托福

托福口语 一， 概述 1. Types of Speaking Tasks [2 Independent Tasks] (Preparation: 15sec. /response: 45sec.) (1)1 Personal Experience ---This task will ask you to speak about something that is familiar to you, you need to describe it and give some reasons to defend response. (2)1 Personal Choice/Opinion ---This task will ask you to make and defend a personal choice between two possible opinions, actions, or situations. You should justify your choice with reasons and details. [2 integrated Tasks: Read-Listen-Speak] (Preparation: 30sec. /response: 60sec.) (1)1 Campus situation topic ---reading 75~100words (45sec.) conversation 150~180words (60~80sec.) ---This task will ask you to response to a question based on what you have heard and heard. You will first read a short passage presenting a campus-related issue and will then listen to a dialogue on the same topic. Then, you will be asked to summarize one speaker’s opinion within the context of the reading passage. You should be careful not to express your own opinion in your response. (2)1 Academic course topic ---reading: 75~100words (45sec.) Lecture: 150~220words (60~90sec.) ---This task also asks you to respond a question based on what you have read and heard. You will first read a short passage about an academic subject and then will listen to an expert from a lecture on that subject. Then, you will be asked to combine and convey important information from both the reading passage and the lecture. [2 Integrated Tasks: Listen-Speak] (Preparation: 20sec. /response: 60sec.) (1)1 Campus situation topic ---conversation: 180~220words (60~90sec.) ---In this task, you will first listen to a conversation about a student –related problem and two possible solutions. Then, you will be asked to describe the problem, choose a referred solution, and explain why you have chosen that solution. (2)1 Academic course topic ---lecture: 230~280(90~129sec.) --- In this task, you will first listen to an expert from a lecture that explain a term or concept and gives some examples to illustrate it. Then, you will be asked to summarize the lecture and explain how the examples are connected with the overall topic. 2. Important Features of Evaluation (1)Delivery You should speak smoothly and clearly, have good pronunciation, pace yourself naturally, and have natural-sounding intonation patterns. (2)Language Use You should be able to use both basic and more complex language structures and choose the appropriate words. (3)Topic Development You should make sure that the relationship between your ideas and your progression from one idea to the next is clear and easy to follow. 二，TASK 1 1,尽量实物化,最好有数字和时间等量化的东西,越具体越详细越好. 2,口语要靠平时多练,在生活中,也可以给自己提问题,然后尝试着用英文回答. 3,口语中尽量使用简单词汇. Structure:                          Topic(opinion)                                 ︱                         Idea---details( with example)             ︱                         Idea---details( with example)                                 ︱                              Ending State Your Opinion 1,I think/believe/feel (that) S+V~我认为，我相信，我感到… I think the most important quality of a good friend is trustworthiness. （人物类：Describe the characteristics of friends） 2,In my opinion, S+V~我认为，依我看… In my opinion, the most important invention in the 20thcentury was the computer.（物品类：Describe one of the most important inventions in recent 100 years） 3,Based on my experience, S+V~以我的经验看… Based on my experience, histories was one of the most valuable classes.（物品类：Describe an object which is very important to you and explain why it is of special value to you.） 4,As far as I am concerned, S+V~就我而言.. As far as I am concerned, the subway is the most convenient method if transportation.（物品类：Describe the most efficient transportation in your country） 5, To me, the most…is~对我来说，最…的是… To me, the most memorable book is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain.（物品类：Describe a book that you believe is the most useful to you.） 6, I consider…to be the most~我认为…是最… I consider Paris to be the most attractive city I’ve ever been to.（地点类:favorite place） 7, The…I like most is~我最喜欢的…是… The board game I like most is Monopoly.（物品类：favorite game） 8, When it comes to…S+V当谈到…说到… When it comes to my favorite public place, I enjoy going to the National Museum.（地点类：favorite public place） Giving Reasons 1, What I like about…is that S+V我喜欢…的原因是… What I like about my math teacher is that he has a great sense of humor.（人物类：Describe the characteristics of a good teacher） 2, There are several reasons why S+V~…有几个原因 There are several reasons why I admire Mother Teresa.（人物类：Who is the person you admire the most） 3, One reason why S+V~ is that S+V~, another reason is that S+V…的一个原因是…, 另一个原因是… One reason why I like amusement parks is that I can enjoy various kinds of rides there. Another reason is that I can watch fantastic performances and parades.（地点类：Describe a public area that you visit frequently.） Giving Supporting Details (1)Giving Examples For example/instance, S+V例如… My teacher is a very organized person. For example, his desk is always neat and clean.（人物类：Describe the characteristics of a good teacher） Such as~比如，像 … I want to learn some practical skills, such as cooking, driving, and computer programming.（事件类：Describe some kind of skill that you’d like to learn most.） (2)Clarifying In other words, S+V换言之… I’m a night person. In other words, I’m more efficient when studying at night than in the morning. (事件类： I mean~ S+V我的意思是说… I admire firefighters but don’t want to be one myself, I mean their job is too dangerous. （人物类：Who is the person you admire the most） 一，地点类： 地点类型思路： Setting，Price and service, Location (convenience), Features, History, My own feeling 常考题目： 1. Describe a place that you like best in your city. Please state why you like it with specific examples and details. 2. When you are together with your friends, which place would you like to go? Explain why. 3. Describe a public area that you visit frequently. Please state why you visit it frequently and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 4. Describe a school that you have attended. 5. Describe your favorite room. Your statement should include specific examples and details. When you choose to eat at the restaurant or café, what are the features that you care about most? Explain why. 二，人物类 人物类型思路：Appearance, Personality, Hobbies, Past experience, Relationship with others, My own feeling 常考话题 1， Describe the characteristics of a good teacher. Please state with specific examples and details. 2， Who is the person you admire the most? Please give specific details and examples in your explanation. 3， Describe the characteristics of friends, use specific examples to support your statement. 4， What do you think are the characteristics of a good parent? 5，What kind of qualities should a good leader possess？Please state your opinion and give specific details and examples in your explanation. Teacher In my view, a good teacher should have different characteristics. First, a good teacher should be responsible and conscientious to the job. If a teacher is faithful to the job, then she/he never cheats and will be impartial and students will respect such a teacher. If a teacher is dedicated towards his/her work, then he/ she will teach with his/her heart. Another most important characteristic of a good teacher is patience. Teachers should never lose their patience in class when students ask questions repeatedly. A teacher should explain each and every aspect of the topic in the easiest way. Most of all, a good teacher should update his/her knowledge cause further learning can make a good teacher re-discover the beauty of the teaching profession. 老师： engineer of the human souls 人类灵魂的师 responsible and conscientious (本意: 对得起良心的)工作态度认真负责的 loving and caring  爱心 impartial 公正的，不偏不倚的 cultivate and inspire originality and creativity in students  培养, 激励学生的原创精神和创造力 respect students 尊重学生人格 Friend I think what makes a good friend is someone who is honest, supportive, and has a good sense of humor. I just look for someone who's honest to me no matter what. He should not tell stories behind my back; he should tell me my short-comings at my mouth, but never praises me in front of me. It is a well known saying that “A friend in need is a friend indeed." Therefore, a friend should stand by you in the hour of any sort of need. I just think that a good friend won't leave me if I'm in trouble. They can be my friends in sunshine and in shade, care for me even when the times are bad and even more when the times are great. .Also, I'd love to spend more time with someone who can make me laugh and is fun to be around. 朋友： Reliable 可依靠的 A friend indeed is a friend in need 患难见真情 Help you out when you are in trouble 帮助他人 encourage your when you are frustrated 鼓励朋友 A sense of humor 幽默感 Leader A good leader should be the principled and disciplined person just like my father Jimmy who is the leader of our community here in Xiamen. He has principles that he would want people who live in our community to follow to let us have a better place to live in. My father has a good people management and communication skills, and he believes that the cleanliness and safety of our community depends on the discipline of the people who lives in it. He leads us to donate some money to be able to hire a cleaner to clean the community and also buy some garbage cans so that people would not throw anywhere. And also have some money to hire a security guard for our safety during day in and day out. I think he was a very successful leader because all the people in our community donated a fare amount of money and the money was really wisely used to obtain a better environment. 领导: principled and disciplined 有原则遵守纪律的 energetic and strong career-ambition 精力充沛，很强的事业心 Good people management and communication skills 良好的人员管理和交际能力 Team player 带头作用 Be highly organized and efficient 工作有条理，办事效率高 描述人物性格，外貌可选词汇： optimistic(adj.)积极乐观的 pessimistic(adj.)消极悲观的 out-going(adj.)外向的，喜好交际的 extroverted(adj.)活泼愉快的 kind(adj.)和气的 generous(adj.)慷慨的 reliable(adj.)可靠的 friendly(adj.)友善的 quiet(adj.)娴静的 shy(adj.)羞涩的 patient(adj.)耐心的 diligent(adj.)勤勉的 conservative(adj.)保守的 人的外貌： medium height中等身高 plump (adj.)丰满的   slim (adj.)苗条的 well-built (adj.)体格健美，体形匀称的 elderly (adj.)年长的，过了中年的 middle-aged (adj.)中年的，具有中年人特点的 young (adj.)年轻的，没有经验的 round face (n.)圆脸 square face (n.)方脸 wrinkles (n.)皱纹 bright eyes (n.)明亮的眼睛 small eyes (n.)小眼睛 bald(adj.)秃顶的 short curly hair(n.)短短的小卷发 long straight hair(n.)长长的直发 medium length wavy hair(n.)中等长度的大波浪发 pony-tail(n.)马尾辫 casual clothes(n.)休闲装 formal clothes(n.)正装 smart clothes(n.)漂亮潇洒的打扮 tidy clothes(n.)整洁的打扮 messy clothes(n.)肮脏凌乱的打扮 三，物品类 物品类型思路：（How I got it）, Exterior, Function, Role in my life, My own feeling 常考题目： 1, Describe a book that you believe is the most useful to you. Please explain the reason and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 2, Describe the most efficient transportation in your country. Please state your reason and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 3, Describe one of the most important inventions in recent 100 years. Explain why it is so important. Your explanation should include specific examples and details. 4, Everyone has to leave home sometimes. What do you miss most when you are away from home? Please include specific examples and details in your explanation. 5, Describe an object which is very important to you and explain why it is of special value to you. Please include specific details in your explanation. 6，Describe a letter or poem or other piece of art that is important to you. Why was it so important to you? Please include specific examples and details in your statement. 可选物品：Subject（math），The gift(music box)，the poem(Ode to the West Wind), The animal(giraffe, dog), The program(Big Bang Theory), The type of music(rock music), book(Jane Eyre), transportation(bicycle), computer, TV, car, season, poem(Ode to the West Wind) 四，事件类 事件类型思路：What,Why,When,Where,Who,How,My own feeling 常考话题： 1，What do you do in your spare time? Please include specific details in your statement. 2，Describe the most important decision that you have made in your life. Why was it important to you? Use specific examples and details to support your explanation. 3，Describe a celebration or moment which has made a deep impression on you. Please explain the impression and include specific examples and details in you explanation. 4. Describe a social or politics celebration event in your culture. Specific examples and details are necessary in your statement. 5，Describe one of your challenging experiences. Explain why it is challenging and how you conquered this challenge. Please include specific examples and details in your explanation. 6，Describe a most happy event in your childhood. Please include specific examples and details in your explanation. 7，Describe a special opportunity given to you. Why does this opportunity so special to you? Your explanation should include specific details and examples. 8，What is your best time in a year? Please state your reasons and include specific examples and details in your explanation. 9，Describe an experience when you asked help from others. How did they help you? 10，Describe some good news that made you happy and explain why. Please include specific examples and details in your explanation. 可选话题：Birthday / graduation / festival/ Scholarship Award Ceremony /choose your major or school/wedding TASK 2 一般解答的思路有以下几种： Q2的问题是：A or B, why?或者 do or not do? 再或者 A, B, C...which one prefer? 所以基本上就已经在问题中了。 （一）A or B, why? Prefer A reason 1 reason 2 Prefer B reason 1 reason 2 Depends prefer A when...... prefer B when...... 所以对于回答Q2，充分利用题干的提示，迅速作出选择，其实一但做了选择，问题就又回到Q1的解答方法了。 回答流程： (1) 迅速选择，不要犹豫，这个题目回答没有对错，能自圆其说就好。 (2)一旦选择，回答得思路可以回到Q1,句型，结构可以用一样的。 (3) 当缺少理由时，可以用正面，反面回答得方法，可以充实理由库 eg. Do you think the high school should teach music and art as other basic science? 态度：应该 理由1：有助于培养学生的想象力 理由2：（如果想出来正面理由）如果不上music and art的坏处：学生缺少想象力 (4) 建议用作文的题库来练习, 选上述3种问法的题目来练，既能复习作文，也能练习口语。 (5) Q1和Q2不是没有关系的，Q1准备的内容很多时候能用在Q2的题目上，所以在联系的时候多多练习，这样可以缩小准备的内容，争取把这些内容弄得滚瓜烂熟。 模板 Some like to take classes early in the morning. Others prefer having classes later in the day. Which time of day is better for you and why? 1,Topic Sentence三种主题句表达模板 （1）I think it is better…for several reasons. （2）As for which…is better for…, my preference is placed on…, and let me tell you why. Eg. As for which time of day is better for taking classes, my preference is placed on early morning, and let me tell you why. (3) As far as I am concerned,…is better than … and there are some of the important reasons. 2,First Reason三种理由一表达模板 （1）First, it is good for…as most of us … Eg. First, it is good for the effect of learning, as most of us have a fresh mind after sleeping soundly for a whole night. （2）First thing first, you usually …and I am sure that way good…is often… (3)The first reason to be considered is that people commonly…and thus…can be… 3,三种理由二表达模板 （1）Second, it can … , as most of us … （2）Also, you usually …is often… Eg.Also, you usually don’t need the class room lights on in the morning and I am sure that way electricity is often saved which in turn costs less and is good for the environment. (3) Another reason to be considered is that people commonly… and thus …can be … 4,三种驳斥对立意见表达模板 （1）who will not choose to …, because if so,… （2）On the other hand, who do not seem to …the… of…, for that way… Eg.On the other hand, I do not seem to like the idea of having classes later in the day, for that way, the students often have to work late into the night to finish their homework of the day. (3) Then why not …? As for as who be concerned, who do not think it is …as …once… 三，TASK 3 是一道综合任务题，要求考生在45秒之内读完一则notice或者 announcement，然后听一段对话或者monologue(独白)，在听力中，说话者将就阅读材料里提到的决定发表看法。为校园事件话题，语言不学术，这道题通常是关于university policies, rules or procedures; university plans; campus facilities or quality of life on campus的一些新的变化，一般为两个人的对话，有习语，听完后会让你重复其中一个人的观点70% 两者的观点一致，30% 两者的观点不一致。看清楚题目要求自己复述的是一个人还是两个人的观点非常重要。这一题是客观题，不需要加入自己的观点。特例：要你说出相对于listening, reading中哪些没有的。这类题要多说些reading部分，大约20%。 1． 怎样“读”? 误区：阅读部分考察“记忆”能力 相对于托福考试的阅读部分，Task 3中只有75-100字的简短阅读材料简直是小巫见大巫。可正是因为这样，却偏偏激发了好多考生的“完美主义”心态，想要把所有内容统统记下，结果因小失大，笔记中过多的细节淹没了重点信息。其实Task 3中阅读资料的真正作用是为听力提供背景，唯一的价值是告诉考生接下来的对话中两人谈论的政策或计划等是什么，所以不应浪费时间记过多细节。 支招： 1.显示相同信息的信号词： There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales。 “likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example 2.显示思路转折的信号词： I’d like to go but I’m too busy.　 “but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet 3.显示因果关系的信号词： As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled. All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike. 所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently 4.显示顺序的信号词：抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally 5.表示结论/的信号词： In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today。 词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word 笔记中只需要notice/message/proposal (key words) + reasons(key words) 其中关于政策的关键词多半出现在题目以及文章的前两行，而通过一些明显的“信号”也可以轻松找到给出理由的关键词。 二．    怎样“听”? 误区1： 对话中的两个人都听 我们都知道在最终的口语表达中只需陈述其中一个人的态度及理由，所以两个说话者的信息都听无疑只会分散精力，并且另一个人所描述的信息也可能会被考生误引入到最后的口语表达中,违背题目要求给出错误信息。 支招：找出主角（leading speaker），只听一人 在听力对话一开始的时候不要着急记笔记，这样很容易无法分清主次。先把两个人的分别 一句话听完，基本就可以分清主角和次角，因为，主角往往会持有很强烈的支持或反对态度， 确定下主次以后，就可以专注只听一个人并记笔记了。 误区2：听力对话考察“听写”能力 支招：笔记只需要记主角所给出的态度（赞成/反对）+reasons（key words） 在听力对话中寻找关键信息，快速识别信号词或信号句就显得更为重要，这是听力的必备技巧之一。 三，怎样“说”? 误区：语速要快，尤其是在时间快结束时，这样才会多提供信息防止丢分。 考生在时间来不及时慌慌张张讲得飞快，是因为想把笔记中的内容讲完，但在托福考官看来表达的清晰与连贯和表达内容的多少是一样重要的），仓促作答一定顾不得清晰与连贯，所以这样的表现往往会失分。 支招：备考时采用“计时录音”的方法进行练习。如果平时练习时就有时间的概念，那么考试时对口语表达的内容长短就比较有把握了，练习越多，就越胸有成竹。这个方法非常值得推荐，因为它不仅仅能解决时间掌控上的问题，通过回顾录音，对Task 3当中经常出现的 导致失分的现象也有很好的预防的作用。比如： 1.    “he” “she”混淆。只是很多考生常犯的“经典”低级语法错误，自己常常感觉不到。而在Task 3口语表达中男女不分，更会让考官困惑，以为你没有仔细审题，搞错了陈述对象，录音时应尽量避免。 2. 简单堆砌笔记内容。Clearly和Coherently是高分考生的共同点，而最有效的的方法就是正确使用“discourse markers”将观点合理连贯起来。在录音练习的过程中最好挑选总结适合自己的“逻辑模板”，其中包含完整的开篇陈述句以及清晰的答案框架，考试时毫不费力就可达到clear和coherent的要求。 3. 原词原句重复过多。丰富的词汇和句型结构也是口高分的必备条件。在回顾录音时，应挑出其中与原文相同的地方，尽量使用不同的词汇和句型进行替换，逐渐积累丰富的词汇和句型在考试中灵活应用。 复述的前提 复述的要求不是将所读到和听到的内容一字不差地说出来，即使是汉语，恐怕也很难达到这样的要求。复述的目的在于考生能够读懂，听懂材料中的内容，正确理解和接受其中的主要信息，并有能力表达或转述给他人听。所以，不管是用间接引语(Indirect Speech)把男女生的对话或教授的演讲用第三人称重复出来，还是用同意转换(Paraphrasing)的方式把自己获取的信息解释出来，考生都要明白复述的前提是理解(Understanding)，而不是在读或听的时候试图去把读到和听到的每一个字都记下来，即太过依赖笔记。所以，良好的复述能力要求考生在记笔记的同时，更专注于对阅读文章和听力内容本身的理解，以免不能将自己零星的词组笔记串联成连贯的语言表达。 复述的要点 在Task 3中阅读材料需要总结的是：1）学校发表的具体声明；2）学校做出此决定的缘由或好处；听力对话中需要总结的是：1）男女学生对此声明的看法（一般为反对）；2）各自理由。掌握了这些既定的考点，考生在考场上需要做的事情就是将细节的关键词按一定顺序填入模板当中，然后串联成精炼、完整而准确的复述。 口语复述的原则　 1.准确性原则(Accuracy) 　准确性强调要准确挖掘与获取听、读材料的中心思想与细节内容，不能任凭主观臆想;同时还要注意用准确的语言输出。 2.完整性原则(Integrity) 　完整性指的是：一要全面采集与应用听、读材料的信息，特别是不能遗漏任何重要的细节;二是所提供的答案语言要完整。 3.客观性原则(Objectivity) 客观性是指要客观陈述材料内容，不能妄加主观评论(除非有这样的要求)。 4.简洁性原则(Concision) 简洁性强调的是要采用简练的口语进行复述，不应过分堆砌辞藻。语言要朴素，同时还要注意避免说出与主题无关的话语。 模板： Task 3 1，The school has implemented a new policy that________________due to ____________________. And the man/woman holds a positive / negative view towards the announcement. The first reason s/he gives is that____________________