Tire Mechanics 过程Tire Mechanics 过程
2003. 8
研究职群
Ⅳ- 1Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
目 录
Ⅰ. 结构解释
1. 轮胎性能预测Tool适用概念图
2. 有限要素解析法
3. 轮胎性能预测
4. 形象
理论
5. Tire CAD Technology
Ⅱ. R & H
1. Vehicle Tire Dynamics
2. Handling Simulation
3. Handling Characteristics
4. Vehicle Pull
5. Tire Ride
6. 滚动阻力
Ⅲ. NVH
1. 磨损(Wear)
2. Wet Traction
3. Hydroplaning
4. 噪音和振动
5. Pattern Simulation的理解
Ⅳ-2
Ⅳ-6
Ⅳ-15
Ⅳ-39
Ⅳ-68
Ⅳ-89
Ⅳ-91
Ⅳ-108
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Ⅳ-130
Ⅳ-142
Ⅳ-153
Ⅳ-164
Ⅳ-172
Ⅳ-186
Ⅳ-216
Ⅳ- 2Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
开
发
时
间
缩
短
性
能
预
测
Tool 信
赖
度
提
高 性能预测Tool适用
轮胎
开发决定 试制品制造 评价花纹/Mold/结构设计
量产
销售设计
轮胎
开发决定
试制品
制造 性能验证
花纹/Mold/结构设计
性能 Simulation
量产
销售设计标准
1. 性能预测 Tool 适用概念图
Ⅰ. 结构解析
Ⅳ- 3Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
• 有限要素法与性能预测相比相对Version Ranking的工
具。
(1). 有限要素法定义
• Equation of Motion
• Geometry (Mesh)
- Node
- Element
• Material Property
-. Rubber : E, v
-. Cord : E, EPI, Angle
• Boundary Condition
- 境界条件
- 符合条件
}{}{][
..
00 xbTDiv
有限要素法
与轮胎一样的结构物分割为有限的要素,对各个要素建
立平衡方程式后组合为全体要素,利用该联立方程式求
出变位,应力,变形率等近似解的数值解析法。
Ⅳ- 4Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
F
l
F
(2). Basic Elasticity
0lllΔ :变位
llε :变形率
AFσ :应力
),,( 3210 ddd xxu
)( 312312332211 ,σ,σ,σ,σ,σσ AFσ
),,,,,( 312312332211 xuε dd
Ⅳ- 5Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(3). 有限要素法正式化
1) Potential Energy :
2) Virtual Work :
3) Final Equation :
V S TT dSpudVσεΠ }{}{}{}{21
}]{[}{ D}]{[}{ u
V S TT dSpudVσDεΠ }{}{}]{[}{21
0Π
V S TT dSpNudVBDB }{][}{]][[][
}]{[}{ iuNu ]][[][ NB
FuK }{
Ⅳ- 6Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1. Tread
2. Carcass
3. Belt
4. Sidewall
5. Bead
6. Innerliner
7. Capply
8. Flipper
9. Apex
Complicated
pattern geometry
Automatic pattern
mesh modeler (In-
house)
Powerful computer
system (HP
Superdome)
Complex
nonlinear features
2. 轮胎有限要素解析法介绍
Ⅳ- 7Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
1) 几何学非线性形成(Geometric Non-linearity)
- Large Deformation
2)
的非线性形成 (Material Non-linearity)
- Non-Linear Material Property
- Incompressibility
- Several Composite Layers
3) 境界条件非线性形成 (Boundary Non-linearity)
- Contact between Tire and Road
- Contact between Tire and Rim
(1). 轮胎解析的非线性形成
Ⅳ- 8Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(2). 几何学非线性形成 - Large Deformation
)(
2
1
i
j
j
i
ij x
u
x
u
Small Strain ( X )
Lagrangian Strain ( O )
)(
2
1
ji
kk
i
j
j
iL
ij XX
uu
X
u
X
u
Ⅳ- 9Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(3). 材料的非线性形成 - Material Non-Linearity
Hyperelastic Material Model
)(straifW W : Strain Energy Density
),( 32,1 IIIfW
),,( 321 fW i : Principal Stretch
Moony-Rivlin Model 系列
Ogden Model 系列
Ii : Strain Invarient
Ⅳ- 10Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(4). 材料的非线性形成 - Incompressibility
Displacement Base Formulation
Hydrostatic Loading Case ( <== )
Force [F] 0, but Deformation
[u] = 0
No Solution !
FuK }{
2
1
43
21
F
F
p
u
KK
KK
Mixed Formulation
P
Incompressible Material
Ⅳ- 11Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(5). 材料的非线性形成 - Composite Layers
Rebar embedded model
Orthotropic model with effective modlui
Compostite layer的特征
- Cord和 Rubber的物性差异
- Cord的伸长/压缩时物性差异
- 位置别Cord 角度变化
- 位置别Cord 个数变化
Ⅳ- 12Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(6). 境界条件的非线性形成 - Contact
Contact between tire & road
- Include tread pattern
- Include static & rolling contact
Contact between tire & rim
- Fixed B.C. on bead, or
- Include rim contact
Ⅳ- 13Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(7). 有限要素法构成
What Who
Pre-
Processing
Mesh (Node, Element) 生成
Material Property制定
境界/符合 条件赋予
使用者
Processing
在有限要素解析程序施行求近
似解的 Solving
(SuperComputer)
Black Box
Post-
Processing
有限要素解析结果 (变位, 应
力, 变形率) 分析及结果
Report 制作
使用者
-. 锦湖轮胎解析系统现况
Software Hardware
Pre-
Processing
CATIA (Geometry)
I-DEAS (Mesh)
KADAS (Input)
IBM RS/6000
HP B2600
Processing ABAQUS (Solving) HP SuperDome(超级电脑)
Post-
Processing
ABAQUS (基本分析)
I-DEAS (补完分析)
KADAS (详细分析)
HP B2600
Ⅳ- 14Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
所谓UHP(Ultra High Performance) 轮胎就是能承受极限运行状态的轮胎 。即
‘超高性能轮胎’。
Speed Symbol为W/YGrade(时速270km/h以上), Series为55系列以下的轮胎。
虽然以前表示可在ZR Symbol 时速 240km/h 以上运行的轮胎 ,但是现在随着车
辆及轮胎技术的发展,ZR以速度等级 (Speed Category) 表示,界限速度别如下
表示 。
UHP轮胎性能上特征有优越的高速运行稳定性能。
又在湿滑路面,干燥路面直线运行或cornering时,显示优秀的Traction性能,因
此对喜欢轻快操纵的人广泛使用。
通过现代汽车Tiebout轮出市,急速增长的国内 UHP 轮胎市场在初期通过赛车、
部分收入sedan形成,但是最近以中型sedan如下用 Low Profile & Large Inch适
用推移扩散。
UHP(Ultra High Performance) 轮胎
插入
Ⅳ- 15Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
3. 轮胎性能预测
轮胎结构解释 (ABAQUS)
Hydroplaning Simulation (DYTRAN)
NVH Simulation (ABAQUS, SYSNOISE)
R&H Simulation (ADAMS)
轮胎形象设计理论 (Inhouse)
Ⅳ- 16Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(1). 2-D Inflated Tire Analysis
• 轴对称 Element
• REBAR Element (Cord)
• 3000 DOFs
变形形象及 Strain 分布
预测项目
- 变形提高(Dimension)
- Cord 张力
- 内部Stress/Strain 分布
航空机轮胎解释 Model
Ⅳ- 17Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(2). 3-D Loaded Tire Analysis
预测项目
- Deformed Shape(Loaded Tire)
- Spring Rate
- 内部 Stress/Strain 分布
- Cyclic Strain (Strain Amplitude)
- Footprint Shape/ Contact Pressure
3-D Brick Element
60,000 DOFs
1~50시간 (Superdome)
Ⅳ- 18Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(3). 3-D Rolling Tire Analysis
Lateral ForceLateral Force
Vertical ForceVertical Force
Inflation Press.Inflation Press.
预测项目
- Deformed Shape(Cornering Tire)
- 内部Stress/Strain 分布
- Rolling Footprint Shape/
Contact Pressure
- Force & Moment (RAT)
- Rolling Resistance
- Frictional Energy
Ⅳ- 19Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(4). Durability Simulation
Tire Durability 1 / (Strain amplitude or Strain energy)
Ⅳ- 20Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
(5). Force & Moment Simulation
• CC(a) = Lateral Force (a) / Vertical Load
• ATC(a) = Aligning Torque (a) / Vertical Load
• PRAT = Plysteer Residual Aligning Torque
at slip angle where L.F. = 0
21
RCFPRAT
La
te
ra
l f
or
ce
A
lig
ni
ng
T
or
qu
e
Slip angle
Ⅳ- 21Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Lateral Force vs. Slip Angle
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Slip Angle (')
La
te
ra
l F
or
ce
(N
)
등방성
이방성
시험치
Aligning Torque vs. Slip Angle
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Slip Angle (')
Ali
gn
ing
T
or
qu
e
(N
m)
등방성
이방성
시험치
Lateral Force
Aligning
Torque
运用在随轮胎Slip angle 变化,解析 Force & Moment 特性及操纵稳
定性预测 。
Ⅳ- 22Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
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Hysterisis Loss of Rubber
sin00W
: Phase Lag = f(Temperature, Freqency, Strain Amplitude, etc)
(6). Rolling Resistance Simulation
Hysterisis Loss
Ⅳ- 23Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
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温度分布/
滚动阻力
解释结果
Input :
Geometry
Rubber & Composite Properties
Boundary Conditions
Inflation Analysis
Loading & Contact Analysis
Effective Strain Amplitude
Assume Room Temperature
⊙
Heat Generation
"Q fE 02 , where E E T" "( , ) 0
Temperature Distribution
Converged no
yes
Temperature Distribution
Rolling Resistance
Temperature Analysis
Procedure
轮胎 Rolling时发生
Histeresis, 利用此
预测阻力和温度分
布。
Ⅳ- 24Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Simplified Tread-Element Contact Mechanism
(7). Frictional Energy Simulation
dlFF TE *
Ew FAR *
WearofRateR
tyAbradabiliA
EnergyorWorkFrictionalF
Slipdl
ForceTangentialF
w
E
T
:
:
:
:
:
Ⅳ- 25Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Governing Equation
Etotal=Σ(dE
X+dEY)
dExij,k=|[(σxij,k+σxij,k-
1)(uxij,k-uxij,k-1)]|/2
DEyij,k=|[(σyij,k+σyij,k-1)(uyij,k-uyij,k-1)]|/2
Frictional Energy Distribution
轮胎滚动时,乘作用在接地面的摩擦力和slip量计算摩擦能即事前预测
磨损形态。
Ⅳ- 26Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
-. Hydroplaning Simulation
Hydroplaning Basic Mechanism
Ⅳ- 27Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
COUPLING/
CONTACT SURFACE
CONTACT SURFACE
TIRE LAGRANGE MODEL,
PRESSURIZED
ROAD SURFACE
FLOW IN
EULER MESH
FOR
CE
ROTATION
Hydroplaning 해석 Model
Ⅳ- 28Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Tire Hydroplaning
Phenomenon
Tire Contact
Force
利用MSC.Dytran 结构/流体解析 Software,预测作用在轮胎的水压、
排水性、 Hydroplaning 发生速度等。
Ⅳ- 29Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
-. Hydroplaning/Wet Traction Simulation
利用Groove density와 Side density开发预测 Snow Traction, Wet
traction, Hydroplaning 特性的计算式,适用在花纹开发 。 (Inhouse
program)
Ⅳ- 30Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Radial 1st
Mode Shape
Radial 2nd
Mode Shape
-. NVH Simulation
Modal Frequency Simulation
通过轮胎的Mode Shape & Frequency 解析运用在轮胎 NVH特性 预
测。
Ⅳ- 31Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Harshness Simulation
Tire Harshness
model
Vertical Force Variation
利用ABAQUS/Explicit, 地面上出现突起物时预测轮胎Harshness 特
性。
Ⅳ- 32Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
结构噪音 Simulation (SYSNOISE)
利用境界要素法,从噪音有一段距离的位置解析音压程度。
Ⅳ- 33Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Pattern Noise Simualtion (Inhouse)
Pitch
Sequence
설계
Foot print
Edge line
FFT 계산
Tire Noise
Simulation
Modulation
Wave Form
Ⅳ- 34Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
-. R&H Simulation
Vehicle/Tire Dynamics Simulation (ADAMS)
◐ 利用ADAMS的车辆动力学解析
-. Vehicle/Tire操纵特性研究及开发适用中分为如下两个方面。
▶ 直线运行解释 : Vehicle Pull, 直线运行稳定性 (Stability)
▶ Conering 特性解释 : 静态转台解释, 过渡应答解释
-. 锦湖Vehicle Pull 固有理论订立
提供车辆模型时可对于轮胎/车辆 Matching性正确分析
Vehicle Pull
Course
Keeping
Handling
Stability
Steady State
Test
Transient
Response
Test
Intentional
Maneuvering
Ⅳ- 35Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Input Output
Steering
Input
Sinusoidal
Step
Random
Pulse
Path Follow
Vehicle
Speed
Constant
Speed
Acceleration
Deceleration
Lateral
Acceleration
Response Time
Peak Value
Steady State
Gain
Overshoot
Yaw Rate
Response Time
Peak Value
Steady State
Gain
Overshoot
Roll angle
System
随着车辆及轮胎的各种特性变化,对于形同 Input的车辆反应
(Output) 通过 Simulation得出,为了最佳轮胎设计提供各种
Guide 。
Ⅳ- 36Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Yaw Rate
Lateral
Acceleration
3种轮胎中 红实线轮胎
轮胎发挥最佳性能
Vehicle Cornering
Vehicle/Tire Dynamics Simulation (ADAMS)
Ⅳ- 37Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Groove Wander 란? Tire Groove / Road
Groove 相互作用
PTN
디자인
Groove
Wander
Simulation
Next
Step
Pt.1 Pt.2 Pt.3
Pt.1
Pt.2
Pt.3
Groove
Wander
Requirement
Ⅳ- 38Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
插入
最初的空气压轮胎
• R.W. Tomson 特许 (1845年 Scotland )
• 5inch Cross Section (Wheel of Brougham)
•特许显示的优点
: Related to the application of elastic bearing around the tire of
wheels of carriages, rendering their motion easier, and
diminishing the noise they make while in motion
• London Mechanics
: A set of Thomson's tires ran 1200 miles without the slightest
symptom of decay
• Solid Tire manufacture, More popular
: soon forgotten
•没有实用化.
Ⅳ- 39Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
理论 ESCOT NCT RCOT DSOCT GUTT KISS TCT
公司 KH GY BS TY BS YH HK
年度 1997~ 2001 1967 1984 1989 1994 1995 1998
定义
Excellent
& Smart
Contour
Optimiz.
Theory
Natural
Contour
Theory
Rolling
Contour
Optimiz.
Theory
Dynamic
Simulat.
Optimiz.
Theory
Grand
Unified
Tire
Technol.
Knowled.
Integrat.
Simulat.
System
Trapezoid
Contour
Theory
效果 目的 性能 耐久力
耐久力
滚动阻力
舒适感
安定性
目的
性能
舒适感
安定性
舒适感
安定性
4. 轮胎形象设计理论
Ⅳ- 40Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Natural Contour Theory
Goodyear, 1967
Uniform carcass tension
Not consider stiffening by belt & apex
Basic tire design guide
Endurance
(1). NCT
Ⅳ- 41Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Rolling Contour Optimization Theory
Bridgestone, 1984
Non-uniform carcass tension
Not optimization technique
R.R., Endurance, Wear
(2). RCOT
Ⅳ- 42Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Grand Unified Tire Technology
Bridgestone, 1994
Target performance optimization using FEM &
shape optimization tech.
Handling, Endurance, R.R, Ride
(3). GUTT
Ⅳ- 43Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
Trapezoid Contour
Theory
Hankook, 1998
Higher & wider max.
section width position
Not optimization tech.
Contrary to the RCOT
Ride & Handling
(4). TCT
Ⅳ- 44Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
发给研究员的信
首先有轻视营业或生产一线辛苦的倾向 。在和顾客的近距离
或原材料成为轮胎的第一线工作,感觉到我们的种种辛苦传达
到研究所的同时,不知为什么理由和深度消失,只留下‘OO研
究依赖书’和‘结果报告书’枯燥的文书名。即使是急迫的问
盖
上 ‘Urgent’ 申请,也不少不能进展的。 因此我们误会在具体
的事项上研究职为‘其他领域’的。
第二,认为开发新产品或改善即存产品,研究员间/Team间协
助及意见等沟通缺乏。 烦恼于不关心公司的
方针,只是te
am别研究的情况。虽然不至于像营业team那么热闹,但是有
时很想看到自述己见的场面即有一定程度的热闹,‘分又合’
的研究所风景。
这些问题与其说是研究员的个人问题,还不如说是公司对研究
所的政策出发。不能一起负担工厂烦恼的地理位置,专门人力
的问题,在主要意见决定上,不知为什么除外的现研究所存在
根本原因。
内部顾客的信
Ⅳ- 45Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire
All Rights reserved
插入
过去11月荷兰的修养城市Janpureuteu。距离首都Amsterdam西北方向25Km的地方
进行F3(对象为排气量2千cc车辆)即世界最高权威的Marlborough Mastere决胜战。
下午3点20分,在震耳欲聋的声音中,为各国出战的26台赛车浩浩荡荡的出发了。以
直线距离为基准最高时速为320Km的此大会,锦湖轮胎作选定为供给业体,创造了
欧洲市场攻略新的契机。
过去2000年,在昌原国际F3选定为供给业体的锦湖此次进出Marlborough Mastere
质量被世界认可。
供给时间是到即将到来的2006年. 在此大会锦湖前报轮胎 (ECSTA)从以前开始打破
所有纪录,让选手们赞美不已。
在当天决胜站普利斯通方程式轮胎比以前大会优胜车辆缩短lap time11.3秒等16名
选手更新了前年优胜者的纪录高唱凯歌。
优胜者是entri第30号的英国 (Fortec Team)的法比奥 歌日伯纳(巴西)。
他在记者招待会上说“因性能好的轮胎能够保持lap time,取得好的成绩”。
对于特别是从练习运行到50圈以上性能还能够一定程度维持的ECSTA 惊人性能高
度赞扬。
在Formula竞赛成绩由车辆状态、驾驶员的能力、轮胎水准等综合作用显示。
此中要求轮胎完善的cornering和抓地力。
因和一般racing轮胎有异急加速250Km且随时要超过时速300Km,因此要有相当
水准的耐久力。
在当天大会历代最所选手参加,且8万名买票观众入场。
韩国经济(2002. 8. 26)
新纪录lace...‘Extract’ 喝彩 .. 荷兰 Marlborough Masters 决胜战