自动词、他动词表(自动词和他动词是学习日语比较会经常碰到的问题)

自动词、他动词表(自动词和他动词是学习日语比较会经常碰到的问题) 自動詞、他動詞表 绝对规律:凡是日语动词以假名「す」结尾的全部是他动词，至今还没有找到推翻的例子 一般规律: 自他动词相对应的动词很好理解，注意是上一段还是下一段 以「える」做送假名的动词以自动词居多——但是例外太多了,就此还可以考虑到日语动词的变化,参见古典语法和现代语法的动词变化,下一段动词如「ける」「せる」结尾的。 (1)太陽が落ちた 太阳不能控制「落ちる」，这个动作,无生命物,则为自动词 (2)電話をかけた 某个人控制自己的行为,即打电话,他动词 (3)橋がかかった 虽然架桥是人主动的行为,但かかる的主语却不是有生命物,它作为主语仍然是被动的,无法控制架好架不好,何时架起,架成什么样子,自动词 (4)君、もう死んだ 同上,虽然“你”是有生命物,可惜仍然无法控制生死 (5)教えてくれ “教”,肯定是有目的有内容的,即有主体控制行为的,不可能是自动词吧, (6)かしこまりました 明白了,谁明白了,说话者,他是怎么明白的呢,,不由他控制“明白”这个动作的发生与否,即无意识的就了解了,人的本能条件反应就使得这个动作无意思的发生了,结果它是自动词, 词根相同,词尾相异的自他动词, 缩まる、缩める 移る、移す 繋がる、繋げる、繋ぐ 壊れる、壊す 切れる、切る 抜ける、抜かる、抜く、抜かす 无论一个词根下有几个相互对应的自动词或他动词,他们的词尾实际上都可以归为以下几类, (1)自动词,-u –aru –eru and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5-10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the (2)他动词,-u –su -eru (3)自动词,-u如移る,–aru如缩まる、繋がる,–eru如壊れる、切れる (4)他动词,-u如切る、抜く,–su如壊す、移す,-eru如缩める 事实上,同样的词尾有着同样的语义特征,也就有着同样的语法功能,因此可以按照这样的词尾把自他动词再进行细分,自动词分三小类,他动词也分三小类， 一、自动词 1 -u自动词 以-u结尾的自动词,是单纯自动词,,而以–aru、 –eru结尾的自动词则是派生自动词,,单纯自动词是动作主体发出的动作,而且动作不涉及对象。比如走る、笑う、咲く,要判断这类自动词是不是意志动词其实并不难,因为我们可以根据词义判断出动作的发出者是不是有意志的主体,像走る、笑う的主体一般都是人,是有意志的。而像咲く的主体则是花之类的植物,是没有意志的。 2 –aru自动词 以–aru结尾的自动词,是派生自动词,它在句子中的主语并不是动作的发出者,而是动作的接受者,如 ?公园には木が植わっている。 ?壁にはが挂かっている。 如?句中“木”不可能自己种植在公园里,自然生长的树不能用植わる,?句中“絵”也不能自己挂在墙上,无论是?句中的“木”,还是?句中的“絵”都是动作的接受者,都是曾经有一个动作的发出者对它发出了影响,但是,这个动作的发出者是谁,怎样发出的影响都不重要,–aru自动词的语义着重在动作接受者上,其视点是动作接受者接受了动作之后所处的状态持续了下来,着重在接受者上,而且在其状态上,这就和被动句不同,被动句的视点是在“被动动作”“被动过程”上,原来的日语被动句是不允许没有生命意志的物作主语的,但是后来随着西方译文影响的加大,慢慢的也有大量物作被动句主语的句子出现了,如 ?本は読まれた。 ?絵は壁に挂けられた。 例句?强调的是门被打开的动作过程,重视“开门的人”,而?句则完全把视点放在门本身上,强调门开着的状态,几乎可以忽视“开门的人”这个因素。这就是–aru自动词和被动句的区别。 3 –eru自动词 以–eru结尾的自动词也是派生的自动词,它在句子中的主语也是动作的接受者,而且也不是被动句,这一点和–aru自动词相同,但是–eru自动词和–aru自 1000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202012 动词又不完全一样,如 ?ロープが切れた。 ?コンピューターが壊れた。 像??那样的句子,虽然根本不强调人的行为,只强调接受者本身的状态,但是我们还是可以出曾经有个人,发出了动作,影响了接受者,而??句却不一定能分析出动作的发出者一定是一个人,比如?绳子断了,可能是人为的,但也可能是绳子自己断的,或者别的原因,也就是说,–eru自动词的视点更加强调接受者现在的状态,而导致这种状态的原因,或说当初的动作,比–aru自动词更加不清楚,也就更加不重要。其他特征和–aru自动词基本一致。 4 –aru自动词和–eru自动词都是非意志动词 派生自动词–aru自动词和–eru自动词的区别很微小,它们的共同点远远大于它们的差异,而它们的共同点才是需要记忆的。 意志动词是指由动作发出者意志控制的,一般是行为性动词。而–aru自动词和–eru自动词的视点都是接受者所处的状态,所以语义里既有被动含义又有状态含义,,被动含义不符合“动作发出者”,状态含义不符合“意志控制的行为”,所以一定是非意志动词。非意志动词有一系列的语法限制,比如不能和「てください、命令形、ことができる、,ら,れる、たい」等一起使用。其中的“ことができる”尤其需要注意。有时候日语初学者会犯例?这样的错误, ?この薬を饮んだら、あなたの病気は治ることができる。 实际上就是望文生义,把“治る”当成了意志动词,或者是没有注意到,“治る”是指病好了这种状态的,是非意志动词。 二 他动词 1 -u他动词, 以-u结尾的他动词,是原生他动词,基本上都是描写人的有意志的动作行为的,是意志动词。如 ?野菜を切る。 ?钉を抜く。 当然也有例外,但毕竟是少数,这里就不一一列举了。 2 –su他动词 以–su结尾的他动词是派生他动词,语义里有“使…怎样”“让…怎样”的意思,这个“…”是句中的宾语,而这个“怎样”是词根的意义。比如 ?子供は花を枯らす。 枯らす是“让花枯萎”“使花枯萎”的意思,“花”是句中的宾语,“枯萎”是词根 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep3 的含意。几乎所有的–su他动词都可以作意志动词用,下面我们还会谈到–su他动词也有非意志的用法。 3 –eru他动词 以–eru结尾的他动词也是派生他动词,语义里也有“使…怎样”“让…怎样”的意思,这个“…”是句中的宾语,而这个“怎样”是词根的意义。如: ?大工さんが家を建てた。 ?父が壁に穴を空けた。 但跟–su他动词不同的是,–su他动词可以有非意志的用法,或者说,–su他动词允许非意志的物出现在主语位置上,而–eru他动词决不允许这样。 比如: *?彼の家持愿望が家を建てた。 *?地震の揺れが壁に穴を空けた。 ??是不成立的,而–su他动词是有意志的人作主语和无意志的物作主语都能成立的。 ?a子供が花を枯らした。 b日照りが花を枯らした。 ?a父が子供を起こした。 b电话ベルが子供を起こした。 4 动词的使役态 由,さ,せる构成的使役态与–su他动词、–eru他动词不同,–su他动词、–eru他动词的“使…怎样”只是讲促成的原因,而,さ,せる构成的使役态则是真正的“使役”,也就是说,除了要求句子的主语必须是有意志的人之外,还要求句子的宾语也必须是有意志的人,比如 ?太郎は智子を泣かせた。 ?先生は学生に本を読ませる。 宾语的“智子”“学生”虽然是在被使役,或者说被迫的情况下发出“哭”“读”的动作的,但无论感情上如何“不情愿”,在“意志”上都是由宾语自己控制的。 所以起来讲,动词的使役态要求句子的主语和宾语都必须是有意志的,而–eru他动词要求句子的主语必须是意志的,对宾语没有限制。而-su他动词不但对宾语没有要求,对主语也没有要求,另外,由,さ,せる构成的使役态强调使役动作和使役过程,是一种动态的表现,而–eru他动词、-su他动词强调促成的原因,是一种静态的表现。 但是,就像上面逐一分析的那样,无论是原生的,还是派生的,绝大多数的他动词都是意志性的,绝大多数的派生自动词都是非意志性的,而原生自动词的意志还是非意志则要根据具体的情况具体分析。 10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De4 一般来说,还是有一些规律可循的,但是也有一些不同。 如果在句子中使用他动词,那一定是要用を的,除敬体,其它变了形不一定, 而自动词一般都是没有を,直接是 “主语+谓语”或者“主语+小主语+谓语” 但是也有例外,如,出る 这个词,有时候也会用到:を出る 1、以す结尾的,一定是他动词。 2、很多动词都有自他动词的配对,如,“伝える”和“伝わる”,“倒す”和“倒れる”,这样的配对,首先遵守第一条,然后一般五段动词是自动词。 但也有例外,如,“焼ける”和“焼く”,前者为自动词,后者为他动词。 注,这样的配对容易找,但也别找错。例如,“生きる”和“生かす”,虽然看起来像一对,但是意思是不同的。 3、四楼说的组词的方法,有时能用,但是很多时间不行,尤其是在有配对的词里。如“传入”这个词,接宾语能通,如,传入文化,传入宗教。但是它有 “伝える”和“伝わる”两种方式,前者为他动,后者为自动。如果出现“伝わる”这个词,即使“传入”可以接宾语,但“伝わる”是自动词。用法举例, 在日本至今保留中国传入的文化 日本で今でも中国が伝わった文化が残っている 中国将文化传入了日本 中国は日本に文化を伝えた。 前一句对于“伝わった”这个词,没有宾语,而后一句有,也就是用法不同,同一个词如果有自他动词之分,需要接宾语的时候用他动,不需要时用自动。 注意,就是平常得不能再平常的一个他动词“する”,如果它前接サ变动词,那一般是要用到“を”的。如,日本语を勉强する 但是如果单独用,就可以看到很多形式,如,“:にする”“:とする”“:がする”“:をする”,虽然还是他动词,但是意思会变化。 “:にする”一般表示选择和“作为:”。 例,あなたはりんごにしますか、オレンジにしますか。 你要苹果还是橘子?,选择, 息子さんへのプレゼントにして、切手を买ったんだ。 买了邮票作为给儿子的礼物。,“作为:”, “:とする”也一般是“作为:”的意思。 “:がする”表示“感受到:”。 例,大きい音がしました/听到了很大的声音。 最后一个“:をする”就是する的本意,“做:”。 例,ピンポンをする/打乒乓球 personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-5 ◎,1,受け身形とその原型, ,1,1,普通の受け身, 他动词未然形 + RERU 「杀される」?「杀す」 「好かれる」?「好く」 「舍てられる」?「舍てる」 「话される」?「话す」 「见られる」?「见る」 「许される」?「许す」 など、多数。 ,1,2,迷惑の受け身, 自动词未然形 + RERU 「居られる」?「居る」 「ごねられる」?「ごねる」 「去られる」?「去る」 「死なれる」?「死ぬ」 「吹かれる」?「吹く」 「降られる」?「降る」 ?,1,3,受け身の意味が忘れられた「化石」のような受身形 「生まれる」?「生む」 「剥がれる」?「剥ぐ」 ?新しいグループ,イ,,文语では受け身だったものが原动词が変化したため、 形の上では受身形ではなくなったもの 「捕らわれる」?「捕らえる」 「分かれる」?「分ける」 ◎,2,-ARU型语尾五段活用自动词 ? -ERU型语尾下一段他动词 「上がる」?「上げる」 「当たる」?「当てる」 「预かる」?「预ける」 「集まる」?「集める」 「改まる」?「改める」 「合わさる」?「合わせる」 「受かる」?「受ける」 「埋,うず,める」?「埋,うず,まる」 「埋,う,まる」?「埋,う,める」 「植わる」?「植える」 「治,おさ,まる」?「治める」 「収まる」?「収める」 ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 5006 「教わる」?「教える」 「终わる」?「终える」 「架かる」?「架ける」 「重なる」?「重ねる」 「络,から,まる」?「络める」 「変わる」?「変える」 「决まる」?「决める」 「极まる」?「极める」 「加わる」?「加える」 「下がる」?「下げる」 「授かる」?「授ける」 「定まる」?「定める」 「静まる」?「静める」 「镇まる」?「镇める」 「闭まる」?「闭める」 「缔まる」?「缔める」 「备わる」?「备える」 「助かる」?「助ける」 「携,たずさ,わる」?「携える」 「贮まる」?「贮める」 「缩まる」?「缩める」 「浸,つ,かる」?「浸ける」 「つながる」?「つなげる」 「诘まる」?「诘める」 「连なる」?「连ねる」 「留,とど,まる」?「留める」 「泊まる」?「泊める」 「止まる」?「止める」 「始まる」?「始める」 「はまる」?「はめる」 「広がる」?「広げる」 「深まる」?「深める」 「ぶつかる」?「ぶつける」 「曲がる」?「曲げる」 「混ざる」?「混ぜる」 「交わる」?「交える」 personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-7 「まとまる」?「まとめる」 「见つかる」?「见つける」 「储かる」?「储ける」 「求まる」?「求める」 「休まる」?「休める」 「ゆだる」?「ゆでる」 ?また、このタイプには、,形容词语干,，「まる」?「める」の形をしたも のが多数有ります。 「暖まる」?「暖める」 「薄まる」?「薄める」 「固まる」?「固める」 「清まる」?「清める」 「狭まる」?「狭める」 「高まる」?「高める」 「强まる」?「强める」 「広まる」?「広める」 「深まる」?「深める」 「丸まる」?「丸める」 「弱まる」?「弱める」 ?,特殊, -RU语尾五段活用自动词 ? -AERU语尾下一段活用他动词 「捕まる」?「捕まえる」 ?,特殊, -ORU语尾五段活用自动词 ? -ERU语尾下一段活用他动词 「笼,こ,もる」?「込める」 「闭じ笼もる」?「闭じ込める」 ◎,3,-U型语尾五段活用自动词 ? -ERU型语尾下一段活用他动词 「开,あ,く」?「开ける」 「空,あ,く」?「空ける」 「痛む」?「痛める」 「浮かぶ」?「浮かべる」 「かしぐ」?「かしげる」 「倾く」?「倾ける」 「苦しむ」?「苦しめる」 「沈む」?「沈める」 「従う」?「従える」 「退,しりぞ,く」?「退ける」 ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 5008 「进む」?「进める」 「添う」?「添える」 「揃,そろ,う」?「揃える」 「育つ」?「育てる」 「立つ」?「立てる」 「违う」?「违える」 「缩む」?「缩める」 「付く」?「付ける」 「続く」?「続ける」 「つぼむ」?「つぼめる」 「整う」?「整える」 「届く」?「届ける」 「并ぶ」?「并べる」 「入る」?「入れる」 「ひそむ」?「ひそめる」 「引っ込む」?「引っ込める」 「向く」?「向ける」 「剥,む,く」くー，「剥ける」 「やむ」?「やめる」 「ゆがむ」?「ゆがめる」 「ゆるむ」?「ゆるめる」 「和らぐ」?「和らげる」 ◎,4,-U型语尾五段活用他动词 ? 自动词 ,4,1,-U型语尾他动词 ? -ERU型语尾下一段活用自动词 「売る」?「売れる」 「折る」?「折れる」 「切る」?「切れる」 「砕く」?「砕ける」 「こする」?「こすれる」 「裂く」?「裂ける」 「捌,さば,く」?「捌ける」 「擦,す,る」?「擦れる」 「削,そ,ぐ」?「削げる」 「解く」?「解ける」 「取る」?「取れる」 personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-9 「抜く」?「抜ける」 「脱ぐ」?「脱げる」 「ねじる」?「ねじれる」 「弾,はじ,く」?「弾ける」 「ほどく」?「ほどける」 「焼く」?「焼ける」 「破る」?「破れる」 「捻,よ,る」?「捻れる」、 「割る」?「割れる」 ?,特殊, -U语尾五段活用他动词 ? -OERU语尾下一段活用自动词 「闻く」?「闻こえる」 ?,特殊, -RU语尾五段活用他动词 ? -ERU语尾下一段活用自动词 「见る」?「见える」 ?,4,2,-U型语尾他动词 ? -ARU型语尾五段活用自动词 「くるむ」?「くるまる」 「刺す」?「刺さる」 「挟,はさ,む」?「挟まる」 「塞,ふさ,ぐ」?「塞がる」 ◎,5,-SU型语尾五段活用他动词 ? 自动词 ,5,1,-SU型语尾他动词 ? -ERU型语尾下一段活用自动词 ,5,1,1,-ASU ? -ERU 「荒らす」?「荒れる」 「欠かす」?「欠ける」 「枯らす」?「枯れる」 「暮らす」?「暮れる」 「消す」?「消える」,注,古语で、KIASU ? KIERU か,, 「焦がす」?「焦げる」 「肥やす」?「肥える」 「覚ます」?「覚める」 「冷,さ,ます」?「冷める」 「透かす」?「透ける」 「ずらす」?「ずれる」 「逸,そ,らす」?「逸れる」 「绝やす」?「绝える」 「出す」?「出る」 1000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020110 「たらす」?「たれる」 「溶かす」?「溶ける」 「逃がす」?「逃げる」 「濡らす」?「濡れる」 「剥がす」?「剥げる」 「化かす」?「化ける」 「果たす」?「果てる」 「生,は,やす」?「生える」 「晴らす」?「晴れる」 「肿らす」?「肿れる」 「冷やす」?「冷える」 「増やす」?「増える」 「蒸,ふ,かす」?「蒸ける」 「ぶらす」?「ぶれる」 「ぼかす」?「ぼける」 「负かす」?「负ける」 「纷らす」?「纷れる」 「燃やす」?「燃える」 「漏らす」?「漏れる」 「揺らす」?「揺れる」 ?,5,1,2,-SU ? -RERU ,R音の挿入, 「现す」?「现れる」 「隠す」?「隠れる」 「崩す」?「崩れる」 「汚,けが,す」?「汚,けが,れる」 「こぼす」?「こぼれる」 「壊,こわ,す」?「壊れる」 「つぶす」?「つぶれる」 「倒す」?「倒れる」 「流す」?「流れる」 「外,はず,す」?「外れる」 「离す」?「离れる」 「乱す」?「乱れる」 「蒸,む,す」?「蒸れる」 「やつす」?「やつれる」 「汚,よご,す」?「汚,よご,れる」 1000, who is directly responsible for the-artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG2020111 ?,5,2,対応する自动词が上一段活用のもの 「生かす」?「生きる」 「起こす」?「起きる」 「落とす」?「落ちる」 「降ろす」?「降りる」 「足,た,す」?「足りる」 「尽くす」?「尽きる」 「闭ざす」?「闭じる」 「伸ばす」?「伸びる」 「灭ぼす」?「灭びる」 「満たす」?「満ちる」 ,5,3,対応する自动词が五段活用のもの ,5,3,1,-SU ? -RU 「移る」?「移す」 「写す」?「写る」 「返す」?「返る」 「下す」?「下る」 「転がす」?「転がる」 「通す」?「通る」 「灯,とも,す」?「灯る」 「直す」?「直る」 「为,な,す」?「成る」 「浊,にご,る」?「浊す」 「浸,ひた,す」?「浸る」 「回す」?「回る」 「渡す」?「渡る」」 ?,5,3,2, -SU ? -NARU ,特殊, 「なくす」?「なくなる」 ,「无い」の连用形「无く」+ SU / NARU , ?新グループ,ロ,,五段活用自动词未然形，「す」? 五段活用自动词 「动かす」?「动く」 「惊かす」?「惊く」 「乾かす」?「乾く」 「食らわす」?「食らう」 「食わす」?「食う」 「散らす」?「散る」 「照らす」?「照る」 ing administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel De10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concern-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5 t. (2)bility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Departmeninjuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsis (1) ordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penaltiehe responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accken, ts, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measurefor acetylene c 2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the-partment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 50012 「飞ばす」?「飞ぶ」 「鸣らす」?「鸣る」 「减らす」?「减る」 「漏らす」?「漏る」 「涌かす」?「涌く」 ?,特殊, -OSU语尾五段活用他动词 ? -U语尾五段活用自动词 「及ぼす」?「及ぶ」 ?新グループ,ハ,,形の上では使役形だが、対応する原动词が现代语には 存在しないもの -ASERU ? -ERU 「遅らせる」?「遅れる」 「振るわせる」?「振るえる」 「纷らせる」?「纷れる」 ◎,6,使役形 ?,6,1,形は使役形だが使役の意味が失われているもの ,6,1,1, -SERU ? -RU 「浴びせる」?「浴びる」 「被,かぶ,せる」?「被る」 「着せる」?「着る」 「载せる」?「载る」 「乗せる」?「乗る」 「见せる」?「见る」 「寄せる」?「寄る」 ,现代语では、「见る」「着る」の使役形は「见させる」「着させる」, ,6,1,2, -ASERU ? -U 「済ませる」?「済む」 「知らせる」?「知る」 ,6,2,一般の使役形,自动词未然形，(SA)SERU ) ? 原动词 「浴びさせる」?「浴びる」 「騒がせる」?「騒ぐ」 「繁らせる」?「繁る」 「泣かせる」?「泣く」 「やめさせる」?「やめる」 「やらせる」?「やる」 「笑わせる」?「笑う」 ,サ変动词, 「させる」?「する」、「理解させる」?「理解する」 -artment of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500t and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Dep10,000 yuan, responsible for the direct responsibility for the acciden-personal injury accident occurred, the direct punishment 0.5of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) lity juries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibiwith the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) in rdancee responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accoonsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, thresp inders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures,installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cyl 2000 construction-and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG202011000, who is directly responsible for the13