红山文化玉器的真伪鉴别

红山文化玉器的真伪鉴别 红山文化玉器的真伪鉴别 【编者按】周南泉先生是我国著名古玉器研究、鉴赏专家，故宫博物院研究员。上世纪70年代，周先生曾主持对四万余件故宫旧藏玉器的研究、断代、甄别工作:后又对全国各省、市博物馆的四万余件馆藏玉器做了全面的断代、甄别工作，对我国的文物收藏工作做出了贡献。周南泉先生前段时间曾接受本刊专访，现又将其玉器鉴赏之经验归纳成文，在本刊连载，以飨读者。 从考古资料看，中国玉器有近万年历史，其产生发展与中国的政治、经济、文化、宗教信仰、思想道德和衣食住行均有密切的关系，在世界艺丛中，不仅独特，且古今以来被世人视为珍宝而爱不释手。 笔者在故宫博物院工作，因工作关系，和古玉器打了几十年的交道。应《艺术市场》杂志之邀，笔者将赏玉心得连载于《艺术市场》杂志，与古玉器爱好者探讨。 在中国文化史上，古玉收藏已有数千年历史。据史载，周武王伐纣，周王在商都得玉数以万计。上个世纪80年代，在河南安阳殷墟的“妇好”墓中，不仅发现商代玉器数百件，而且还发现早于埋藏年代数百年或数千年的玉器，其中有的来自红山文化，有的来自商王朝周边地区，足见这位王妃及当时的王公贵族们喜好藏玉。商周之后，藏玉之风长盛不衰，并成为中国文化传统延续至今。 Million. Water quality standards the dredging of river boundary section obtained provincial environmental protection Office special bonuses for wetland construction ... ... Million. But sober see, these achievements were made in the case of decreased rainfall for two consecutive years, we realize that environmental protection work still faced many problems in our County. Mainly in the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality monitoring indicators often exceeding, dredging of river section's water quality is not stable, and rural non-point source pollution has not been radical, Wade through the corporate environmental risk, livestock pollution rebound from severe, a wealth of protection and use of water resources is not well. If this year's rainfall, these problems will be exposed, and raw materials caused a great deal of pressure to go green. To solve these problems, we focused on three aspects of the work of environmental protection: (a) in accordance with the ... ... Real good green. According to the "Garden City, roads, tree-lined, mountain forests of" principle, to develop "governance focused piece, scale" afforestation programmes, and actively implement the barren hills green, River afforestation increased, City Green, farmland and other greening works to ensure complete afforestation this year ... ... Acres and acres and afforestation in the plain ... ... Acres, new nursery wood ... ... MU. 古玉收藏的兴衰无不与当时的社会稳定、经济强盛、文化发达及人们安居乐业与否密切相关。当今，又逢盛世，文物收藏成为许多人的业余爱好，它如同雨后春笋一样，蓬勃发展。 本期讨论属于新石器时代中期(距今5000—6000年)的红山文化玉器，与讨论其它历史时期的古玉器一样，笔者拟从红山玉器的材质、沁色、工艺、品种诸方面分述之。 红山文化玉器的材质 红山文化玉器采用的玉料，是鉴定红山文化玉器真伪的首要问题，以往的鉴赏者似不太注意。红山文化玉器采用的玉料有三类:类似新疆玛纳斯碧玉的深绿色玉，被称为“老岫玉”的宽甸玉以及岫岩玉。 在内蒙古翁牛特旗三星它拉采集的红山文化玉龙，其玉料与通常认为后来才出现的新疆玛纳斯碧玉相似，若排除玛纳斯所产的话，推测其产地很可能在东北或内蒙古、或靠近这一文化区域的蒙古国或俄罗斯远东地区的某地，但似乎不产于红山文化区域内。这种玉料之确切产地尚在调查之中，至今仍无定论。也就是说，用这种玉料制成的红山文化玉器，其可信度是肯定的，因为其独特玉料的产地还未找到。 还有一种玉料硬度接近6度，以透闪石为主体，文物界和地质界俗称为“老岫玉”，产于今辽宁省的宽甸县，今又称宽甸玉。 第三种玉料的硬度较低，在5度左右，以蛇纹石为主体，产于今辽宁省岫岩县，今多称其为岫岩玉。 值得指出的是，后两种玉料因确定为红山文化所用玉料，产地亦在红山文化区域内，取材方便且价格不贵，故今伪仿者多用它制作假红山文化玉器。 红山文化玉器的本来颜色，有白、青、碧、黑或青中带黄、白中带黄诸色，典型的黄玉极罕 Million. Water quality standards the dredging of river boundary section obtained provincial environmental protection Office special bonuses for wetland construction ... ... Million. But sober see, these achievements were made in the case of decreased rainfall for two consecutive years, we realize that environmental protection work still faced many problems in our County. Mainly in the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality monitoring indicators often exceeding, dredging of river section's water quality is not stable, and rural non-point source pollution has not been radical, Wade through the corporate environmental risk, livestock pollution rebound from severe, a wealth of protection and use of water resources is not well. If this year's rainfall, these problems will be exposed, and raw materials caused a great deal of pressure to go green. To solve these problems, we focused on three aspects of the work of environmental protection: (a) in accordance with the ... ... Real good green. According to the "Garden City, roads, tree-lined, mountain forests of" principle, to develop "governance focused piece, scale" afforestation programmes, and actively implement the barren hills green, River afforestation increased, City Green, farmland and other greening works to ensure complete afforestation this year ... ... Acres and acres and afforestation in the plain ... ... Acres, new nursery wood ... ... MU. 见，少数亦见有灰白色者。 红山文化玉器的沁色 红山文化玉器的沁色，因所用玉料的不同与埋藏地点不同而有所区别，即有多少或深浅之分。总的来说，上述类似新疆玛纳斯碧玉、宽甸玉与岫岩玉这三种玉料，即使在土中埋藏五六千年，其沁色亦较少或浅，往往只在某件玉器外的局部或原有绺纹及有磕缺损伤等处有所表现，更很少有被沁色整体掩盖者。据此，不难得出如下的结论，即凡经检测，是用上述三种玉料制成的“红山文化”玉器，若整件玉器均被钙化或呈鸡骨白色或有很重很浓的侵蚀色掩盖者，其真实性就有问题。值得注意的情况是，上述三种玉料，特别是采自河流水中的仔玉，往往在未做玉器前就有天然侵蚀和皮色，一般呈黄、灰或红褐色，其情况很似出土玉器上的侵蚀色。这些皮色，在红山文化做玉者看来，是玉料毛病，即所谓的瑕斑，在制作玉器前，几乎都要把它全部去除。笔者在鉴定一些伪作红山文化玉器时发现，造伪者为使新做玉器有如土中埋藏而形成的自然土沁感，常留下一些皮色。 因其沁色，无论受沁的天然感、受沁部位还是深浅程度等几与出土真品玉器同，故鉴定时必须要把两者严格区分。两者识别的根本之处是其上的包浆或熟旧感的有无。依笔者经验，凡“红山文化”玉器留有玉料中的原沁色者，几乎都可断定为伪品。此外，伪作红山文化玉器，亦见一类所谓的“老玉新工”器，即作伪者用出土的大件或残破玉器，改做成若干小件“红山文化”伪品，且大多在其上琢饰纹饰，以获取更大的利益。因这类玉器是用旧玉器改做，其上的局部沁色和包浆等与真品很似，再加上纹图略作伪装， 故其真伪一般鉴赏者很难区别。当然，在鉴定这类作伪玉器时，如能注意纹图底部及切口处与表面的新旧包浆情况的变化及其形体和工艺细微处是否有真红山文化玉器的特点，往往会得出 Million. Water quality standards the dredging of river boundary section obtained provincial environmental protection Office special bonuses for wetland construction ... ... Million. But sober see, these achievements were made in the case of decreased rainfall for two consecutive years, we realize that environmental protection work still faced many problems in our County. Mainly in the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality monitoring indicators often exceeding, dredging of river section's water quality is not stable, and rural non-point source pollution has not been radical, Wade through the corporate environmental risk, livestock pollution rebound from severe, a wealth of protection and use of water resources is not well. If this year's rainfall, these problems will be exposed, and raw materials caused a great deal of pressure to go green. To solve these problems, we focused on three aspects of the work of environmental protection: (a) in accordance with the ... ... Real good green. According to the "Garden City, roads, tree-lined, mountain forests of" principle, to develop "governance focused piece, scale" afforestation programmes, and actively implement the barren hills green, River afforestation increased, City Green, farmland and other greening works to ensure complete afforestation this year ... ... Acres and acres and afforestation in the plain ... ... Acres, new nursery wood ... ... MU. 正确的结论。 红山文化玉器的制作工艺 红山文化玉器的制作工艺与其上留下的工艺琢磨痕，亦有很强烈的文化特征，若能留意其特定的细微特征，往往对鉴定其真伪能起到决定性作用。从现有的实物资料看，当时做玉器的基本工序，与其前后各文化期和朝代相似，即亦需经采玉料、看料取材、因材施艺及制作玉器时的开料、切割成形、琢磨纹图、穿孔和抛光等多道工艺。但具体到各道工序时，在红山文化玉器上则又表现出与其它时期明显的差异。 如因材施艺方面，红山文化的玉器，特别是小件玉器和用仔玉作器，有很大一部分是对玉料略施琢饰完成的。其中又以神异动物和写实动物器采用此法者居多。故即使是同一型玉器，其大小厚薄和五官形式也往往各有所别，甚至可以说，它们中没有一件是完全相同的。 又如穿孔，当时的玉器几乎都有一个或数个不等。其孔有一部分是两孔斜穿相通，有的是两面对穿相通，且在孔内多留有似来福线的穿钻痕。其孔均呈喇叭形(又称马蹄形)，且打孔时对接不正。 又如其上的纹图线条，均用单条阴线和粗细不等的较粗的凹槽表现(图8)，与其它时期有别。若用放大镜观看，其中较粗凹槽的制作，是先用大小不等的宽边砣具沿阴线凹槽的横向磨琢后，再用粗细不等的条棒带动解玉沙顺着阴线凹槽来拉动摩擦。因此，其上的阴线凹槽仍能看到先后两种加工留下的痕迹。若阴线或凹槽内留有粗细相同，距离相等，且平行而直的机电砂轮打磨痕，其真实性大打折扣。 又如玉器的边沿，由于制作玉器的最后一道工序是用动物的皮摩擦抛光，即使至今已有五六千年之久，其表面仍有光泽莹润和呈钝刃感。 红山文化玉器的品种 Million. Water quality standards the dredging of river boundary section obtained provincial environmental protection Office special bonuses for wetland construction ... ... Million. But sober see, these achievements were made in the case of decreased rainfall for two consecutive years, we realize that environmental protection work still faced many problems in our County. Mainly in the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality monitoring indicators often exceeding, dredging of river section's water quality is not stable, and rural non-point source pollution has not been radical, Wade through the corporate environmental risk, livestock pollution rebound from severe, a wealth of protection and use of water resources is not well. If this year's rainfall, these problems will be exposed, and raw materials caused a great deal of pressure to go green. To solve these problems, we focused on three aspects of the work of environmental protection: (a) in accordance with the ... ... Real good green. According to the "Garden City, roads, tree-lined, mountain forests of" principle, to develop "governance focused piece, scale" afforestation programmes, and actively implement the barren hills green, River afforestation increased, City Green, farmland and other greening works to ensure complete afforestation this year ... ... Acres and acres and afforestation in the plain ... ... Acres, new nursery wood ... ... MU. 科学的发掘中，见者有玉外方内圆形器、玉双联或三联或四联璧、玉钩形器、玉钩云形器、 玉兽面丫形器、玉三孔器、玉马蹄形器、玉双龙首璜、玉鱼、玉蝉、玉龟、玉、玉熊、玉凤、玉 兽形(又名玉猪龙)、玉龙等。在传世品中，还见玉母神、玉“太阳神”、玉神人等。更值得指出的 是，还有一些以上述造型重新组合成另一种复合形器，见者有“太阳神”与复合成神人冠器、龙凤复 合(或共身)器等。 Million. Water quality standards the dredging of river boundary section obtained provincial environmental protection Office special bonuses for wetland construction ... ... Million. But sober see, these achievements were made in the case of decreased rainfall for two consecutive years, we realize that environmental protection work still faced many problems in our County. Mainly in the PM2.5 and PM10 air quality monitoring indicators often exceeding, dredging of river section's water quality is not stable, and rural non-point source pollution has not been radical, Wade through the corporate environmental risk, livestock pollution rebound from severe, a wealth of protection and use of water resources is not well. If this year's rainfall, these problems will be exposed, and raw materials caused a great deal of pressure to go green. To solve these problems, we focused on three aspects of the work of environmental protection: (a) in accordance with the ... ... Real good green. According to the "Garden City, roads, tree-lined, mountain forests of" principle, to develop "governance focused piece, scale" afforestation programmes, and actively implement the barren hills green, River afforestation increased, City Green, farmland and other greening works to ensure complete afforestation this year ... ... Acres and acres and afforestation in the plain ... ... Acres, new nursery wood ... ... MU.