全球化的影响(英文)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Globlization A global shift has made considerable advantages and disadvantages on society today.   With the increase of American businesses moving beyond national markets to other markets around the globe in order to increase their financial bottom line there has been a rapid decline in national jobs.   A particular advantage of globalization is the opportunity of free trade and the result on the global economy.   However, the disadvantage is the destruction of local jobs, markets and forced movement of people.   In order for globalization to continue in America, there must be a system to maintain the economy without causing the government and people to suffer.   Recently, employees of Bosch Corporation experienced the effects of globalization when the company outsourced labor and resources to India. Thomas Friedman mentions in his essay, "The Super Story", "The world has become an increasingly interwoven place, and today, whether you are a company or a country, your threats and opportunities increasingly derive from who you are connected to."   Without globalization importing and exporting wouldn't be a concept. There would be little to no market, and therefore society's way of life to make the finest products available at the best prices would not be conceivable.   Having a higher standard of life because of globalization, and travel has become common, whether it's for business or pleasure.   The disadvantages are easy to see by looking at occurrences that happen all over the world.   Political decisions, weather catastrophes, wars, and many other things, no matter where they happen, seem to affect jobs, economy, and even gas prices.   Where the labor market has not stabilized in America, unemployment rates are rising, and this is not particular to just America; the same conditions have been documented in many countries, regardless of their development stage.   Americans must be mindful of the shifting environment.   Due to the lack of jobs and increase of the cost of foreign goods,... The economies of the world are being increasingly integrated. Mobile phones and Internet have brought people closer. The world is becoming a smaller place. Goods, which were once confined to western countries, are available across the globe. Work can be outsourced to any part of the world that has an Internet connection. Because of improvements in traffic infrastructure one is able to reach one’s destination in a relatively short span of time. The negative effects of globalization Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below. Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less jobs for their people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations like China where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors, scientists and accountants have lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India. Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods. Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living. Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists use the Internet for communicating among themselves. Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution. Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health. The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. Bad apects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet. Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet. Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travellers to the remotest corners of the globe. Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals. The increase in prices has reduced the governments ability to sustain social welfare schemes in developed countries. There is increase in human trafficking. Multinatonal Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial activities are increasingly influencing political decisions. The positive aspect of globalization Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good and beneficial. Some of their arguments are listed below. Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software development, customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to developing countries like India. So the company that outsourced the work enjoys the benefit of lower costs because the wages in developing countries is far lower than that of developed countries. The workers in the developing countries get employment. Developing countries get access to the latest technology. Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end consumers. Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right violations. This leads to improvement in human rights. General Effects: The globalization has brought a revolution, in Chinese cities. Peking, the capital of China, that used to be proud of great wall alone, now has high rising buildings, with all the modern facilities, which can be found in New York. They may not have, grand structures like World Trade Center buildings, but fortunately, they are not confronting the menace of terrorism as the citizens of USA are facing today. The rural population of China has no fear of migrating urban areas as the peace and security a guaranteed at both the venues and resultantly the Chinese towns have completely transformed into modern cities. The gigantic Chinese social experiment has started leaving its impact on the life of common Chinese people. The Chinese model cannot be analyzed according to its differences from the western cities. The urbanization may be viewed in the backdrop of the fact, that Chinese towns have just started theirs Journey to urbanization, and creating a new world and a new man. The cities in the past showed an absence of automobiles which as per Robert Gillian, in “neither backwardness nor delay, but a rejection”, to advertising, neon signs, and the three fevers of money, alcohol and sex. The massive demographic fluctuations in China require motherland to accept more influence from world over, “A recent study estimates that China's population will peak at 1.6 billion in 2040, compared with 1.2 billion in 1995. It is expected to fall below 1.4 billion by 2100.” (Andrea, 1999) Effects on Agriculture (Turning towns into cities) China was an agricultural and peasant country, as its modernization had never taken place in the past. Now the average size of farming is growing through the system of communes, with the subdivision into production brigade and teams. The communes as per latest surveys have been found to be full of latest machinery. (Although some of the peasant masses stay put and do their traditional, intensive labor). Agricultural mechanization is being introduced with considerable caution so as to avoid upsetting the balance in their rural and urban areas. The essential point of the matter is that the agricultural laborers, who had been without farming machinery resisted, against urbanization. Such people have been incorporated in local small industry. China will have to accept more influence of globalization as its population growth between now and 2020 will require significant improvements in agricultural technology and land resource management. “China may have to increase its annual grain imports to 40-50 million tons. But if China lags in its agricultural development and research, it may find itself importing a lot more than that, perhaps as much as 300 million tons” (Andrea, 1999) The globalization has so for failed to leave impact on this field due to reasons mentioned above. Effects on Industry The industry had been mostly decentralized due to overall policy of economic decentralization. China has benefited a great deal from rest of the world and the globalization has taught them to introduce a mixed system. The decentralization is the most important step taken by China since the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution took place. The experience obtained from the global experience has helped China to free herself from a traditional cumber some bureaucracy and developed local enterprise. The twenty-six Chinese provinces have been made self supporting in the field of industry which has accelerated the process of urbanization in the country as the factory managements have been asked by the government of Peoples Republic of China to provide extra ordinary social security benefits (similar to workers of western countries) to their workers, a big incentive which has attracted large mass section of rural population. Effects on an individual Citizen China is striving to conceive modernization as part of a process of embellishment of the landscape, development of the people’s cultural life for the benefit of all. The interest of an individual has been kept before the machinery. A common citizen is although not very well to do, but his life style can be compared with any individual of a European country due to extensive urbanization. Each individual, who resisted to move to cities, in the past has decided today (as per some surveys carried out by voluntary organizations) to migrate to cities to gain extra benefits, which has speeded up urbanization in China. The visible changes in urban life are due to changes in the larger political economy of China, such as the transition from socialism, market reform, and globalization, which are quite tangible in their effects on people's daily lives in Chinese cities i.e. Peking, Shanghai, and Hong Kong, etc. Hong Kong is probably the most modern city with cultural, economic, political and ethnological crossroads. It is, the only part of Mainland China to have escaped the ravages of fifty years of Communism, and has the reputation of worlds biggest trade center. Shanghai and Hong Kong have the centuries old British and earlier Chinese Imperialism effects. The globalization surge has now taken their population beyond eight and seven million of residents respectively.  Production of Indigenous Machinery The revolution experienced in the field of production of indigenous machinery helped china to attract people to urban areas from rural areas as most of the industrial areas are located in the vicinity of major cities. China has taken the full benefit of technology and her main industrial base in Peking, Shanghai, Zhen and Shin Kiang areas have developed a great deal. Hong Kong markets have also played very important role in introducing the out put western technology. All the villages and towns located in the south of China (vicinity of Hong Kong) have completed urbanized. They have got rid of their old thinking of only using the made in China products so often reflected in their print material. The new technology, coupled with the revolutionary spirit of Chinese people has urbanized even the towns located 400 km away from Peking, the growing number of cities (now wearing a modern look) prove this point. Conclusion Mr. Chen Weibang of the Chinese Research Institute of Urban Studies said “China’s decades old policy of limiting the growth of cities was found during the Asian financial crises” The events occurring around the globe have made China change the policy of resisting against globalization. The effort was therefore made to analyze the effects of globalization on urbanization referring to the old history. That also explains why China has set a steady pace for urbanization process, i.e. 40 percent of urbanization rate is to be achieved by 2010 and 50 percent by 2020, which is not as good as other elements of developments, taking place in China. It is said that China has been the land, which saw the process of urbanization on its soil in the form of “Walled Cities”, much before rest of the world experienced it. The only draw back had been that the urbanization was restricted to elites of Chinese society, who did not allow the commoners to benefit from the development. The “Open Door Policy” of today’s china, however has given way to globalization process, to cost its effects and reach the door steps of every citizen of China. Those who cannot benefit due to rural background are therefore rushing towards cities. The world has finally done the trick