欲(面子名声)、物质欲、安全与健康欲(贪生怕死)、平和欲、求知欲、好奇心等等。 在这些欲望种类上，每个人的需求程度是不同的。有 人从小到大淡泊名利、与世无争，有人则争强好胜、追逐名利、争权夺利。有人自得其乐，有人则渴望他人的认同。有人以和为贵、化解矛盾，而有人则以挑拨离间 为乐，唯恐天下不乱。一旦某个欲望比较强烈了，那么可以设想，如果得不到满足的话，当事人的心理是失落的、焦虑的、不满足的、受挫折的，是体会不到快乐和 幸福感、成功的。反之，得到了满足，那么就是成就感、满足感、愉悦感等好的心理感觉。也可以设想，同一个满足因素，因为不同人的心理欲望或需求不同，对不 同人 产生的心理满足一定是不相同的，这就是“萝卜青菜各有所爱”的道理，毕竟各人“心理口味”不同嘛。 那么给予当事人心理需求的“满足”因素，来自于哪里呢,能不能按需供应呢，让每个当事人都可以得到个性化的满足，然后每个人都可以很享受呢,俗话说“众口难调”，现实中，供应与需求失衡，甚至是类型不匹配的情况，比比皆是。 对个体而言，对心理欲望、需求、动机的满足供应因素来自于两个方面，,)其一是自己供应给自己的。即 自己对所做事情的成果(此处就不用“成功”二字了)，进行自己内心的评估，然后下意识的产生了心理感觉。这个过程是内在的、立即的、不受外界干扰的、无形 的，对自己而言是“真实可以感受的”。外激型的人(或A型人格特质的人，不是A型血型的人哟)，往往自己无法供应给自己以心理满足，需要外部他人给予自 己。也即， ,)其二就是外部他人供应给当事人的。但是需要经过了一个考评(评价、认可)以及回报的过程机制， 才给予了当事人物质方面的、精神方面的(含情感方面)回报，可能包括了方方面面、种类繁多的具体回报，也可能就是单一的 等。但这个过程是“操之在外”的，是外在回报，例如一笔钱，或一大笔钱等 的、延迟的、受外界控制的，对自己而言可能是“非直接可以感受的”，以及不太可能全部做到“公平公正公开和及时 ”，况且当事人处于不同的人生阶段(学生或成年人)、不同的组织内(企业、社会组织、政府组织)，其可能得到的回报也可能是极其不同的。 供应因素或回报，最终都会转化为当事人的心理感觉。当事人的心理感觉如何，A、一方面取决于回报的种类和强度，例如是一笔钱，还是一个荣誉证书,是一大笔钱，还是一点意思,是一般般的“优秀员工”称号，还是“突出贡献的终生荣誉”,B、另一方面取决于当事人自己的心理需求类型和强度。 例如强烈需要一个荣誉激励以更上一层楼时，却给了一笔俗气的钱。外部供应与内心需求这两方面在类型和数量上的匹配，就产生了一个心理感觉，如果很符合，就 会是好的心理感觉，反之可能没什么心理感觉，或温吞水式的平平淡淡，或者得到一个负面的心理感觉。比如说，感觉回报极其不公正或受到了轻视后的屈辱感等， 自然与给予他回报的他人或组织“事与愿违”了。除非他人或组织是故意如此用“负面刺激法”的，就是吃定了当事人会产生愤然的感觉，进而反会表现出更好的努 力水平来。如果顺其自然，可能对当事人是“温水煮青蛙”，慢慢侵蚀消耗了当事人的努力水平。当然这需要极高超的激励艺术了，只要少数著名领导才会娴熟掌握 这个艺术。这就类似于“激将法”了，但该法往往只能单次使用，一般不会长期使用，或一次使用会有长期的持续效果。特例除外，确实有人被他人刺激一次后，痛 下决心、痛改前非，而奋发图强去读书或干活而最终有所成就的。 4、态度产生的过程规律 说到这里，我们知道当事人的态度或努力水平，是两方面匹配的最终结果，匹配过程当然会比较复杂，此处只描述主要的过程规律。A、一方面就是当事人主观的心理特质(个性倾向特质、心理欲望或需求的种类与强度)，可以先看作是先验的、先天的、提前就存在的(后文还将讨论)。B、另一方面就是对当事人的做事成果进行体验(当事人自己)或考评(外部他人)后给予回报，当事人自己对自己的只有直接的心理体验(满意还是不满意)，外部他人给予的是各式各样的物质和精神方面回报的种类和强度。这就是，客观要素作用于主观当事人的个体心理，主观心理受客观刺激而产生了心理感受的过程。进一步可以辨别出几个起作用的子过程。 其一为:,)外部做事情的新鲜机会，导致当事人短暂的新鲜感，因而使得“感兴趣”，并产生一个好的努力水平，这是一个非闭环的，短暂的过程作用链。新鲜感过去后，就会淡出了。 其二为有“兴趣”参与其中的过程闭环作用链:作用链,)兴趣 -->态度-->“成”-->自己对自己的预期-->成就感等(在心理需求的作用下)-->兴趣-->态度-->...;或作用链,)兴趣-->态度-->“成”-->外部他人的预期-->给予当事人的物质和精神回报-->成就感等(在心理需求的作用下)-->兴趣-->态度-->... 其三为:作用链,)态度-->“成”-->外部他人的预期-->给予当事人的物质和精神回报-->负面感觉(在心理需求的作用下)-->态度-->... 简单讨论一下属于闭环的三条作用链1)、作用链2)和作用链3)。 作用链,)是纯粹当事人自己激励自己，并根据自己兴趣爱好作出努力态度的模式，是典型的“按兴趣努力做事情，并且享受过程”的模式。作用链,)是当事人作 出事情成果，外部他人给予的回报，正好也是当事人心理需求所在(也可能是培养启发出了当事人的心理需求)，因而形成/维持了某个兴趣，因而自然有进一步“ 好态度”的模式，是“...按兴趣努力做事情，得到他人认可和回报，并且也享受的过程”。 而作用链,)可以有两个说法。A、其一为当事人没有得到公平公正公开的回报，因而产出了负面的心理感觉;或外部回报与自己内心的需求不匹配，因而没有产生什么心理感觉。总之就因此就进一步产出了负面的或平平淡淡的努力水平，这使得做事情的成果/成绩可能下降，造成进一步的恶性循环。B、另一种说法就是，当事人的个性特质坚韧、顽强，在负面的、未有多巴胺系统作用的心理感觉下，产出了强烈的努力水平，以期望做出好的事情成果。 以上四条作用链，共计,种类型作用链的说法或描述，也就是当事人可能遇到的常见情况模式，也是当事人经常挣扎其中的模式。 好的组织，可以让大部分组织内的当事人做到作用链,)的情况模式。其余大部分平庸或差的组织，在很多时间或很多情况下，对组织内的当事人只会做到作用链,)的两种情况模式，具体的是3)A或者是3)B，则取决于当事人自己的个性特质，所谓“性格决定命运”，往往是在差的、不景气的外部环境或组织内更显得正确。但组织不应期望个体员工每个人都能“逆境成才”或在“压力下反而能更好的表现”，如何“走正道”做好组织自己该做的工作，参见另文“组织问题解决之道”。 对当事人个体而言，如果想要不依赖于组织管理水平的好坏，就应该追求有成功保证的作用链,)，即内激或自激。对学生而言，就是“兴趣是最好的态度激发源”，而不是“学校 和老师是决定性的”。亿万富翁的儿子也不可能花钱买到好的学习兴趣啊。(“兴趣是最好的老师”这句话是不正确的，兴趣不是“指导者”角色，而是“心理能量来源”的角色。) 本文是对个体当事人而言的职业发展解决之道，因而主要帮助当事人自己如何发现自己(心理欲望或需求)，如何寻找到依靠自己的内激“兴趣”就能努力做事情(工作、任务或学习成长)之路，而不用看别人脸色或别人的给予，或取决于别人的情况，就能获得自己的学业、职业的成就感、满意度和过程快乐。 三环职业发展之道3:兴趣 阅读本文时，请务必对照博文“三环职业发展之道1:综述”中的三环职业发展之道原理图。 在上文“三环职业发展之道2:态度”中我们谈到，兴趣不同于态度，兴趣是态度的激发源之一，是一个人能够努力工作学习的心理能量发动机(比喻)，本文就专门讨论一下“兴趣”，以揭开兴趣的大谜底。 1、兴趣是什么, 兴趣是一个半外显的特质，一半他人立即可见，一半不可见。是一般的个性心理特质，是一个人的心理需求或某些欲望得到满足后，所产生的强化情感作用，蕴含于多巴胺系统内(详见“三环职业发展之道2:态度”中的描述)，是强化了的综合体验的结果。A、有可能是，脑细胞天生就喜欢按某种个性心理特质行事，如果当事人真的如此做了，那么脑细胞就会立即表现出很满足的愉悦感，表现出了对这些行为方式或事情的“兴趣”。例如天生喜欢秩序感、条理性的个性心理特质，在行为活动上，就是喜欢收拾、整理东西，视觉上喜欢看到事物井井有条。也即兴趣是天生的。B、做一件事情后，所间接得到的愉悦感、成就感、满足感、津津有味等，都可以形成并增强为兴趣，也即兴趣间接是塑造出来的。 前者A说明事情本身就可以带来快乐。后者B说明一个好的工作成果可以激发成就欲等，产生成就感等好感觉，并激发对这个工作和成果的兴趣。前者,直接易得，操之在我;后者,间接难得，受制于人。 故前者常被用来做自动自发的业余兴趣，大部分时候纯属放松消遣之用，自己激励自己了(打游戏、下棋、看足球、逛街买衣服等)。后者则成为工作的目标追求， 可以得到外部他人给予的价值回报(赌博部分属于如此)，前提是你的所作所为得到他人的认可或赢得他人。不少专业化人员的专业本身就是当事人的兴趣爱好所 在，例如影视歌星在表演时大都很投入、享受工作本身的，这不同于一般人会时不时在朝九晚五的工作中没精打采一下。 因此一个操之在我的、内在完全靠自己的作用链1)是最理想的，即作用链:兴趣-->态度-->“成”-->自己对自己的预期-->成就感等(在心理需求的作用下)-->兴趣-->...唯 一的要求是，所作所为，恰好符合自己的个性倾向特质或心理需求欲望。符合这个要求，就会直接得到愉悦感、快乐的，铸造并巩固兴趣。而不需要外部他人评价后 给予回报。例如亲和欲、交友欲等算一个，但笼统性质的成就欲就不算了(需要一个涉及外部的、更复杂的作用链，需要做成一件事情)。亲和欲的个性偏好所带来 兴趣，是因为当事人就是喜欢与更多的、相互喜欢的人泡在一起，仅此而已，不带什么目的性或支配性。戏迷们对戏曲片段的津津乐道，足球迷们对射球进门的津津 乐道，也是如此。 而一个人的特长才能带来的成就，例如交际才能。通过施展交际才能，可以搞定大部分人，取得他们的信任、友情、认可和帮助支持等便利，据此所产生的“搞定”后的成就感，使得成就欲得到了特定的满足。故由交际攻关才能所导致形成并增强了的兴趣，不同于天生的亲和欲所带来的兴趣。 但有时候情况更复杂，例如作为政客们职业习惯的“与人斗”，可以给政客们带来无穷乐趣，就是掺杂了天生争强好胜的“兴趣”，以及后天打败对手后的成就“兴 趣”。而一个对足球兴趣不大的人，也可能通过足球运动给自己带来的物质利益、精神利益和情感利益，而慢慢喜欢上足球运动。打麻将赌博的人，乐此不疲的原 因，有可能是本身喜欢这个游戏，有可能是赌博背后的物质刺激所带来的成就感。 这样说来，兴趣作为一个半外显的特质，可类似于外显的才能，有一个可发掘、可培育的成长过程。A、有可能很直接，一步到位就兴趣浓厚了。B、有可能经过“干一行才爱上一行”了。 有人信奉“干一行爱一行”，有人则坚持“爱一行干一行”，都是源于这两方面都可能正确的，都有大量事实个案的支持。这就使得“兴趣”更加复杂，认识上的困 难也更大。对某个事情的兴趣究竟能不能培养,什么情况下可培养，什么情况下又培养不起来,针对具体个人在某个时期的特定事情上，哪句话才是对的，就不得而 知了。也许只能个案分析，需要进行提前微观分析，以及过程中、事后的验证。 但无论如何，兴趣是一个显著的、重要的因素和中间变量(工具手段)，也就可以作为一个分析和追求的阶段性目标而存在，存在之后，具有相对的稳定 性。兴趣、好奇心和特长一起导致的对特定事物的钻研精神，是一种高品质的心理能量发动机，而它们可以看作是发动机的“燃料”。一个人没有可以让烈火燃烧的能源，也就没人能够点燃他的心理能量发动机。当然了，其他的心理感觉，例如害怕失去、渴望得到、不甘落后、爱恨情仇等，都是一些微型心理能量发动机的能源，只是说兴趣是一个正反馈的、功率强大的稳定能源，可作为心理能量主发动机的主要能源。 2、如何发现先天的兴趣或培养后天的兴趣呢, 1) 先天兴趣需要给予不断尝试的机会，入门级的琴棋书画、诗词歌赋、钢琴课、绘画课、戏剧课、奥数班、跆拳道、多个选修课程、实习期内的不断轮岗等等，就是不断尝试一下不同的机会，不求有所成就，只是看看自己的直接反应如何。如果感觉不错，那么就可能有深埋的“金矿”等待挖掘了。这一个方法，类似于能源勘探或有色金属勘探的方法。 2)用外部他人的物质、精神、情感的回报，来激发潜藏的欲望、个性倾向或潜能，创造出外部成就，并进一步得到回报。重复这个过程，就会慢慢培养起兴趣了。养成习惯，让习惯成为天性，来维持稳定的兴趣。但对事情的兴趣预期 成”，以及组织文化、社会(客观方或自己的)，又取决于当事人已经取得的“ 竞争、个性心态与追求等，过程也许会比较复杂。有一些家族政治背景深厚的人，年轻时候对政治是不感兴趣的，后来勉为其难从政了，一帆风顺那是不在话下，所得到的成就感和满足了好胜心，也就渐渐的喜欢上了政治行当，毕竟带来了丰厚的各方面回报。 3)做那些能够(或自以为能够)实现自己理想、信念、动机的事情，或做“自己认为对的事情”(即符合自己的价值观)时，兴趣也就产生了。但倒不一定会产生“成就感”。这是一个临时的、不稳定的、“人工合成”的兴趣。需要注意的是，如果事情的发展本身并没有给自己带来间接的成就及成就感的话，久而久之，这个“人工兴趣”就会慢慢消亡，这时候回过头来看，当初的理想、信念、动机，也许是一个幼稚而美丽的错误。大部分人不断改变自己的“职业兴趣”，就是如此的道理。 因此，如果真的想要实现理念、信念或动机，必须有一个切实可行、循序渐进的计划，可以取得阶段性的成果与实效，才会增强当事人的信心，获得成就感等心理感觉，才能维持过程中的“人工兴趣”，最终达到目标。 类似的，仅仅有一个做本职事情的兴趣，但是周边相关的人际关系、工作环境等不满意，以及外部他人给予的回报不满意，也会导致本职工作兴趣被慢慢影响、侵蚀，而牢骚满腹、处处不满意了。 许多技术人员其实还是喜欢承担技术任务并享受过程的，只是其他林林总总的事情，导致他们总体上的工作满意度不高。例如上级领导安排的行政管理工作，自己不 喜欢、也做不好，但是必须 要做，才算“服从组织安排”。或者遇到刁难、苛刻的客户或服务经理，维修人员即使做好了维修工作，心里面也会不爽，渐渐的，对于 维修工作也就不怎么上心和进取了。 4) 先天的兴趣可顺其自然或推波助澜让其成长。但后天由特长才能方面引申出的兴趣，切记不可有过多压力，以防引起逆反心理，反而可能扼杀了有天分的潜能挖掘和修炼，或影响了才能的发挥。这就是少部分有天分的当事人，却厌恶自己的天分或特长的缘故，源于曾经遭受过的强烈的负面心理感受。(逆反心理，究竟是一个什么样的心理啊。) 5)依靠操之在我的兴趣，将职业快乐的遥控器掌握在自己手上。但要注意一个误区:没有实践过并感到“有兴趣”的“兴趣”可能只是一种“危险”的假象，它也许被 主流价值观所同化、所污染了。例如很多人会声明自己对“赚钱”很感兴趣、对“当老板”很感兴趣，尤其是在看了《穷爸爸富爸爸》这本书之后。如果你也是此， 那么恭喜恭喜，你很可能已经被“污染”了。你只是将自己在一个物质方面的暂时不足(例如要花钱买房子什么的)，或主流人群的某个追求(例如升官发财)，当 作了自己主要的物质心理欲望，并夸大到了自己的唯一欲望，进而将这个欲望或需求误作你的兴趣了。但你可能还是会说“我就是对赚钱感兴趣啊”,那好吧，就问 一个问题:“你为了赚钱或当老板，可以放弃、牺牲什么呢,”如果很难回答，那么就先放一放，后文再谈吧。如果你的回答很干脆“放弃一切、在所不惜”，那么 好吧，just do it～试一试吧。如果半年后，在你失去了很多很多，但是当亲手点着赚来的钞票、当着“光杆司令”老板时，你的内心是真的感觉不错的话，那么再次恭喜你(真诚的)，你极可能真的找到了自己的兴趣了。 发现、培养、辨别你的兴趣吧。 兴趣不灭～兴趣万岁～ 三环职业发展之道4:才能与潜能 阅读本文时，请务必对照博文“三环职业发展之道1:综述”中的三环职业发展之道原理图。 说完了一个人工作学习的态度和兴趣，下面就要说一些硬件本领了，这就是一个人的能力，能力分为两种，一个是潜在的能力(潜能)，预期将来可以开发的;另外一个就是显性的能力(才能)，包括了知识、技能、经验和智慧。本文就详细讨论一下它们两个。 1、个人的才能从哪里来 一个“成”的产生，从个体 当事人方面来说，除了当事人的态度努力水平之外，显然还需要一个很重要的方面，就是当事人针对所做的事情而言的才能，合适的才能才会有较好的“成果”，取 得“成功”。这个才能属个体所有，但是显现表露出来的，显现为思维与行为两方面的才能，包括才能的种类与深度，例如知识方面的、技能操作方面的、经验智慧 等方面的。才能是综合的。 才能具有时间特性，即“闻道有先后术业有专攻”的特性。一个1980年代计算机毕业，具有计算机才能的当事人，可能在2000年时的绝对计算机知识、技能水平并不比1995年毕业的人强，但因为他是前辈，他的综合才能具有先发的时间优势，就可以帮助他成就在行业内更大的竞争优势。另外，才能都是需要“与时俱进”的，否则当事人的才能会相对下降，直至“过期”而最终会被淘汰(彼老朽者...)。 才能从何而来,是教育、学习、实践、磨练而来，随着时间、经历的逐步积累而来，可以通称为修炼而来，无论是主动的，还是被动的。修炼过程是当事人学习、习得思维与行为的习惯与技巧的过程，需要花费时间、精力、物质等代价。修炼过程具有时滞性，即才能是慢慢长成的，且过程具有螺旋上升的特点，也同时具有时间窗口效应，是个不可逆的过程。 、我们是不是可以修炼得到任何类型的才能, 2 概括来说，应该是可以的，但是水平就不能要求过高了，并且相对于同龄人来说，才能的水平就有高有低了。我们每个人的人生不可以重新来过，所以这个答案没有多大用处。我们更加关注的是，我们单个人能够在哪些方面修炼得到较好的才能(至少要比80,的人强吧)，那么就不可能是在所有方面了。A、一方面是时间精力和资源有限，B、另一方面是目的、目标有限，C、以及第三个方面，也是以前存在较大误区的，我们每个人的天分其实都是有限方面的。我们只能在自己具有天分的方面，修炼得到显著的才能。例如围棋高手往往并不同时是象棋高手(时间精力有限)，篮球超人乔丹玩橄榄球的水平是平平的(天分不同)，因为显著的才能都要经过后天的不断训练、磨练、修炼，需要投入巨大的时间、精力。达芬奇这样多才多艺的天才是“亿里挑一”水准的吧，历史上也就上百年才会出一个。 我们每个人都具有潜能特质，即潜在的能力、潜力、天分、天赋，但我们往往不知道具有哪些潜能以及潜能到底有多大，因为教育、家庭、社会等多方面因素的影响。我们也许没有机会去发现、培养自己的潜能，让它们成长为显性的才能。潜能无法直接衡量和评估，但修炼而成的才能可以(例如IQ测试也是测显性才能)， 所以如果当事人的环境条件具备(父母开明的小康家庭或中产阶 级)，但不能修炼而成为才能的，确定是无潜能了(真的不是那块料子)。反之存在潜能，但环境条 件不具备，也无法修炼而成为才能，而且这种情况下，无法核实是否有潜能。例如，中国以前数亿文盲当中，有没有可以比肩牛顿、达尔文、爱因斯坦的天才啊,应 该有的吧，但是是谁呢,不知道～因为他们都没有机会学习、展示自己。 知晓潜能，然后修炼出才能;还是根据需要的才能，而去挖掘潜能并修炼才能。这两条路哪个更对路,也许两方面都对，但是一个尝试性的实证过程，对每一个个体均应如此。“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，在这个方面就是很正确的了。我们不可能成为预言家，也绝对不是一张白纸，随便作画。 3、才能其实也是一个成长成果 显性的具有一定水准的才 能，实际上同时也是作为“成”的一个成果，即“成长”，此时当事人的活动主要是修炼活动，通过学习、实践或工作，都可以修炼才能，促进成长，此时原先已有 的才能实际上是新增长才能的“输入原因”。这也很容易理解，为什么才能的成长是个螺旋上升的过程，发源于当事人的潜能也是踩在已有才能的肩膀上更进一步 的。譬如数学家都是从小学开始学数学，初中、高中、大学、研究生也继续学数学，最终慢慢修炼而成数学家的才能的，最后针对某个课题进行研究工作，日积月 累，最终取得了数学成就。修炼而成的是工具性质的才能，而所取得的是目的性质的成就，成就也可以作为成长的一部分，成为数学家自己的进一步才能。这个三环理论模型也可以这样来认识和理解。 4、当事人个体的才能有哪些类型呢, 三百六十行，每行都有很多具体职业，那么全部来看，每一个具体职业、职位(具体到每个公司、组织内)都可能是一组独特的才能，则才能的种类将会是非常繁多的。但可喜的是，作为才能“发源地”的潜能却不会有这么多种类，也就十数种吧，包括了观察力、理解力、记忆力、表达力以及各专项XQ。XQ按照一种分类法，可以进一步分为数理、语言、交际、空间、音乐、绘画、反省、运动等。 另外，才能的来源也可能是当事人个性特征的直接结果，不需要长时间的刻意修炼，这些个性特质与思维和行为相关，包括了原则性、条理性、秩序感、轻松性、谨慎性、敏捷性、抗压性等，它们可以作为当事人做事情的输入因素，直接帮助当事人更好的做事情。例如条理性对于资源类管理的工作岗位来说，就是一个加分的硬件因素，因而可以视作是当事人的一个才能(技能的一个辅助方面)。相比那些条理性一般般的人来说，条理性好的当事人将会更加胜任该类工作。 5、潜能特质与个性偏好特质的差异 潜能特质与个性偏好特质(个性倾向特质，心理欲望或需求等)，都是个体当事人个性特质的组成部分，(注意:人格,个性，但不等于性格，更加不是气质，个性是一个人区别于其他人的心理性质的总称)。差别在于，潜能是有深度的个性，正因为有深度，所以需要开启、修炼，并且能够成就才能差异很大的不同个体。而其它个性特质主要是体现了当事人的偏好，比如说一个乐群的小孩与一个乐群的成年人，不存在谁更“乐群”的差异，大家都是偏好、倾向于而已，其乐群特性主要是倾向于“乐群”(与一群人在一起其乐融融)，而不是说这有什么深度，也不是说数十年后这个深度能够成就多高的乐群水平。如果有差异的话，那也是交际才能的增长，这是需要修炼而得的。(生活中存在大量乐群但人际交往才能一般的人，也存在，不善于乐群，但是人际交往和攻关才能很高的人。)这也是为什么，必须进一步区分能力特质和偏好倾向特质的原因，当然有能力和有偏好倾向，两者之间应该是有一定的相关性的。 一个外向的文盲，从小到大都可能是一样程度的外向，但是一个有数学天分的文盲，长大了其数学才能，可能只是表现在快速心算技能上，例如很快算出几斤几两大米应该是多少价钱，但这个技能可能比一个用纸笔来计算的小学毕业生低。为什么,因为潜能是有深度的，需要修炼并螺旋上升为显性的才能，没有机会修炼或过了时间窗口，再深的潜能，也会成为“伤仲永”的平庸。反 之，再平庸的潜能，只要修炼过程得当，也是可以混个一般水平的。现代人经过初中教育并毕业，大部分人是可以顺利建立并且解出一元一次方程的，如此就可以应 付绝大多数小学生的数学难题了。这就是技能而已。但是要靠这个一般般的技能出类拔萃、功成名就，就显然不够了，混口饭吃也许有可能。比如说，当数学家是不 够水平的，但是做一个农村小学的数学老师，是绰绰有余的。 再举一个例子，一个有交际天分的文盲(文盲中也有许许多多、各式各样潜能天分的人)，一辈子就在自己的农村圈子里晃荡，长大了以后，他也许会成为周围数个村子范围内的交际红人(或者基层小小官员)，专门做一些人民内部矛盾调停、主持公道、媒婆中介之类的社交事务，在那个农村圈子里就是百里挑一的出类拔萃。但他的社交才能会远逊于同样一个有天分但是在城市长大的人，因为城市长大的这个人可能是外交学院毕业，至今已经是驻外使馆的大使了，可以斡旋国与国之间的复杂外交事务。这说明，一方面潜能会抑制不住的想要显露为突出的显性才能，但另一方面也同时必须有意识的、恰当的进行过程修炼，方可最大程度释放潜能的所有能量。 另外，他们两个人的职业满意度、成就感、干活努力程度等，反而可能是一样的。成功化解一次外交危机给外交官带来的成就感，与成功撮合一对门当户对的“美满”婚姻给媒婆带来的成就感相比，应该是彼此不分上下的。 6、潜能与才能的关系 以上就是潜能和才能的基于时间过程的、修炼长成的复杂关系。为了更好的职业发展，我们当然不愿意接受大众化/普普通通的修炼教育过程，以得到“大众化”种类的才能，尤其是如今高等教育已经越来越普及化的时代。我们最希望的是，发现自己具备什么潜能，然后挖掘、修炼它，日积月累10,20年，自己就可以成就独一无二的罕有才能了。此时就会一览众山小，他人想要追赶，也会因为闻道有先后术业有专攻或天分各不同，而只能望其项背。这样就构成了当事人独特的、个性化的、不可转移或复制的“核心竞争力”(一个组合力)，这样岂不是离成功更进一步了嘛。其实，从战略角度看，企业的核心竞争力形成大致也是如此的。 “莫把才能当潜能”，就是说，你真正的潜能也许还没有得到充分挖掘和修炼呢。也“莫把潜能当作就可以成就才能”，就是说，潜能的成长过程需要针对性的、不断的修炼。两方面来说，就是“需要发现、也需要修炼”。在发现中修炼，在修炼中发现，也许这个过程会很久远。齐白石就是一个“大器晚成”的自我发现、自我修炼并成就者。当然，能够大器晚成，也算不错了。 注:一个在某方面有“天分”的人，会在别人漠视时，其本能的给予关注;别人放弃时，其继续钻研;别人认为简单时，其认为有奥妙;别人认为没意思时，其孜孜以求而不倦。 三环职业发展之道5:选定一个合适的外部机会 1、合适的外部机会是什么, 前面文章已经讨论完毕个体的态度或努力水平、兴趣、隐藏的潜能和显露的才能，就可以将注意力放在需要当事人面对的外部客观事情了，它们是一个范围无限广阔的集合。 “外部职业发展机会”的外 形，就是一个看得见的、有形的具体工作岗位或学习任务，统称为“外部事情”。当外部事情是一个岗位、工作任务、项目等时，对其客观完成的成功率的预测，可 以看它，是否具备了合适、清晰的工作目标或要求，是否具有合适的组织、部门、团队、他人或资源的支持配合水平(包括了自己已经积累的“成”之资源关系 等)，以及是否具备了做事的规矩(流程

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及执行预期)等。当外部事情是对当事人而言的一个学习成长任务时，预估客观成功率，主要看是否有培训、引 导、教练、交流的机会，是否有合适的师资、时间、资源等投入等。 个体当事人需要去做、去完成的外部客观事情，若是社会所需要的，具有社会价值的，则顺利完成之后，社会或他人自然会给予当事人以较好的回报(物质和精神、情感)。如果不符合社会需要的潮流，或者社会价值不大的(不仅仅是物质价值)，或者客观完成的成功率不高的，那么当事人所需要付出投入的就会更多，而同时能得到的回报就会比较差，甚至从“先驱变成先烈”。这是不依赖于当事人个体特质的“外在适合性”。而“内在适合性”是指，外部事情的内涵与当事人的个人特质恰好匹配，不相匹配的，就不会是对当事人而言“合适”的，尽管这个外部事情本身是外部适合的。通俗的说，就是有价值、成功率较高、符合社会发展潮流的外部机会，也许只是适合其他某些人，但绝不适合当事人自己。 如果外部发展机会本身并不 “天时地利人和”，事情还是那个事情，但并没有合适的支持配合水平(比如说，组织内人际关系恶斗、政局动荡)，或者没有明确的执行规范或政策等(政策不明 朗、灰色地带或有政策高压线)，那么即使当事人的努力水平和才能都很合适，也会面临“巧妇难为无米之炊、吓死胆小的”式的窘境，导致“成”不了事，自然也 就不是一个好的“机会”，而可能是个“挑战”、“困难”或“陷阱”了。那就继续耐心等待，或择机转行寻找更适合的外部机会去吧。 这就强化了外部发展机会的“外在合适性”的重要性，所谓“时者，命也;命者，运也。”这些事情没有合适的“天时地利人和”，而需要当事人自己的特 环职业发展之道，就是质去填补的话，成功可能性自然就会大大降低。因而三 要寻求三个圆环(集合)的交集，在原理图中表示为区域“成”。符合这个区域的外部机会，才是对当事人而言最佳的机会，既有外在适合 性，符合社会发展的需求，有客观价值，客观成功率高;也符合对当事人而言的内在适合性，符合当事人积累的资源关系，当事人所最擅长的才能特质和个性偏好特 质等。从现实或历史的例子来说，有所成就的，最终都是“三环”的交集，缺一不可。个体英雄和时势背景是一个成功故事最基本的要素。 这样一个算作“天时地利人和”的外部“成”机会，自然就是一个多重“合适”的机会。是需要当事人碰运气的，是需要当事人去探索、寻找、去选择、去调整、去把握或创造出来的。但是“机会只偏爱有准备的人(头脑)”， 因而机会与个体当事人的碰撞既是偶然也是必然的。“抓住机会”就是要顺利、胜利完成机会所赋予的事情，而前提又是“机会”本身的合适性，以及当事人自己的 努力水平，才能种类是否符合事情的需要，以及是否具备所需要的才能水准。这几个方面的综合，就是所谓的与“当事人的个体特质相匹配”的含义，也就是这句名 言的内在含义了。 为了“做好准备”，个体当事人能够做的准备工作就是根据自己的潜能，尽可能修炼出最高水平的才能，发掘出自己的自激或内激的兴趣方向，然后耐心等待、选择并把握客观的事业机会的光临。当然，少数人在少数情况下，可以创 造出自己的事业机会来。一味寄希望外部机会的光临，也可能因为自身特质不足，而无力把握或识别机会，最终实现不了机会。 三环理论原理图中的区域“成”，是多重的、交叉的、综合的、平衡的，因而是具体的、狭窄的、机会窗式的。这也是为什么在个性测评或评估中，越具体、细节化和准确的信息，越有利于当事人把握自己的特质，以寻求得到最适合的外部发展机会的缘故。 2、外部职业发展机会与时代情境的关系 情境包括了时代脉搏、周边环境、未来机会的发展潮流等方面。不同的情境下，同一类型职业的发展机遇是不同的。例如同样的计算机职业，在10年前和10年 后的发展机遇是不一样的，虽然对个体角度来说，其是“匹配的”(即喜欢也擅长计算机专业)，但是否有更进一步的发展前景，就存在很大疑问了。上文说过，只 有具备了发展前景的，才算是“外在合适”的。此时选择计算机与某些学科或行业的结合，所谓交叉学科或专业，也许比单纯学计算机专业要更有发展前景。很多学 物理或数学的人，转行到华尔街做金融，就是如此“交叉”的。这比起为了某个热门发展前景，而选择一个匹配程度差一些的职业，要强很 合适” 程度已经下降了，这会带来整体上的、一系列的“不多，因为后者的“ 良”后果。 有一些是“显而易见”的好机会，例如在一流商学院学MBA，比起二流、三流来自然是更好一些，无论学MBA对当事人而言是否合适或有用。 两个同种类型的职业发展机会，比如说都从事同一个方向的科学研究，去两个不同的科研院所;或者出国进修，选择不同的国家，就是一个大的匹配、合适前提下的，优化选择问题，可以考虑一些更细节的情况。 3、如何选定一个合适的职业发展机会 总而言之，构建一个尽可能合适的职业发展方向，应该依据的 是，首先看是否与自己个体特质相匹配;在数个匹配度很高且差距不大的职业类型上，进一步选择更有前途的未来发展机会;或者在同一个职业类型方面，进一步选 择更具体的职业发展机会，此时的“更合适”就是意味着一般意义上的“好”。 例如同样做机电工程师的，从事传统的加工机床，与做数控机床的相比，职业发展前景机会就差好多。而从事数控机床的岗位，在内资企业内做，比起在外资企业内做，总体来说，也差一些了。在民用企业做机电工程师，总体来说，比起在军工企业内做，档次就差一些了。在一个小直升机制造商内做，比在大型客机制造商内做，进一步比起在航天飞机、航天飞船、运载火箭制造商内工作，依次就更差。 职业发展机会，就是在一个基准工作满意度的基础上，对于物质利益、情感利益、外界认可、发展前景、上升空间的综合追求。但无论如何，做一个你不喜欢、没兴趣、没天分的职业，是没有多少意义讨论什么发展前景的。非要讨论的话，也是讨论“0分,79分范围内的较差、更差或还可以”，而不会是“60,99分范围内的不错了、还好、更好、最好”。我们平常评价职业机会好坏的标准，也只是在大的职业类型方向选定的情况下，才是有用的，否则没有了大方向的把握，再精挑细选，也是总体上“不合适”的决定，注定了要走大弯路。 这也就是通俗所说的简单过程:先选定一生的事业方向，再选择所要从事的职业方向，最后选定一份具体的有形工作或岗位。或者将一个具体有形的工作，像洋葱一样一层一层剥开，最外面的包装应该是很华丽而有发展前景的，而内核应该正好同当事人的天生潜能和个性特质一致，那就是一份最合适的工作了。 4、理想是什么 职业理想是什么,就是在选定了对自己而言“合适”的一生事业方向后，可以公开口头说出来的一段话，或表达描述出来的一段文字，如是而已。否则，如果理想不是建立在这样的基础上的话，那么理想就会经常破灭、更换，或者遭受失落的厄运，而起不到北斗星的稳定向导作用和启明灯的自我激励作用。读者你从小到大的理想换过几个啦?! 很多企业组织的使命、发展远景等理想，并没有建立在是否“合适”的基础上，因而变成了两层皮的状态:需要的时候，滔滔不绝的说说理想;干活的时候，就不知道甩到哪个爪哇国去了，其内在道理也是如此的。是为题外话，不多说了，读者自行体会。 三环职业发展之道6:动态的实践道路1 1、三环职业发展之道的动态本质 才能与努力水平、兴趣其实是有关系的，很多情况下， 一个人的兴趣往往就是他的才能所在，在发挥他的才能时，也就是他表现出最佳努力水平的时候。当然这一切都要在外部机会合适的情况下(运气不错)，才能取得 好的成就成果，取得职业成功。这将进一步会强化兴趣和努力水平，强化取得的外部他人给予的物质和精神回报，也会强化潜能训练为才能的可靠性。 找到一个你心甘情愿做的事情，并且除了这个“专业”之外，你感觉自己就是一个普普通通的人，不能发挥自己最大的价值。当你感觉做什么都可以的时候，也就是自己也不确定你的价值在哪里，即价值相对于你的潜力来说，未发挥出来。如果个体当事人可以善于运用这个职业发展的三环之道，也就可以成就一个自我发现与探索之旅、自我引导之旅、实践与修炼之旅、一个才能和成就缓慢长成之旅，旅途上同时伴随着乐趣、欢乐。 三环职业发展的道路，是一个动态的调整、匹配与合适的过程:根据潜能修炼自己的才能，根据才能调整、挑选更合适的外部机会，对照外部机会(岗位)的需要，进一步调整、修炼自己的才能，再根据崭露头角的才能来发掘潜能„„最终取得高水平的职业成就，获得真正的职业成功，自己也就获得了职业成就感和满意度。这样的一个过程，也是外部机会、兴趣、努力水平、才能、潜能、修炼、成就、个性特质等多因素，相互激发、交织和影响的复杂过程，在时间轴上体现出动态性。 如果这些因素取得了和谐一致的相互适应状态，就会创造一个稳定的指数式职业增强环，这就算走上职业正轨了，职业道路会一帆风顺的发展下去，直到进入一个饱和的职业平台期。此时客观上的职业成就越高，也就越难按比例得到更进一步的回报，此时需要change“变革”，以打破职业瓶颈，进入下一个职业增长期。 2、职业规划的说法为什么不恰当 职业的发展是一条不断探索、调整和适应的道路，而不 是提前很多年“规划”出来的。“规划”所隐含的预见性、确定性和规定性较多，而这不太符合绝大多数人的实际职业发展状况，意料之外、情理之中的事情反而会 更多一些，这就是探索性、不确定和灵活性为主的特征。从三环职业发展之道可知，我们所能确定把握的就是原则、方法和方向，而不太可能得到一个确定的、静态 的、一成不变、按部就班的“标准答案”，否则就成了无所不知、洞察未来“算命先生”。 职 业发展的动态性决定了，随着时间的变迁，我们的才能、欲望与需求特质、职业积累都会变化，这也导致自己的职业兴趣、注意力产生变化，进而导致原先已经相互 匹配、相互适应的三环变成不匹配、不合适，而必须再次动态调整，进行重新匹配并重新适应。所谓“解决了”职业发展的问题，都是阶段性的、暂时的，瓶颈总会 在数年之后出现的。如何突破瓶颈，如何恰当的更上层楼、转型或与时俱进，就是个永远的策略话题。不能“恰当”应对，职业发展道路就会遭遇重大挫折。 一个企业组织的发展也是一样的，每隔三五年总会有新的瓶颈或挑战出现，过得去，就是下一个一帆风顺，过不去，那就是挫折、波折或衰败下去。因为这 是任何事物发展所必然要面临的普遍挑战，也是任何事物都需要服从的普遍运动规律。 3、三环职业发展之道的价值 自我发现、匹配之后，还是要慢慢的螺旋上升，而不可能一下子就功成名就。如果一切都是漫长的，无法确定的一劳永逸，都是注定要遇到瓶颈而过时被废弃的，那么三环职业发展理论究竟还有什么用呢,答 案就是，有了对三环职业发展理论的把握和实践，你会发现你更加善于发现自我，更加善于把握自我修炼和选择的关键，在面对外部世界的不同机会时，你更能敏锐 的洞察先机，并且在行动上从容不迫，在需要加速前进时更少犹豫，而在面对瓶颈和危机时则更加胸有成竹，你的方向感更强了。 现摘录柯林斯《从优秀到卓越》的一段话作为类比:“ 前刺猬状态就像在雾里摸索，可能你在长途跋涉，每天都在进步，但是你不能把一切都看清楚。在每条路的交叉口，你可能只能看清前方一点点，而且只能谨慎、缓 慢地爬行。有了刺猬理念，你突然走进一片开阔地，雾消失了，你可以看得很远。从那以后，经过每个路口都不再需要那么谨慎，而且你能由爬行转为行走，由行走 转为奔跑。在后刺猬状态里，当你快速地作出在雾里很难清楚看到的决定时，路就在脚下飞驰，岔路口在飞速地掠过。”(注:“刺猬理论”是柯林斯有关企业如何卓越发展的理论)。 4、一个清晰的实践过程阶段 如果说，职业发展的实践有什么过程阶段的话，那么我们自然希望它是清晰的，有利于认识、掌握。一个清晰的实践过程阶段，包括了:发现自我(分析、定位Niche)，转型过渡、准备启动、修炼、建立螺旋上升的基础，盘桓上升、波动、挫折、中断(螺旋上升)。 当事人为自己的职业发展可以做的事情，或者说为自己的职业发展可以准备、执行、操控的因素就是，辨别或识别(潜质与选取)、选择、才能准备与提升、体验、学习、修炼、适时的心理状态调节、寻找、把握、创造等。 (SOWT方法可以用吗,是的，可以用，但是背后还是要回到基本的发展之道上来～) 1)“发现自我”。 即认识你自己，就是职业方向的定位或构建独特的缝隙机会。三人行必有我师，只有真正发现自己是因为“不足”，而不可做某类事情，而不是“没时间”、“没兴趣”、“没必要”或“没机会”才不做而已，才算是真正完成了自我发现。即发现自己所不能和所不足之后，才算界定了自己的“所能”。知道不能、不可为之事，才是认清了自己以及战略规划的第一步。 定位到更细节的特质，需要拿高倍显微镜才能看的清你个性特质的内在“边边角角”。举例来说，不是比普通人会唱歌就可以做歌星的，而要进一步辨识，对某个歌手来说，唱什么风格类型的歌最适合自己呢，以使得自己最好。王菲的歌别人一般唱不好。target和place的方法论适用于任何行当，因而这是基本的方法论。 定位就是一种自我“解剖”，对这个“解剖”结果的描述，只用那些“传统”的日常词汇，例如内向、外向、自私、感性、理性、复杂性格等，是远远不够的，表达上也不太准确。正如只是知晓一个人的年龄、民族、籍贯、出生地、性别、教育水平，就想判断他的擅长方面一样，都是不可靠的。毕竟冰山处于水面之下的冰体是大部分的，等待我们去识别、评比并作出判断，否则就同数千年前的用人当官制度，只靠推举、靠出生(举孝廉)一样，是荒唐而无效的。 不能“发现自己”的话题，就是有关“发育和开窍”的话题，在几大主题(智商类、情商类、社会知觉、人际知觉、策略知觉、情感知觉、科学方法论知觉)等方面，发育的进度是不均衡的，差异可能有10年以上。例如有人在25~30 发育”了社会知觉和人际知觉，这比数理逻辑方面的知觉晚了10来年(10岁才“ 多岁的少年就已经对数理逻辑开窍了)。总体来说，大部分人的心智在35岁以内仍在继续发育、转型、开启、领悟的，虽然一个人的性格在17~25岁基本上大体定型了。有早有晚的原因在于，A、一方面，没有契机，外部环境比较单纯，知识上也无熏陶，就不容易开窍。例如在高中阶段的思想品德课《青少年修养》上只得了53分，就属于理解上不开窍。B、而另一方面，人比较单纯、正统、乖乖仔，天生不太“懂某些事情”。 为什么说35岁是个分水岭呢,其实是一个经验结论。预计绝大多数人(95%以上)，在35岁之后将不会再改变他已经塑造并习惯了的心智模式(性格、思维方式、观念等)，并且会振振有词来维护自己的习惯和思维方式，心态就算到了成熟期、稳定期、饱和期了。 如果读者你自己在某个大的主题方面还没有发育和开窍，而如果你还没有超过35岁，那么还是很有机会开窍的，抓紧时间启发、修炼吧。如果超过了35岁，也可以试一试啊，毕竟也还有一些机会再开窍的。开窍之后会有豁然开朗的感觉，一览众山小，就可以反观以前的自己和许许多多尚未开窍的人，都是幼稚和蒙昧的。 2)转型过渡的策略路径 何时该果断跳槽或转型的契机:外部环境巨大变革之机。是被动的适应性等“人之常情”模式，还是主动的“适应”或主动的“变化”,一个最有利的行为模式是，既要象大众一样思考和行为，也要有独特的不一样的思维和行为，否则就是标准的芸芸众生。 参见博文“转岗的策略 少数人适用”。 3)修炼以奠定成功的基础 定位以及转型之后，需要做的事情就是，奠定一个职业发展螺旋上升的增强环的基础:A、一方面是知识和技能的基础，B、另一方面是自己已经揭示出并准备就绪的天分，C、 还有一个就是“性格、品格、团队合作、人际合作、心胸、心态”等方面的基础，使得自己更加“适合于”在人群中成功，否则会遭受“人际关系、人群政治”的挫 折，影响自己的热情和才能发挥，进而影响成就等。当然如果你不是纯粹的搞政治或人际关系，要求不是很高，但不至于不及格，因此属于“制约性”基础工作。 需要准备的增强环基础，是个“目标”，是需要完成的任务，但为此需要克服修炼过程中的阻力和惯性，A、其中第一个就是是否能够“修炼”三环之道，B、是否需要花钱脱产,C、修炼的形式分析，面对的社会阻力、情绪波动、心态宽容化、心智模式等。D、修炼的障碍与动力机制:不喜欢、没时间、没能力、没动力、没压力还是没信用,不会、不宜、不该、不敢VS想要、需要、应该、适合、压力、动力等。方向的一致性:方向管理、趋势管理，行动管理。另外，E、修炼的时间和花销从哪里来,F、以及修炼需要服从的一个基本过程规律是什么, 有关修炼的更多内容，请参见博文“修炼的层次模型:从了解、理解到引导与创新的过程规律”等系列文章。 ,)螺旋上升与波动 公开取得成就的途径:1)一个团队内的重要角色，与团队或组织共同成功。2)自己创业，当领头羊或狼。3)成为知名的专业人员，例如教师、医生、律师、会计师、评论员、主持人、记者、作家、科学家、顾问等。 而取得自我成就的途径:1)私人投资，买房、炒股、搞黄金期货等;2)艺术创造，自娱自乐;3)回归家庭价值等。 A、有些人的职业发展比较简单、比较“顺”:自我发现和调整，弥补不足，职业机会都会很适宜。B、有些人“不同凡响”，很难瞬间让传统势力理解他、认同他、接纳他的。C、而其余大部分往往不知道“自我”为何。 在关键机会点给予帮助的贵人、傍人、傍团队、傍组织，可以是他人、得力助手、研究生、下属;或政策、机遇的推波助澜;不小心成了典型代表了等等。 螺旋上升的职业发展过程中，出现的“中断平衡”现象，应用在职业发展之中，震荡式螺旋上升、线性上升、平稳螺旋上升、中断式螺旋上升等上升轨迹模式。总会遇到中断甚至倒退，或主动选择，只要不“死亡”，都要秉承一个最大化的原则，那就是“我最能成功什么,” 一般而言，三五年就会遇到一次比较大的职业发展危机或瓶颈，可能会导致发展方向的转折或改变，以及为自己的见识或思维能力带来长进，所谓层次、档次变化了。 职业发展低谷之时:一个兴趣不灭、一个潜质而已，都是处于原点状态。 、一个不清晰的、非优化的过程阶段 5 如果无法认清自己，无法找到机会，无法完成定位，怎么办,或者“非最佳”、“非最准确”、“非最贴切”、“非最清晰”，怎么办,那就次优、马马虎虎就ok吧。先上路，边走边看，车到山前必有路吧。这就是一个探索的、应变的、逐步逼近的职业发展策略和职业发展道路，也就是一个不清晰和可主观上不断优化的过程。 但也许反而恰恰是一个无意识的自我导航、自我探索的终成正果之路呢，毕竟冥冥之中自有天注定，以及本性难移、秉性难移啊，回过头来看，一切仿佛早就是注定的。也可以作为一个有意识的动态策略，静心倾听你“发自内心的声音”，让你的大脑和身体跟随你的心，一同向前不可预见的演化进步。 6、生存还是发展, 生存再发展，还是先发展而不用考虑太多生存,先干一行到温爱、热爱一行，还是先热爱一行才能干一行, 先工作赚钱，以解决生存问题(有收入、能独立生存),>不愁温饱(有稳定收入、有活钱),>一家老小能够小康(有房、有收入、有活钱),>中产阶级(有房有车无贷款、有活钱),>一家老小今生衣食无忧(这辈子基本上是花不完钱了)。哪一个阶段才可以正式转型，开始做自己感兴趣和发挥特长的事情呢, 答案因人而异。一个特例，温吞水式的职业生涯若正好处于低谷，是应该毫不犹豫、痛下决心放弃“鸡肋”的最佳时机，可以视作一个另类的“天助我也”。当年一些在体制内无关系背景、不得志的人，毅然抛弃铁饭碗而下海弄潮，反而取得了先发优势的巨大成功，成了先知先觉、提前把握自己命运的人群。而被迫下岗的人群，无路可去不得不摆摊做生意，成就了新一批的民营老板。HW的任当年就是“走投无路”，才碰上了创建HW的职业发展机会，冥冥之中有天注定乎,注也，自助也。 三环职业发展之道7:动态的实践道路2 1、慢慢长成了哪些职业发展成就, 职业发展之后的成就会有哪些呢, 1)功名利禄权等。其实它们并不是一个人职业发展的追求目标，也不应该作为大部分当事人的特长和兴趣点，而是当事人职业发展成功之后的结果之一，是顺其自然获得的(道德说教一下)。发财、升官、荣誉、地位、成就、成长等，都是你的职业顺利发展后的必然结果，是一个指数式增强环发力后的自然积累，取决于增强环的速率和持续时间，以及是缓慢上升、较快上升，还是陡峭上升。过程中也许伴随着一定的波动，但是基本面是上升的。 2)获得对归属于一个事业团队/群体的归属感、成就感和荣耀感。从事某个职业的年代久远之后，会因为融入了一个吸引人的团队，并喜好这个团队，而对于所做的具体事情，不再特别关注了。尤其作为团队中的管理者来说，日常的一般工作内容和技能要求，都是可以胜任的，而不再苛求于是否做了喜欢或感兴趣的事情。 3)其他，略。 、对发财的态度 2 机会来临时，每个人都可以趁机发财，你当然也可以发一些吧，随大流跟潮流即可，但要控制住自己的贪婪。发财的时候，不要固执于一两句话的所谓“绝对真理”，例如“永不进入„”、“不搞多元化„”、“不分心在非核心业务„”，这些教科书式的所谓“战略、文化、价值观”，往往成为一叶障目的心智模式，丧失对机会窗的把握。 “马无夜草不肥，人无外财不富”。事实上几个大的家电连锁都是伴随着房地产业而腾飞的，因为房地产业是这几年(2006年前)中国经济的总发动机， 也是财富重新分配的契机，作为中国城市化进程中某一段时间内的“印钞”行业，借势而为，何况是大势，也未尝不可啊～～～譬如C老板等这几年在房地产、股市的收益超过了主营业务的收益。 审时度势，有短期行为也有长期行为，在动荡的环境Re-Shaping期(重塑期)，“权大于法”;稳定的期间，“法大于权”。(“法、权”，都是一种隐喻。) 3、瓶颈和挑战可能出现在哪里, 有人运气不错，一下子就找到了滋润的岗位，然后呆在岗位上盘桓数年，一帆风顺，不断累积职业成就、取得成功。但能够数十年一直线性往上走，不断的再上一个又一个台阶的，其概率是不高的(几分之一或更低<10%)， 即一帆风顺仍是少见的，鲜有不遇到天花板、饱和区、瓶颈的。故职业成就的“长成”过程，也同时是问题慢慢积累的过程。最终一旦问题成形，就会成为职业进一 步发展的制约力量，而可能终止自己的职业成就感。问题总有一天会突然爆发的，每个人都可提前扪心自问，自己如果离开当前公司、岗位或事业，还能干什么呢, 一般而言，瓶颈来自于: 1)那些曾经的特长都会随着年龄、时代的变化，而慢慢变的平庸或过时，例如年轻时的棋圣到了中老年也就不再可能做棋圣了，毕竟干这一行的，也是吃“青春饭”的。奥运冠军总有一天要退役的，退役后干什么才有下一次职业腾飞的机会,有一些冠军，最终沦落到街头从事体力活，何尝不是个人和社会的悲剧。 2)为功名利禄所累。当然对我们大多数人来说，现时的、许诺的功名利禄还是有诱惑力的，免疫力往往在充分富足，或者遭受身心摧残后的理智中诞生。如Y君后来再也不会娶漂亮lp的缘故。正如男人容易被女人的年轻美貌所吸引(趋之若鹜)，大多数人在社会上也会与团队或组织在追求、信念和价值观方面的共振或同化。例 如，学而优就寻思着仕途，你不寻思你就是“异类”。财大就应该要气粗些，你不如此就得不到你想进入圈子的承认。只有在一个教育价值观多元化的社会里，人们 才会享受多元化发展的乐趣，而不像封建社会中拼权力、拼地位、比经济温饱(例如比谁家的咸肉多)，而且富人自己也不再有特别的优越感，而是充分自知之明， 并且善待财富，回报社会，例如合情合理的Bill Gates的裸捐。 3)社会对你的制约惯性与反作用。对社会潜规则的适应问题，有人适应潜规则而升迁，有人适应而职业发展更顺利了，但也有人倒台而“悔不该当初”。故“潜规则”不在本文所讨论的三环之内，非“正义之道”，亦非“邪恶之道”， 都可能是成功之道或败落之途径，本文并不作道德方面的规劝，而秉承道德中立的立场。机制对人的反作用:习惯、本能、策略、心态、行为方式。 中国社会的变迁是整体(宏 观、中观)和个体(微观)机制的变迁，遥望美欧的差距有殊途同归、百花齐放或其他吸引子的可能。譬如中国的“人情关系”作为一种文化、行为机制而融入到社 会与经济生活中，不可避免的是成事的大背景，很难“清高者自清”。设立容忍度与其有限度的“共处”，适度借力，是不可避免的。因为大社会的本质是:关系型 人才、整合型人才作为主体人群，浮现于各个中、宏观层面。有些人做事也做整合，即成了;有些人不做事只做“资源运作与整合”，一旦时运不佳，并且不重视中 微观(人、制度、流程、资源使用等)的管理模式，而瞬间垮掉，成为社会的笑柄或负面典范。 另外如QFS、JF们 知识文化不足(小学毕业)，但为人处世的奋斗机制，提供了迎头上升的源源不断的动力，这是天生的，不需要自我心理调节，也是适者生存。要在一个环境中适应 生存，沉入社会大多数之中，会发现大多数人不认为比他人“差”，表面上看每个人内心都有“需”。发展上升的同时也才可能改变环境结构，或者成为大背景环境 的牺牲品，不是因为你特别怎么样，而是你被选中了，你的职业发展道路就会受到挫折，正如你也有机会莫名其妙坐上职业发展的直升机一样。一切没有定数和定论。 4)情绪干扰: 情绪不稳定或压力感很强等，受外界干扰较大的波动，对职业发展的影响有时候是巨大的。须知这是我们人体内激素分泌的结果(皮质醇的 一小撮”基 因操控了我们，理解了这一点，我们的心理应该会更故事)，是“ 坚强一些。你知道“那个情绪恶化的人”并不是真正的你，而是寄存在你体内的小魔鬼，是你的敌人。我们常说 “自己是最大的敌人”，就是这个意思。战胜它就是战胜了自我，超越自己的心情、心智、理想等，成为一个开放、自信的自己，可操之在我了。 5)更遥远的未来之路(10年以上)的挑战，不可预期的新事物。目标、章法、坚持，是成功工具箱的基本装备。做大做成，主要依赖于“远见、眼界，资源整合力，魄力果敢行动力”。而做久做强，更依赖于“心胸，智慧(睿智)，意志力、孜孜以求”。 a、如何面对SOHO的兴起、远程办公、互联网技术及“世界是平的”、组织扁平化趋势等等，它们是促进三环理论更新换代的结构力量(Forces At Work，即FAW)。应把握并顺应形势，人人都做自由职业者或灵活上班的职业者，不也是既有“自由”、“独立性”，也有兴趣勃勃吗,这就说明，不一定非得辞职做老板吧。如何了解未来可能的冲击，首先增加你的阅读面，查看本博“推荐阅读书籍2,,列表(会不断更新)”中所推荐的阅读书籍，发掘职业发展的长尾潜能(来自于《长尾理论》一书)。 b、世界越来越平，多元化、民主化、普世价值将成为主流，如何灵活处理复杂的公共危机或敏感的事情,都是牵一发而动全身或反对派等多种政治力量相互倾轧之时的复杂状态。 6)过了中年而迈入老年的门槛之际，应开始转型而发挥自己人生经验的价值，在方法论，价值观方面的传播和引导、团队的领导、社会公益事业方面的增光添彩，发挥自己的能量、余热„当你心态上已经进入退休的心理适应期、行动上已经为退休而做准备之时，也就是你有形的职业生涯结束的时候。 4、瓶颈的性质和如何突破瓶颈, 遇到职业发展的瓶颈时，要具体情况具体对待。 1)一种情况是，职业发展问题又回到了问题的开始状态，即又站在了迷茫、彷徨的重要十字路口，那么一切都要重新开始再出发了:要靠自己的“重新发现自我”，对自己的修炼(补充修炼)，以及对外部职业发展机会的再分析和把握，踏上一个新的职业发展征程。比如说，1990年代那些从机关单位下海到南方的人们，一袋行囊、一腔热血、两手空空，茫然站在陌生城市的火车站，也就是如此的。新人生、新征程，只不过从头再来。 2)当然也有比较简单而特殊的情况，即在修炼成长、职业发展的瓶颈口或临界点时，并不需要进行大的转型或启动“新的发现之旅”，而是属于“万事俱备，只欠东风”的情况。此时，只要有关键的引领、支持、帮助，还是可以把握机会，踏上下一阶段成功的不归列车的。 A、所谓“贵人伯乐说”，就是关键的那几步，导致职业发展成功的路径依赖。点拨人、引路人把你“领进门”，或推荐给更大的平台，或者危机期间伸出援助之手的贵人，都会成为你职业发展道路突破瓶颈而腾飞的助推器。这就是“三分天注定，七分靠打拼”或“谋事在人成事在天”中的“天注定”部分的关键运气。例如Sina上市的过程中，起到关键相助作用的某主管部门司长，“碰巧”就是Sina某人的校友，否则在当时Nasdaq已经开始崩盘的国际IT产业发展大背景下，Sina上市就极可能功亏一篑了。一个设想，如果没有Sina，那我们现在到哪里去看如此丰富的新闻和博客啊,～ B、或者如果自己的才能足够的话，也可以自己为自己创造这样的关键点，即将自己的事业看作整装待发的火箭，需要的就是一个引爆点Tipping(详见同名书《引爆点》)。自己寻找属于自己的“贵人”，他们就如同联络员connectors，是自己的才能实力(附着力)、机遇本身(大环境)的push力 量。通俗的说，就是“千里马”找到了、创造了自己的“伯乐”，然后走向飞黄腾达的职业上升 之路。此处的“伯乐”可以是自己的经纪人、代理人、代理商，也可 以是广结人缘的推荐者，也可以是具有权威的专家。所谓“良禽择木而栖、良臣择主而从”，也有这个策略的部分影子。这也是一种“毛遂自择”啊，关键点不在“ 荐”，而在“选择”。 3)大部分情况下，突破这个非线性瓶颈，只需要结合一两个新挖掘和长成的特长，就可以塑造一个全新的、完整的、适合的职业发展道路。例如因年龄、经验、历练的增长而所修炼得到的新才能，适应这个新才能，就可重新定位职业发展方向，转向那些能够更好发挥现时综合特长的岗位。毕竟在一个组织内部，CEO、CFO、COO、CTO、CHO、CMO等CXO是极少数人，而顶级技术、商务、营销专家也是少数人，如果每个人都是“自古华山一条路”向上晋升官阶的话，失败的人必然是95%以上的。因此，最终每个人都要发挥自己最佳能量的话，必须采取各不相同的、价值多元化的外在岗位形式。多元化的职业价值形式，必然要代替本质上是单极化的金字塔式职业上升通道。且同时每个人自己的需求、兴趣也需要、也应会多元化一些。 这就是大型组织内部必定需要制度化轮岗的原因，横向的流动是一种激活和价值新定位和新发现。再比如说人到中老年后，会以身体健康、家庭生活与事业的平衡为主要考量，或以“为社会或团队做贡献”为价值观，而不仅仅再以自己狭隘的“成就感”作为主要追求，尤其是用牺牲身体健康和家庭幸福换来的“成就”。对 技术天才而言，人到中年之后也需要逐步转型，以做团队领导、方向战略把握等工作来发挥自身主要价值，而不能简简单单用技术天才的才能和方法来团队管理、战 略管理和组织管理。退役的奥运冠军们可以做教练、做体育官员，或者经商、嫁入名门做富豪等，开启各自不同的人生职业发展新路。例如克林顿时代的副总统戈 尔，竞选总统以细微之差而败给小布之后，转行从事环保事业，成绩斐然，数年之后却获得了诺贝尔和平奖，也算“柳暗花明又一村”了。 对于企业管理者或企业所有者来说，他们个人的职业发展很大程度上等同于他们的企业的发展，因而如何突破企业的发展瓶颈，可以参照《组织问题解决之道》(栏目“对职业管理者:修炼进阶”中系列文章)的方法。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.