土木工程材料论文 土木工程论文

土木工程材料论文 土木工程论文 土木工程材料论文土木工程论文 浅谈土木工程学科的发展 摘要:土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术总称。它最主要的是建 筑，世界每天都在改变，建筑工程也不例外，也在随科学的进步而发展。随着力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。 关键词:土木工程 建筑 力学 材料 土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering，直译是“民用工程”，它是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程;而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计，保养，维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁;要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程如今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经分出许多分支，如:建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。 房屋好比一个人，它的规划就像人生活的环境，是由规划师负责的;它的布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质，是由建筑师负责的;它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命，是由结构工程师负责的;它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经，是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样，在城市我地区规划基础上建造房屋，是建设单位，勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。 结构不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决，也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为:静力学，材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的工作状况，也就是建筑的强度，刚度，稳定性。在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用，同时物件本身受载荷作用而产生变形，并to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 且存在着被破坏的可能性，但是结构本身就具有一定的抵抗变形和破坏的能力，而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料，截面的几何尺寸，受力性质，工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。 任何建筑无不修建在地球面的地层上，建筑的重量最后都会传给地层，有地层来承受。支撑建筑的地层被统称为地基，建筑物在地面以下并将上部结构的自重与所承担的载荷传递到地基上的构件或部分构件称为基础。地基，基础和上部结构是建筑物的三个不可分割的部分。三者的功能不同，但在载荷的作用下，它们彼此相关，是共同作用的整体。地基可分为天然地基和人工地基，基础根据埋深分为深基础和浅基础。基础和地基的质量是保证建筑物的安全和正常使用的关键所在，建筑物的地基在建筑物的载荷作用下既要保持整体的稳定性又要是地基产生的沉降在建筑物许可范围内，而地基本身应有足够的强度，刚度和耐久性，同时还要考虑修基础的方法和必要的挡土挡水及相关措施。 近来，人们对生活品质的要求越来越高，人们对自己所处的建筑空间已经不仅仅单纯从数量上提出更高的要求，而且从质量上也提出了更高的要求，要求环境的美观，有一定的舒适度。这就需要对建筑进行必要的装修。如果说建筑主体工程构成了建筑的骨架，那么装饰后的建筑则成了有血有肉的有机体，最终以丰富的，完善的面貌出现在人们的面前，最佳的建筑应该充分体现各种装饰材料的有关特性，to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 结合现有的施工技术，最有效的手法，来达到构思所要表达的效果。建筑装修要考虑建筑空间的使用要求，保护主体机构免受损害，给人以美的享受，满足消防疏散的要求，装饰材料和的合理性，施工技术和经济的可行性等。房屋建筑发展的同时，像房屋建筑一样影响着人们生活的道路，桥梁，隧道等也取得了长足的发展。 总的来说土木工程学科是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程学科一定在人们的生活中占据更重要地位。因为地球环境的日益恶化，人口数量的不断增加，人们为了生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大洋的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能化技术的全面引入，将会使人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃。 这是一门需要心平气和和极大的耐心和细心的专业。因为成千上万，甚至几十万根线条要把建筑物的每一处结构清楚的反映出来。没有一个平和的心态，做什么事情都只是浮在表面上，对任何一幢建筑的结构，对要从事的事业便不可能有一个清晰、准确和深刻的认识，to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 这自然是不行的。从事这个行业，可能没有挑灯夜战的勇气，没有不达目的不罢休的精神，只会被同行所淘汰。 这是一个需要责任感和爱心的行业。要有一颗负责的心——我一人之命在我手，千万人之命在我手。既然选择了土木，就应该踏踏实实的肩负起这个责任。 最后，这是一个不断追求完美的行业。金字塔，壮观吧;长城，雄伟吧……但如果没有一代又一代人的不断追求，今天的我们或许还用那种最古老的办法来造着同样的建筑。设计一幢建筑的结构是很繁，但是这都是经历了数个世纪的涤荡，经过不断的积累，不断创新，不断改良所得到的。而且这样的追求，绝不局限于过去。试想，如果设计一幢建筑能够像计算一加一等于二一样简单而易于掌握，那何乐而不为呢,因此，土木工程师总是在不断的求索中。一个最简单的结构，最少的耗费，最大的功用。选择土木，就等于选择了一条踏实勤奋，不断创新，追求完美的道路。 参考文献: [1]罗福午主编.土木工程(专业)概论.武汉.武汉理工大学出版社.2007年. [2]王福川，宫米贵主编.建筑工程材料.北京.科学技术文献出版社.2002. [3]江见鲸，叶志明主编.土木工程概论.北京.高等教育出版社.1992年. to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid