姓、氏、名、字、号

姓、氏、名、字、号 一、姓 许慎《说文解字》卷二四“女部”:“姓，人所生也，从女、生，生亦声。”班固《白虎通德论》卷九曰:“姓者，生也，人禀天气所以生者也。” 《左传?隐公八年》“天子建德，因生以赐姓”。这都说出了“姓”的本义是“生”。因此人们普遍认为，姓最初是代有共同血缘、血统、血族关系的种族称号，简称族号。作为族号，它不是个别人或个别家庭的，而是整个氏族部落的称号。据文献记载，我们的祖先最初使用姓的目的是为了“别婚姻”，“明世系”、“别种族”。它产生的时间大约在原始社会的氏族公社时期。 姓是怎么来的,人们推测，姓的由来与祖先的图腾崇拜有关系。在原始蒙眛时代，各部落、氏族都有各自的图腾崇拜物，比如说麦穗、熊、蛇等都曾经是我们祖先的图腾，这种图腾崇拜物成了本部落的标志。后来便成了这个部落全体成员的代号，即“姓”。由于古代氏族部落的数量毕竟是有限的、可数的，所以，纯正的远古时代留下来的姓是很少的。 后人据《春秋》整理出来的“古姓”有:妫(今河北涿鹿有妫水)、姒、子、姬、(周王族姓)、风、赢(秦姓)、己、任、吉、芊、曹、祁、妘、姜、董、偃、归、曼、芈(楚姓)、隗(原北方少数民族姓)、漆(瞒)、允等22个姓。这些姓中近半数带女字旁。所以，人们推测，姓的产生可能在母系氏族社会。章太炎先生及其他学者又从《说文》、《山海经》、甲骨文、金文等较古的文献中整理出几十个古姓(约59个，章太炎得52个，他人又从金文中得嫘等7个)，这样加上原有的也不过80几个，可以想见，这只是远古实际存在的姓中的一部分，原有的姓肯定不止这些。其他的已佚。但有一点是可以肯定的，那时候的姓决没有我们今天讲的“姓”多。我们这里可以罗列几个从古至今具有代表性的关于姓的数字。 ?北宋以后的封建社会，长期作为儿童识字读物的《百家姓》(北宋钱塘无名氏编)，共收入502个姓氏(其中单姓342个，复姓60个。开头曰:“赵钱孙李，周吴郑王，冯陈褚卫，蒋沈韩杨„„”)?宋代郑樵《通志?姓氏略》中统计古代姓氏共有1745个。?明代翰林院编修吴沈等人据当时户部所藏户籍编成《皇明千家姓》，收姓氏1968个。(开头曰:“朱奉天运，富有万方，圣神文武，道合陶唐„„”)?清代康熙帝亲自审定《御制百家姓》，(开头曰:“孔师阙党，孟席齐梁，高山詹仰，邹鲁荣昌，冉季宗正，游夏文章„„”)?清人张澍《姓氏寻源》、《姓氏辨误》中说古姓氏有5129个。?中华人民共和国成立后，大陆学者阎福卿等曾编辑出版过《中国姓氏汇编》共收姓氏5730个。其中单姓3470个，双字姓2085个，三字姓163个，四字五字姓12个。台湾省也出版过《中华姓符》共收姓氏6363个，但里面有异体字重复收入的情况。?据中国语言文字改革工作委员会汉字处1984年的抽样调查及有关专家的估计，直到今天还在使用的姓氏在3000个以上。(气象出版社2001年1月出版王大良编《当代百家姓》据1982年全国人口普查数据认为:目前，我国常用的姓约400个，按当时人口数算，前100个姓是:李王张刘陈杨赵黄周吴，徐孙胡朱高林何郭马罗，梁宋郑谢韩唐冯于董萧，程曹袁邓许傅沈曾彭吕，苏卢蒋蔡贾丁魏薛叶阎，余潘杜戴夏钟汪田任姜，范方石姚谭廖周熊金陆，郝孔白崔康王丘秦江史，顾侯郎孟龙万段雷钱汤，尹黎易常武乔贺赖龚文。这100姓占全国总人口的87%以上。其中李王张刘陈5姓就有3亿多人口。李8700万、王8000万、张800万、刘6000万、陈5000万。全国各城市的大姓情况也不一样，如上海前10名的姓是:张王陈李徐朱周吴刘沈。)这个数字跟我们前面说的所谓远古即有的纯正的“姓”相去 太远了。那么另外那些也被称作姓的字又是怎么回事呢,那些字就是现代姓的主要组成部分“氏”，下面就来介绍“氏”。 二、“氏” 由于人口的繁衍，原来的部落又分出若干新的部落，这些部落为了互相区别以表示自己的特异性，就为自己的子部落单独起一个本部落共用的代号，这便是“氏”，当然也有的小部落没这样做，而仍然沿用老部落的姓的。有的部落一边沿用旧姓，一边有自己的“氏”。这些小部落后来又分出更多的小部落，它们又为自己确定氏，这样氏便越来越多，甚至于远远超过原来姓的规模。 从时间上来讲，这已是父系氏族社会的事情了，氏带上了这个时代的烙印。所以“氏”可以说是姓的分支。《通签?外纪》说:“姓者统其祖考之所自出，氏者别其子孙之所自分。”就很能说明二者的关系。“姓”是不变的，“氏“是可变的。顾炎武也说“氏一传而可变，姓千万年而不变。”秦汉之前，姓和氏在不同场合使用，哪些人有姓，哪些人用氏有严格，汉代以后，姓氏不加区分，姓氏合一，统称为姓。最明显的标志是《史记》，根据现有姓氏、推究它们的来源或者说最初确定它为姓氏的缘由，大致有以下几个方面: (1)前面提到过，带女字旁的姓氏如:娰、姬、姜、妫、赢等，这是母系氏族社会女性崇拜的反映。有些直接就是女族长的名姓称号。 (2)以动植物或其他自然物为姓氏。如马、牛、羊、猪、蛇、龙、柳、梅、李、桃、花、叶、谷、麦、桑、麻、粟、山、水、林、木、风、云、河、江、金、石、钢、铁、玉等，这其中很大一部分是部落的图腾。 (3)以封国、采邑或职官、爵位为姓。如齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦、鲁、蔡、郑、陈、宋、阮;司徒、司马、司空、乐正、宰、上官、太史、少正、王、侯、公孙、伯子等，由于古代封爵职官名目繁多，故此类姓很多。 (4)以出生地、居住地或职业为姓，如姚(虞舜生姚墟)、东方(伏羲住处)、西门、东门(鲁庄公子遂后代封住地)、东郭、南、百里、欧阳(越王勾践，被封在乌程欧阳亭)、陶、巫、卜、医等。 (5)以祖先族号、谥号为姓。如唐、虞、夏、商、周、殷，文、武、昭、穆、康、庄、宣、平、成等。 (6)其他(在姓中还有几种变种，突变情况): A、皇帝赐姓。如刘邦赐项伯姓刘。李煜赐奚廷圭(墨务官)姓李。 B、为避灾难而改姓。如伍子胥在吴被杀后，子孙逃到齐国，改姓王孙;陈厉公子陈完，在陈内乱后逃到齐国做了大夫，改姓田。 C、为避皇帝或圣人讳而改姓。如荀改孙，庄改严，丘改邱等。 D、嫌原姓复杂、字多而改姓。如司马简姓司或马或冯，欧阳简姓欧。 E、少数民族主动从汉姓。如北魏孝文帝规定鲜卑族人改用汉姓如陆、穆、贺、于等，皇族带头，由原来的姓拓跋改为姓元。 F、另外，拓跋、单于、宇文、长孙、呼延、尉迟、耶律、完颜，爱新觉罗等都是少数民族姓的汉语译音。有些少数民族姓在译成汉语后，嫌字太长就简化，如爱新觉罗，改姓罗，金。从以上可看出，同姓不一定一家。 今天在公共社交场合的“贵姓”、“尊姓”、“按姓氏笔画为序”中的姓，实际上包括了古姓、氏这两方面的内容。 另外，古代姓氏还有几点值得注意: ?战国前，贵族才有姓氏，贵族男子称氏，女子称姓。因为“姓所以别婚姻”，“氏所以别贵贱”，“贵者有氏，贱者有名无氏”(《通志?氏族略序》)顾炎武在《日知录》中说:“考之于《传》，二百五十五年之间，有男子而称姓者乎,无有也。” 那么男子称什么呢,1、贵者称氏;2、贱者则以职业概括之。如奕秋、庖丁、匠石、医和、优孟，这些职业名后来才成了姓。当时是通称。 ?氏同姓不同者，婚姻可通;姓同氏不同者，婚姻不可通。“礼不娶同姓”，“父母同姓，其出不蕃”(《左传》)，“同姓不婚，恶不殖也”。(《国语》)有人认为里面隐含了朴素的优生学。 春秋时，鲁昭公娶吴女为夫人，两人都姓姬，乃改夫人姓孟，称吴孟子。 ?因为“姓”起着“别婚姻”的作用，贵族男子又不称姓，故女子称姓特别重要，为了给待嫁或已嫁的同姓女子加以区别，就形成了对女子的特殊称呼，在姓的前后加前缀、后缀。 A、前缀用排行:孟、伯、仲、叔、季。如孟姜、伯姬、叔隗， B、以夫家的采邑、谥号为前缀:如晋姬、武姜、文赢。 C、加氏、女、母、姬、媪、妪等后缀，如张氏、商女、孟母、吴姬、赵媪等。 三、名 名是每个人的代号。姓氏是公共的，名是个人的。历朝历代的命名习惯，反映了一定时期内的社会意识形态。由于人们所属的民族、社会、历史、宗教信仰、道德传统及文化修养的不同，其命名习惯也很不相同。 “名”的产生也是在氏族社会时期，同时也是人的个体意识逐渐觉醒的必然结果。《说文》对名这样解释:“名，自命也。从口夕，夕者，冥也，冥不相见，故以口自名”。意为，黄昏后，天暗黑不能相认识，各以代号称。这便是名的由来。这多少有些传说意味。人们发现使用“名”的便利性，便逐渐通行起来，使得人皆有名， 并对命“名”讲究起来。实际上，名的出现是私有制经济出现后的必然产物。古时天下为公，一个部落一个名号，黄帝、炎帝、共工、蚩尤都是部落名。 据《周礼》“婚生三月而加名”，婴儿出生三个月后由父亲取名，我们现在所看见最早的名是商代人的名。当时的习惯，崇尚以天干为名。也往往以其生日干支来命名，主要以天干命名，甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸(十个天干)。如太乙，成汤(天乙)，太丁，盘庚，帝辛(纣)外丙、仲壬、太甲„„武丁(盘庚曾孙)。陈梦家《殷商卜辞综述》认为:太康(即大庚)，仲康(中庚)，少康(少庚)等。周代以后对命名有所讲究。春秋鲁桓公六年(705)鲁桓公问命名应遵守的礼节时，大夫申 提出“信”“义”“象”“假”“类”五条(“五则”)。到战国时，很多贵族通过占卜来给自己的儿子命名，如屈原(皇揽揆余初度兮，肇锡余以嘉名)。随着儒学的兴起，对起名的讲究越来越复杂，成书于战国年间的《周礼》中对命名除了前面提的主要注意的五条之外，还规定了“六不”。即(1)不以国(2)不以官(3)不以山川(4)不以隐疾(5)不以畜牲(6)不以器币。 秦汉以后，随着封建专制的加强，在命名方面除了对“五类”、“六不”同样讲究外，还对一些寓含王霸意义的字眼如龙、天、君、王、帝、上、圣、皇等字禁止使用。有些朝代不禁。 魏晋以后，一代代的学风、思潮、单从命名方面即能看出一些。 如魏晋南北朝人自命清高，玄学盛行，起名讲究高雅。如盛行以“之”命名，如王羲之子献之，孙静之、桢之。画家顾恺之，将军刘牢之，科学家祖冲之，史学家裴松之，文学家颜延之，杨衔之等。 南北朝佛教盛行，取佛僧名成了时髦。一时间，僧佑、僧护、僧智、梵童、摩诃之名比比皆是。据正史载，南北朝带僧字的名有122人，昙者39人，佛者24人。 唐宋时，道炽一时，僧也极红。以金、木、水、火、土五行命名成了时尚。如朱熹(火)，父名松(木)，儿名 (土)，孙名钜、钩、鉴、铎(金)，曾孙名渊、泠、潜、济、浚、澄(水)，刚好是五行一个循环。 周秦两汉单名多于双名。 有些双名也是单名，如晋介之推，虞宫之奇，郑烛之武，佚之狐，之为虚字，不算。还有一个“不”字，韩申不害，楚萧不疑，赵国赵不倦，汉代程不识，不危、不惑等皆如此。 另外，汉人取名: (1)尚英武，雄浑劲健。像胜、武、勇、超、猛、固、彪、举等这很常用。 (2)见贤思齐、追慕圣人。如张禹，赵禹、邓禹、陶汤、张汤、赵汤、周昌、王昌、张尧、黄舜等就体现这一特色。 (3)求长生长寿。如万年、延寿、寿王、千秋、去病、去疾、彭祖、彭生等名常见。 王莽时，“令中国不得有二名”，《春秋》“讥二名”，《公羊传》:“二名非礼也”，可能单名多于双名的原因。西汉15帝，二人复名;东汉13帝全单名。 西汉至东晋，54帝，4个复名，单名94%，东汉以后，尤其两晋南北朝，佛道盛行，一时间佛名盛行:金刚、力士、文殊、目连、药王、般若、三宝随处可见，以带佛气。僧、佛、摩、梵、昙，直取佛名也很多。 唐宋后，取复名多起来，皇帝除外，因单名易于避讳。 另外，唐人追求雅，以文、德、儒、元、雅、士等字命名很流行。 五代时，因《尚书?太甲上》有“旁求俊彦”《伪孔传》有“美士曰彦”。故而，据正史载，五代共有87人以“彦”字命名。元代人以取蒙文名为时尚。 元末，张士诚原名九四，“士诚”之名乃一文人所取，是在取笑他，他还不知，典出《孟子》:“士，诚小人也”之句。 宋以后，尤其明清，字辈谱命名法最盛行。至今，从农村族谱中可看出这一现象。其字当然是些寓意吉利的字，如文武，富贵、昭庆、德祥、龙凤、昌盛等。 明清以族谱命名为特征，影响很大。 1744年，乾隆为孔子后裔定了三十个字为: 希言公彦承宏闻贞尚衍 兴毓传继广昭宪庆繁祥 令德垂维佑钦绍念显扬 1920年，孔令贴又在这30个字后续了二十个字:建道敦安定，懋修肇益常。裕文焕景瑞，永锡世绪昌。 清满贵族则喜欢用安、福、永、泰、保全、常荣、桂祥等吉利字命名。 而民间命名习惯约有以下数种: ?节令法:以生时节令，花卉为名，春花、梅、桃、李，夏雨、秋实、秋雨、秋艳、冬晓、冬梅、腊梅等。 ?地名法:纪念孩子的出生地，如杭生、浙生、沪生、渝生、杭宁。 ?盼子盼财法:如来娣、根娣、玲娣、招娣、延娣、来宝、来发。 ?动物法:阿牛、阿鼠、小鱼、小狗、小龙、阿龙、小骏(马)、小凤、凤儿。 ?体重法:九斤老太、九斤姑娘(加护身符的重量)。 ?性变法:女当男养，亚男、冠男、家骏、家雄;男当女养，新妹、宝姬、秋月等。 ?排行法:大牛、二牛、三小、小牛，大囡、二囡、三囡;根大、根亮(两)、根山(三);张益(一)张耳(二)张山散(三)等。 ?五行法:如前述朱熹一家祖孙五代。 ?综合的，如润土(节令加五行)。 民国年间尚洋名:玛丽、海伦、彼德、约翰、汤姆很多。 文革间尚红、建、卫、忠、青等字。 现在的趋向:朦胧、洋名、多字名。 古代的女子有姓无名，在家只有小名、乳名，对外则称某某氏。 四、字 “字”只是限于古代有身份的人。 《礼记?曲礼》上说:“男子二十冠而字”，“女子十五笄而字”，就是说不管男女，只有到了成年才取字，取字的目的是为了让人尊重他，供他人称呼。一般人尤其是同辈和属下只许称尊长的字而不能直呼其名。 古人命字方法的主要依据有以下几种: ?同义反复。如屈原名平，字原，广平为原。孔子学生宰予，字子我，季路字子由，颜回字子渊，诸葛亮字孔明，陶渊明字元亮、周瑜字公瑾，诸葛瑾字子瑜，文天祥字景瑞，都属此类。 ?反义相对。晋大夫赵衰(减少意)字子馀(增多)。曾点(小黑也)字子晳，色白也。唐王绩字无功，朱熹(火亮)字元晦，元赵孟頫(俯)字子昂，晏殊字同叔。 ?连义推想。赵云字子龙(云从龙);晁补之，字无咎;苏轼，字子瞻(《左传僖28年》:“君冯轼而观之”);岳飞字鹏举。 从以上三类可以看出，字与名有密切关系，字往往是名的补充或解释，这叫“名字相应”，互为表里，故字又称作“表字”。这三种是主要的，另外还有以干支五行命字，以排行命字，或者字行加排行，字后加父(甫)的情况一般也归入字的范围。 命字方面与命名同样，有着时代气息，一个总的趋向是美词化和尊老化，在尊老化方面更加显。 唐宋以后，由于理学加强，一些繁文褥节越来越多，读书人之间在称呼上也大做文章，称字，是为了表尊敬，但时间长了之后，渐感称字还不够恭敬，于是又有了比字更表恭敬的号。 五、号 号也叫别称、别字、别号。《周礼?春官?大祝》:“号为尊其名更美称焉”。名、字是由尊长代取，而号则不同，号初为自取，称自号;后来，才有别人送上的称号，称尊号、雅号等。 号起源很早，但直至六朝时期还不流行，葛洪、陶潜有号，当时多数人没有。到唐宋间才特别盛行起来，原因有二:1、伦理道德加强，2、文学发达，文人讲究文雅。至明清，由于文人范围扩大，加上帝王提倡，更加盛行起来。纵观古人命号特点，我们也可以概括为几条。 自号一般都有寓意在内。 1、或以居住地环境自号:如陶潜，自号五柳先生。李白自幼生活在四川青莲乡，故自号青莲居士。苏轼，自号东坡居士。陆游，号龟堂。辛弃疾号称稼轩居士。明武宗朱厚照自号锦堂老人，明世宗朱厚璁自号天池钓叟，明神宗朱翊自号禹斋。乾隆晚年自号十全老人、古稀天子。咸丰(奕 )自号且乐道人。 2、或以旨趣抱负自号:杜甫，自号少陵野老，“一万卷书，一千卷古金石文，一张琴，一局棋，一壶酒，一老翁”——“六一居士”是欧阳修晚年的自号。贺知章，自号四明狂客;金心农自号出家庵粥饭僧，都体现了个人的旨趣。 3、有些人还以生辰年龄、文学意境、形貌特征，甚至惊人之语自号。 辛弃疾自号六十一上人，赵孟頫甲寅年生，自号甲寅人;元郑元右，自号尚左生，明代祝允明自号祝枝指生，后在民间演变成祝支山。朱 尊，自号夕阳芳草村落，唐寅自号江南第一风流才子，普救寺婚姻案主者。徐树丕，自号活埋庵道人。 别人赠号主要有三种情况: 1、以其轶事特征为号。如李白，人称谪仙人。宋代贺铸因写了“一川烟柳、梅子黄时雨”的好词句，人称贺梅子。张先因写了“云破月来花弄影”，“浮萍断处见山影”，“隔墙送过秋千影”三句带“影”字的好诗，人称“张三影”。类似例子再如: 山抹微云秦学士——秦观“满庭芳”词“山抹微云，天连衰草” 露花倒影柳屯田——柳永，《破阵子》词中有“露花倒影”句。 张孤雁——张炎《解连环?孤雁》 红杏尚书——宋祁(工部尚书)《木兰花》“绿杨烟外晓春寒，红杏枝头春意闹”。 现当代作家的笔名、艺名也可算入号的范畴，有的是自号，有的是赠号。 郭沫若(笔名)原名开贞，巴金、夏衍、冰心全是笔名(自号)，而非原名。 艺号(赠号):张英杰——盖叫天，牛俊国——牛得草，荀慧生——白牡丹，李慧敏——白玉霜，毛稚黄——毛三瘦。 2、以官职、任所或出生地为号。王安石称王临川;杜工部(杜甫)，贾长沙(贾谊);王右军(王羲之);汤显祖称汤临川;康有为，广东南海人，称康南海;孔融，曾任北海太守，人称孔北海;顾炎武，江苏昆山亭林镇人，人称顾亭林。清代民谣“宰相合肥天下瘦”说的是李鸿章(合肥人)，“司农常熟世间芜”说的是翁同和为常熟人，时任户部尚书。 3、以封爵、谥号为号 诸葛亮封武乡侯，人称武侯;司马光，封温国公，岳飞，谥号武穆。 宋以后，文人之间大多以号相称，以至造成众号行世，他们的字名反被冷疏的情况。苏轼一生有14类38个名号，鲁迅先生一生(1881—1936)57岁，共用过140多个名号(主要是笔名)。 鲁迅原名周樟树，字豫才，改名树人。1898年，第一次用笔名，戛剑生、树人。1818年，《狂人日记》发表时，始用鲁迅笔名。三十年代后更多，最多的为1933年26个和1934年41个。这两年也是他的创作高峰，作品最多的时期。 由于号可自取和赠送，因此具有自由性和可变性。以至许多文人，有很多别号，多的可达几十个，上百个，“别号太多，反成搅乱”(郑板桥集题画。靳秋四索画)，所以近代以后，尤其建国以来，文人用号之风大减，不少人发表作品不用笔名，就用真名。少数文人存有别号，多为20世纪三、四十年代前就出名的文人。如鲁迅曾自号书斋，绿林书室，且介亭;王力自号龙虫并雕斋;姚雪垠，无止境斋;叶圣陶未厌居，俞平柏古槐书屋，此可谓遗风 中国“谦词”与“敬词”知多少 中国是文明礼仪之邦，人与人之间往来交际，谈吐举止讲究文雅庄重，由此遂形成了源远流长的礼仪传统和礼仪文化，这从汉语语汇里所存在的大量的谦词和敬词中亦可略窥一斑。谦词对己，置己于卑位;敬词对人，置人于尊位。一谦一敬间，礼数自见。 一、谦词 古代帝王的自谦词有朕(我，我的，从秦始皇开始专座皇帝自称)、孤(小国之君)、寡(少德之人)、不穀(不善)。古代官吏的自谦词有下官、末官、小吏等。因为古人坐席时尊长者在上，所以晚辈或地位低的人谦称在下;女子自称妾;对别国称自己的国君为寡君。犬子、犬女:称自己的儿女;笨鸟先飞:表示自己能力差， 恐怕落后，比别人先行一步;抛砖引玉:谦称用自己粗浅的、不成熟的意见引出别人高明的、成熟的意见;如果自谦为不才、不佞(没有才智的)、不肖(没有出息的)，则表示自己没有才能或才能平庸，等等。 【愚】谦称自己不聪明。如愚兄:向比自己年轻的人称自己;愚见:称自己的见解。也可单独用“愚”谦称自己。 【鄙】谦称自己学识浅薄。如鄙人:谦称自己;鄙意:谦称自己的意见;鄙见:谦称自己的见解。 【敝】谦称自己或自己的事物不好。如敝人:谦称自己;敝姓:谦称自己的姓;敝处:谦称自己的房屋、处所;敝校:谦称自己所在的学校。 【卑】谦称自己身份低微。 【窃】有私下、私自之意，使用它常有冒失、唐突的含义在内。 【臣】谦称自己不如对方的身份地位高。 【仆】谦称自己是对方的仆人，使用它含有为对方效劳之意。 【敢】表示冒昧地请求别人。如敢问:用于问对方问题;敢请:用于请求对方做某事;敢烦:用于麻烦对方做某事。 【拙】用于对别人趁自己的东西。如拙笔:谦称自己的文字或书画;拙著、拙作:谦称自己的文章;拙见:谦称自己的见解;拙荆、贱内、内人:称自己的妻子。 【小】谦称自己或与自己有关的人或事物。如小弟:男性在朋友或熟人之间的谦称自己;小儿:谦称自己的儿子;小女:谦称自己的女儿;小人:地位低的人自称;小子:子弟晚辈对父兄尊长的自称;小可:多见于早期白话，是有一定身份的人的自谦，意思是自己很平常、不足挂齿;小店:谦称自己的商店。读书人的自谦词有小生、晚生、晚学等，表示自己是新学后辈。 【家】古人称自己一方的亲属朋友常用谦词。“家”是对别人称自己的辈份高或年纪大的亲属时用的谦词，如家父、家尊、家严、家君:称父亲;家母、家慈:称母亲;家兄:称兄长;家姐:称姐姐;家叔:称叔叔，等等。 【舍】用以谦称自己的家或自己的卑幼亲属。前者如寒舍、敝舍。后者如舍弟:称弟弟;舍妹:称妹妹;舍侄:称侄子;舍亲:称亲戚。 【老】老人自谦时用老朽、老夫、老汉、老拙等，用于谦称自己或与自己有关的事物。如老粗:谦称自己没有文化;老脸:年老人指自己的面子;老身:老年妇女谦称自己;老和尚自称老衲;老官员自称老臣。 【贫】僧道、尼姑自谦之称。如:贫僧、贫道、贫尼。 二、敬辞 对帝王的敬称有万岁、圣上、圣驾、天子、陛下等。驾，本指皇帝的车驾。古人认为皇帝当乘车行天下，于是用“驾”代称皇帝。古代帝王认为他们的政权是受命于天而建立的，所以称皇帝为天子。古代臣子不敢直达皇帝，就告诉在陛(宫殿的台阶)下的人，请他们把意思传达上去，所以用陛下代称皇帝;对皇太子、亲王的敬称是殿下;对将军的敬称是麾下;对使节称节下;对三公、郡守等有一定社会地位的人称阁下，现在多用于外交场合，如大使阁下。对尊师长和用于朋辈之间的敬称有君、子、公、足下、夫子、先生、大人执事(称对方手下以代对方)等。称年老的人为丈、丈人，如“子路从而后，遇丈人”(《论语》)。唐朝以后，丈、丈人专指妻父，又称泰山，妻母称丈母或泰水。 【令】对于对方或对方亲属的敬称有令、尊、贤、仁等。令，意思是美好的，用于称呼对方的亲属，如令尊(对方父亲)、令堂(对方母亲)、令阃(对方妻子)、令兄(对方的哥哥)、令郎(对方的儿子)、令爱、令媛(对方的女儿)、令侄(尊称对方的侄子)、令亲(尊称对方的亲戚)。 【尊】用来称与对方有关的人或物，如尊上(称对方父母)、尊公、尊君、尊府(皆称对方父亲)、尊堂(对方母亲)、尊亲(对方亲戚)、尊驾(称对方)、尊命(对方的嘱咐)、尊意(对方的意思)。贤，用于称平辈或晚辈，如贤家(称对方)、贤郎(称对方的儿子)、贤弟(称对方的弟弟)。仁，表示爱重，应用范围较广，如称同辈友人中长于自己的人为仁兄，称地位高的人为仁公等。 【先】称谓前面加“先”，表示已死，用于敬称地位高的人或年长的人，如称已死的皇帝为先帝，称已经死去的父亲为先考或先父，称已经死去的母亲为先慈或先妣，称已死去的有才德的人为先贤。 【太】称谓前加“太”或“大”表示再长一辈，如称帝王的母亲为太后，称祖父为大(太)父，称祖母为大(太)母。唐代以后，对已死的皇帝多称庙号，如唐太宗、唐玄宗、宋太祖、宋仁宗、元世祖、明太祖等;明清两代，也用年号代称皇帝，如称朱元璋为洪武皇帝，称朱由检为崇祯皇帝，称玄烨为康熙皇帝，称弘历为乾隆皇帝。 【圣】对品格高尚、智慧超群的人用“圣”来表敬称，如称孔子为圣人，称孟子为亚圣。后来，“圣”多用于帝王，如圣上、圣驾等。 【拜】用于自己的行为动作涉及对方。如拜读:指阅读对方的文章;拜辞:指告辞对方;拜访:指访问对方;拜服:指佩服对方;拜贺:指祝贺对方;拜识:指结识对方;拜托:指托对方办事情;拜望:指探望对方。 【奉】用于自己的动作涉及对方时。如奉达(多用于书信):告诉，表达;奉复:回复，多用于书信;奉告:告诉;奉还:归还;奉陪:陪伴;奉劝:劝告;奉送、奉赠:赠送;奉迎:迎接;奉托:拜托。 【惠】用于对方对待自己的行为动作。如惠存(多用于送人相片、书籍等纪念品时所题的上款):请保存;惠临:指对方到自己这里来;惠顾(多用于商店对顾客):来临;惠允:指对方允许自己(做某事);惠赠:指对方赠誉(财物)。 【恭】表示恭敬地对待对方。如恭贺:恭敬地祝贺;恭候:恭敬地等候;恭请:恭敬地邀请;恭迎:恭敬地迎接;恭喜:祝贺对方的喜事。 【垂】用于别人(多是长辈或上级)对自己的行动。如垂爱、垂怜(都用于书信):称对方对自己的爱护;垂青:称别人对自己的重视;垂问、垂询:称别人对自己的询问;垂念:称别人对自己的思念。 【贵】称与对方有关的事物。如贵干:问人要做什么;贵庚:问人年龄;贵姓:问人姓;贵恙:称对方的病;贵子:称对方的儿子(含祝福之意);贵国:称对方国家;贵校:趁对方学校。 【高】称别人的事物。如高见:高明的见解;高就:指人离开原来的职位就任较高的职位;高龄:称老人(多指六十岁以上)的年龄;高寿:用于问老人的年龄;高足:称呼别人的学生;高论:称别人的议论。 【大】尊称对方或称与对方有关的事物。如大伯:除了指伯父外，也可尊称年长的男人;大哥:可尊称与自己年龄相仿的男人;大姐:可尊称女性朋友或熟人;大妈、大娘:尊称年长的妇女;大爷:尊称年长的男子;大人(多用于书信):称长辈;大驾:称对方;大师傅:尊称和尚;大名:称对方的名字;大庆:称老年人的寿辰;大作:称对方的著作;大札:称对方的书信。 【敬】用于自己的行动涉及别人。如敬告:告诉;敬贺:祝贺;敬候:等候;敬礼(用于书信结尾):表示恭敬;敬请:请;敬佩:敬重佩服;敬谢不敏:表示推辞做某件事。 【请】用于希望对方做某事。如请问:用于请求对方回答问题;请坐:请求对方坐下;请进:请对方进来。 【屈】如屈驾(多用于邀请人):委屈大驾;屈就(多用于请人担任职务):委屈就任;屈居:委屈地处于(较低的地位);屈尊:降低身份俯就。 【光】表示光荣，用于对方来临。如光顾(多用于商家欢迎顾客):称客人来到;光临:称宾客到来。 【俯】公文书信中用来称对方对自己的行动。如俯察:称对方或上级对自己理解;俯就:用于请对方同意担任职务;俯念:称对方或上级体念;俯允:称对方或上级允许。 【华】称对方的有关事物。如华诞:称对方生日;华堂:称对方的房屋;华翰:称对方的书信;华宗:称人同姓。 【老】用来尊称别人，有时特指老年人。如老伯、老大爷、老太爷:可尊称老年男子;老前辈:尊称同行里年纪较大、资格较老、经验较丰富的人;老兄:尊称男性朋友;老总:现代尊称领导人(多和姓连用)。 【叨】如叨光(受到好处，表示感谢):沾光;叨教(受到指教，表示感谢):领教;叨扰(受到款待，表示感谢):打扰。 【雅】用于趁对方的情意或举动。如雅教:称对方的指教;雅意:称对方的情意或意见;雅正(把自己的诗文书画等送给人时):指正批评。 【玉】用于对方身体或行动。如玉体:称对方身体;玉音(多用于书信):尊称对方的书信、言辞;玉照:称对方的照片;玉成:成全。 【芳】用于对方或与对方有关的事物。如芳邻:称对方的邻居;芳龄(多用于年轻女子):称对方的年龄;芳名(多用于年轻女子):称对方的名字。 中国历史上十四个圣人 一、 酒圣杜康 明清时期的《白水县志》中记载“杜康，字仲宇，为我县康家卫人，善造酒”的记载。杜康沟里的泉水“隐隐喷出，至冬不竭，流四里许入白水河，乡民谓此水至今有酒味”。相传杜康正是取些水造酒，有文字为证:“他邑酒，足滋酒;白之酒独医病。故饮之终日，而无沉湎之患;服之终身而得气血之和。邻里百里许，多沽酒于白。先泽之遗，本地独得其身，至今遗址槽沿存，此其明验也。” 杜康生卒于白水，是白水人民的骄傲。杜康酒酿出了淳厚的风土人情，酿出了古老的白水文化。明清、民国年间，白水烧锅千家，酒坊四乡。三国时，曹操吟咏出了“慨当以慷，忧思难忘，何以解忧，唯有杜康”的千古绝唱:唐朝诗人杜甫写出了“夜深彭衙道，月照白水山”、“杜酒劳频劝”的优美诗句:晚唐诗人皮日休亦有“滴滴连有声，空凝杜康语”的佳句传颂，浓香的杜康酒将黄土高原的淳朴和热烈展现得淋淳尽致。 二、文圣孔子 孔子(前551,前479)名丘，字仲尼。春秋后期伟大的思想家、教育家，儒家的创始人。鲁国人。是儒家学派的创始人，提出了“仁”的思想，是中国古代著名的思想家和教育家。 他发愤为学，博学多能。他开创了私人讲学的风气，广收门徒，收的学生不管贫富贵贱，据说有3000弟子，其中优秀的有72人。他成为文化传播的使者。他曾周游列国，晚年专心从事古代文献整理与传播工作，致力于教育，整理《诗》、《书》等古代典籍，删修《春秋》。其学生将其思想言行记载在《论语》中。 孔子经其终生倡导和历代儒家的发展，使中国儒家学说成为中华文化的主流，作为中国人的指导思想逾两千余年。孔子思想体系的核心是德治主义，他执著地倡导德化社会与德化人生。德化社会的最高标准是“礼”，德化人生的最高价值是“仁”。孔子教导人们积极奉行“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”，“己所不欲，勿施放人”的’忠恕之道”，以建立正确的人生观和正确处理人与人之间的关系。孔子倡明“天人合一”之教，以善处人与自然的关系，他还阐述和弘扬了人不仅要“仁民”，也要“爱物”的道理。孔子坚决主张国家要实行“富之教之”的德政，使社会与文化得到发展。孔子认为文明的最高成就在于造就理想人格以创立理想社会，通过潜志 躬行“内圣外王之道”，以达到“天下为公”、“大同世界”:之境界。由于孔子的卓越贡献和思想影响深远，他才被中国人尊为至圣先师，万世师表。 三、史圣司马迁 司马迁----前145或前135,,西汉史学家，文学家。字子长，左冯翊夏阳(今陕西韩城西南)人。生于汉景帝中元五年(前145)，一说生于汉武帝建元六年(前135)，卒年不可考。司马迁10岁开始学习古文书传。约在汉武帝元光、元朔年间，向今文家董仲舒学《公羊春秋》，又向古文家孔安国学《古文尚书》。20岁时，从京师长安南下漫游，足迹遍及江淮流域和中原地区，所到之处考察风俗，采集传说。不久仕为郎中，成为汉武帝的侍卫和扈从，多次随驾西巡，曾出使巴蜀。元封三年(前108)，司马迁继承其父司马谈之职，任太史令，掌管天文历法及皇家图籍，因而得读史官所藏图书。太初元年(前104)，与唐都、落下闳等共订《太初历》，以代替由秦沿袭下来的《颛顼历》，新历适应了当时社会的需要。此后，司马迁开始撰写《史记》。后因替投降匈奴的李陵辩护，获罪下狱，受腐刑。 出狱后任中书令，继续发愤著书，终于完成了《史记》的撰写。人称其书为《太史公书》。是中国第一部纪传体通史，对后世史学影响深远，《史记》语言生动，形象鲜明，也是优秀的文学作品。司马迁还撰有《报任安书》，记述了他下狱受刑的经过和著书的抱负，为历代传颂。 司马迁是中国历史上伟大的史学家“他因直言进谏而遭宫刑，却因此更加发愤著书，创作了名震古今中外的史学臣著《史记》，为中国人民，世界人民流下了一笔珍贵的文化遗产。 四、诗圣杜甫 杜甫(七一二,七七零)，字子美，生于河南巩县(今河南省巩县)，是名诗人杜审言的孙子。因曾居长安城南少陵，故自称少陵野老，世称杜少陵。三十五岁以前读书与游历。天宝年间到长安，仕进无门，困顿了十年，才获得右卫率府胄曹参军的小职。安史之乱开始，他流亡颠沛，竟为叛军所俘;脱险后，授官左拾遗。乾元二年(七五九)，他弃官西行，最后到四川，定居成都一度在剑南节度使严武幕中任检校工部员外郎，故又有杜工部之称。晚年举家东迁，途中留滞夔州二年，出峡。漂泊鄂、湘一带，贫病而卒。 子美生活在唐朝由盛转衰的历史时期，其诗多涉笔社会动荡、政治黑暗、人民疾苦，被誉为「诗史」。其人忧国忧民，人格高尚，诗艺精湛，被奉为「诗圣」。 杜甫善于运用古典诗歌的许多体制，并加以创造性地发展。他是新乐府诗体的开路人。他的乐府诗，促成了中唐时期新乐府运动的发展。他的五七古长篇，亦诗亦史，展开铺叙，而又着力于全篇的回旋往复，标志着我国诗歌艺术的高度成就。杜甫在五七律上也表现出显著的创造性，积累了关于声律、对仗、炼字炼句等完整的艺术经验，使这一体裁达到完全成熟的阶段。有《杜工部集》传世。 五、医圣张仲景 张仲景是东汉名医，姓张名机，字仲景。南阳郡涅阳人(今河南省邓县穰东镇)，约生于公元150年，卒于219年。张仲景天赋聪颖，勤奋好学，少年时学医于同郡张伯祖，尽得其传。明代《李濂医史》称:“仲景之术精于伯祖，起病之验，虽鬼神莫能知之，真一世之神医也 。” 张仲景博览群书，广采众方，系统地总结了汉代以前的医学精华，根据自己丰富的医疗实践经验，著《伤寒杂病论》合十六卷，(唐宋以后将 《伤寒杂病论》分为《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》两部书)。后世医学者称张仲景为“医圣”，奉“伤寒”、“金匮”为医经。张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》是人类医药史上第一部“理、法、方、药”完备的医学典籍，他第一次系统完整地阐述了流行病和各种内科杂症的病因、病理以及治疗原则和治疗方法，并为后世临床各科的发展奠定了坚实的理论基础。 六、武圣关羽 关羽，字云长，东汉末期蜀国大将，重义气，精武艺，后人称其为“关圣”、“关帝”。 关羽生前除曹操奏请汉献帝封其为汉寿亭侯外，正式官职为襄阳太守、都督荆州事务。刘备封赐的爵位先为荡寇将军，后为前将军，列蜀汉“五虎上将”之首。在其殁后的41年，即三国蜀景耀三年(260，正好是其诞辰100周年)，后主刘禅追谥为壮穆侯。然而，从南北朝开始，直到清朝末年，关羽受历代封建帝王的祟封有增无减，“侯而王，王而帝，帝而圣，圣而天”，褒封不尽，庙祀无垠，关羽名扬海内外，成为历史上最受崇拜的神圣偶像之一，以致与孔夫子齐名，并称“文武二圣”。 关羽是以忠贞、守义、勇猛和武艺高强称著于世。历代封建统治者都需要这样的典型人物来作为维护其统治的守护神，因而无比地夸张、渲染其忠、义、勇、武的品格操守，希望有更多的文臣武将能象关羽那样尽忠义于君王，献勇武于社稷。 七、书圣王羲之 王羲之，字逸少，琅邪临沂人(今属山东)。晋怀帝永嘉年(公元三零七年)生，死于晋哀帝兴宁三年(公元三六七年)。官至右军将军，会稽内史，故后世称为“王右军”。他出身于两晋的名门望族。王羲之十二岁时经父亲传授笔法论，“语以大纲”，即有所悟。他小时后就从当时著名的女书法家卫夫人学习书法。以后他渡江北游名山，博采众长，观摩学习“兼撮众法，备成一家”，达到了“贵越群品，古今莫二”的高度。 王羲之的楷书如《乐毅论》、《黄庭经》、《东方朔画赞》等“在南朝即脍炙人口”，对后世影响很大他的正体世称“书之圣”。 王羲之在书法上是个革新家，他的主要成就还是表现在行书和草书上。他的行草书又被世人尊为“草之圣”。他把散见于前代、当代的书法作品中的一些用笔、结字优点，融合统一在一种崭新的书法作品中。 八、草圣张旭 张旭(生卒年不详)，字伯高，苏州人曾任常熟县尉。唐代大书法家。以草书而闻名。唐朝文宗皇帝曾向全国发出了一道罕见的诏书:李白的诗歌、张旭的草书、斐旻的剑舞可成为天下的“三绝”。 诏书一到洛阳城，顿时轰动了那些饱学之士。他们纷纷向张旭道喜，庆贺他以卓绝的努力夺得了最高奖誉。张旭作揖一一致谢，并设宴款待洛阳名流。席上，有人提议张旭谈谈草书到“绝”的秘诀，张旭推辞不过，谦虚的说:“各位见笑了，我自知浅陋，皇上奖掖，收之有愧。说到秘诀，无非在‘用心’两字。” 张旭沉吟片刻，他油然想起杜少陵曾写的《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》一诗，便说:“少陵曾对公孙大娘的剑器舞写过一首诗，其中四句‘烈如羿射九日落，矫如群帝骖龙翔;来如雷霆收震怒，罢如江海凝清光’，想必诸位是知道的。在邺县，我有幸见过公孙大娘的舞姿，每次看时，都引起我的联想 :她将左手挥过去，我就立即触到这次姿态像个什么字 ;他跳跃起来旋转，我想草书中的‘使转’笔锋的驰骋应如此罢～他那整个起舞的姿态音容，给我一个全面的草书结构的启发。” 九、画圣吴道子 吴道子(约686,760前后)唐代画家。又名道玄，画史尊称吴生。阳翟(今河南禹县)人。少孤贫，初为民间画工，年轻时即有画名。曾任兖州瑕丘(今山东滋阳)县尉，不久即辞职。后流落洛阳，从事壁画创作。开元年间以善画被诏入宫廷，历任供奉，内教博士、宁王友。曾随张旭、贺知章学习书法，通过观赏公孙大娘舞剑，体会用笔之道。 擅佛道、神鬼、人物、山水、鸟兽、草木、楼阁等，尤精于佛道、人物，长于壁画创作，据载他曾于长安、洛阳两地寺观中绘制壁画多达300余堵，奇踪怪状，无有雷同，其中尤以《地狱变相》闻名于时。 吴道子的绘画具有独特风格。其山水画有变革之功，所画人物衣褶飘举，线条遒劲，人称莼菜条描，具有天衣飞扬，满壁风动的效果，被誉为吴带当风。他还于焦墨线条中，略施淡彩，世称吴装。作画线条简练?quot;笔才一二，象已应焉“，有“疏体“之称。吴道子的绘画对后世影响极大，他被人们尊为“画圣“，被民间画工尊为祖师。苏轼曾称赞他的艺术为“出新意于法度之中，寄好理于豪放之外“。 吴道子绘画无真迹传世，传至今日的《送子天王图》可能为宋代摹本，另外还流传有《宝积宾伽罗佛像》、《道子墨宝》等摹本，敦煌石窟第103窟的维摩经变图，亦被认为是他的画风。 ? 十、茶圣陆羽 在中国茶文化史上，陆羽所创造的一套茶学、茶艺、茶道思想，以及他所著的《茶经》，是一个划时代的标志。 在我国封建社会里，研究经学坟典被视为士人正途。像茶学、茶艺这类学问，只是被认为难入正统的“杂学“。陆羽与其他士人一样，对于传统的中国儒家学说十分熟悉并悉心钻研，深有造诣。但他又不像一般文人被儒家学说所拘泥，而能入乎其中，出乎其外，把深刻的学术原理溶于茶这种物质生活之中，从而创造了茶文化。 陆羽，字鸿渐;一名疾，字季疵。自号桑翁，又号竟陵子。生于唐玄宗开元年间，复州竟陵郡人(今湖北省天门县)。陆羽是个弃儿，自幼无父母抚养，被笼盖寺和尚积公大师所收养。积公为唐代名僧，据《纪异录》载，唐代宗时曾召积公入宫，给予特殊礼遇，可见也是个饱学之士。陆羽自幼得其教海，必深明佛理。积公好茶， 所以陆羽很小便得艺茶之术。不过晨钟暮鼓对一个孩子来说毕竟过于枯燥，况且陆羽自幼志不在佛，而有志于儒学研究，故在其十一、二岁时终于逃离寺院。此后曾在一个戏班子学戏。陆羽口吃，但很有表演才能，经常扮演戏中丑角，正好掩盖了生理上的缺陷。陆羽还会写剧本，曾“作诙谐数千言“。 陆羽与诗人皇甫冉、皇甫曾兄弟过往甚密，皇甫兄弟同样对茶有特殊爱好。陆羽在茶乡生活，所交又多诗人，艺术的薰陶和江南明丽的山水，使陆羽自然地把茶与艺术结为一体，构成他后来《茶经》中幽深清丽的思想与格调。 十一、兵圣孙武 孙武(约前551—,)，春秋时期吴国名将和伟大的军事理论家，字长卿，齐国乐安(今山东惠民)人。其曾祖父、祖父都是齐国名将，在对内对外战争中立过赫赫战功。家学的熏陶使孙武从小就喜爱兵法，渴望探求战争制胜之道，以备将来登坛拜将，沙场点兵，在战争舞台上干出一番惊天动地的事业。 孙武被后人尊崇为“兵圣”、“兵家之祖”和“兵家之师”，除了他战功显赫外，更主要的是他留给后世一部不朽的军事名著——《孙子兵法》。该书有13篇，共5000余字。但这短短的几千字里包却含着一个博大精深的理论体系和十分丰富的思想内容。对中国军事学术的发展产生了巨大而深远的影响。历代兵学家、军事家无不从中汲取养料，用于指导战争实践和发展军事理论。三国时著名的政治家、军事家曹操第一个为《孙子兵ā纷髁讼低车淖?猓 笕搜芯吭擞谩端镒颖 ā反蚩 朔奖阒 拧～端镒颖 ā吩谑澜缟弦簿酶菏? ?世纪传入日本，18世纪传入欧洲。现今已翻译成29种文字，在世界上广为流传。英国著名军事理论家利德尔.哈特向人透露:他的军事著作中所阐述的观点，其实在2500年前的《孙子兵法》中就可以找到。他也确实对孙武及其著作深感兴趣，不仅为《孙子兵法》英译本作序，还在自己的得意之作《战略论》前面大段引述孙武的格言。1991年的海湾战争中，美国海军陆战队军官都奉命携带一本《孙子兵法》，以便在战场上阅读。 十二、谋圣张良 汉初大臣，字子房，传城父(今安徽毫县东南)人，祖与父相继韩昭侯宣惠王等五世之相。秦灭韩后，他图谋恢复韩国，结交刺客在博浪(今河南原阳东南)狙击秦始皇未中，传说他逃亡至下邳(今江苏)时，遇黄石公，后来刘邦、吕后合谋暗使丞相萧何巧设机关，并以密友身份亲自诱捕韩信入长乐宫内，以谋反罪名由吕后急令处死，韩信全家抄斩。一代开国元戎，千古军事奇才的韩信，却遭灭族之祸。从而张良遁隐深山，以仙侣为伴，不食凡间五谷，追随仙踪，与世隔离了。 张良看承谋士的楷模，被后人尊为“谋圣” 十三、木圣(科圣)张衡 东汉时期，也就是距今约一千八百多年前(公元117年)，一台利用水力推动运转的大型天文仪器――“水运浑象”在东汉的京都洛阳制造成功。相隔二十年后(公元138年)，安置在京都洛阳的又一台仪器――“候风地动仪”，准确地了西方千里之外发生的地震。这标志着人类开始了用仪器研究地震的新纪元。 这两台著名仪器的发明者就是张衡——我国东汉时期伟大的科学家、文学家。张衡对中国古代的天文学、地震学和机械力学作出了杰出的贡献，传说他还制造过指南车、记里鼓车等，因其机械制造水平很高，被尊称为“木圣”。 十四、药圣孙思邈 孙思邈，公元581-682年，自号孙真人，京兆华原(今陕西省耀县孙家塬)人，是隋、唐两代大医学家。 孙氏自幼聪颖，喜好读书，勤学苦练，20岁精诸子百家学说，善言老庄，又好释典，兼通阴阳，推及医药。隋、唐两代皇帝都召他做官，他却无心仕途，晚年从事医学著述，是文史医药全面均展、多才多艺的杰出人物，尤以医学为最。孙思邈是因病治医，勤奋成家的。他不但学识渊博，而且品德高尚。他的高尚医德，是大医精诚与高超医术两相结合的医德规范。他在学术界也树立了崇高的榜样，一直熏陶着代代医家。 孙思邈把医为仁术的精神具体化。他在其所著的《大医精诚 》一书中写道:“凡大医治病，必当安神定志，无欲无求，先发大慈恻隐之心，誓愿普救含灵之苦，若有疾厄来求救者，不得问其贵贱贫富，长幼研茧，怨亲善友，华夷愚智，普同一等，皆如至亲之想。亦不得瞻前顾后，自虑吉凶，护借身命。见彼苦恼，若已有之，深心凄怆，勿避险恶，昼夜寒暑，饥渴疲劳，一心赴救，无作功夫形迹之心。如此可为苍生大医，反此则是含灵巨贼。夫大医之体„„又到病家，纵绮罗满目，勿左右顾眄;丝竹凑耳，无得似有所娱;珍羞迭荐，食如无味;酝禄兼陈，看有若无。夫为医之法 ，不得多语调笑，谈谑喧哗，道说是非，议论人物，炫耀声名，訾毁诸医，自矜己德，偶然治瘥一病，则昂头戴面，而有自许之貌，谓天下无双，此医人之膏盲也。”上述的寥寥片语，已将孙思邈的高尚医德情操，展示在人们面前。 孙氏认为“人命至重，有贵干金，一方济之，德逾于此”，故将他自己的两部著作均冠以“千金”二宇，名《千金要方》和《千金翼方》。这两部书的成就在于:首先对张仲景的《伤寒杂病论》有很深的研究，为后世研究《伤寒杂病论》提供了可靠的门径，尤其对广义伤寒增加了更具体的内容。他创立了从方、证、治三方面研究《伤寒杂病论》的方法，开后世以方类证的先河。 《千金要方》是我国最早的医学百科全书，从基础理论到临床各科，理、法、方、 药齐备。一类是典籍资料，一类是民间单方验方。广泛吸收各方面之长，雅俗共赏，缓急相宜，时至今日。很多内容仍起着指导作用，有极高的学术价值，确实是价值千金的中医瑰宝。 《千金要方》是对方剂学发展的巨大贡献。书中收集了从张仲景时代直至孙思邈的临床经验，历数百年的方剂成就，在阅读仲景书方后，再读《千金方》，真能大开眼界，拓宽思路，特别是源流各异的方剂用药，显示出孙思邈的博极医源和精湛医技。后人称《千金方》为方书之祖。 《千金要方》在食疗、养生、养老方面做出了巨大贡献。孙氏能寿逾百岁高龄，就是他在积极倡导这些方面的理论与其自身实践相结合的效果。 孙思邈的辉煌成就，生前就受到了人们的崇敬。人称“药王”，“真人”，“药圣”，隋、唐两代都很器重他，知名人士亦多对他以礼事之。他去世后，人们在其故居的鉴山畔，虞诚奉祀。乔世宁序中云:“鉴山香火，于关中为盛，虽华岳吴镇弗逮焉。”孙思邈在日本也享有盛誉，尤其是日本名医丹波康赖和小岛尚质等对他十分崇拜 二十四节气的由来 冬至点准确测定是产生二十四节气的基础。似乎把两冬至之间的时日二十四等分之，就可以得出二十四节气。事实上，先民认识节气，经历了一个漫长的过程。 我国是农耕发达最早的国家之一，先民在长期的农业生产中，十分重视天时的作用。《韩非子》说:“非天时，虽十尧不能冬生一穗。”北魏贾思勰著《齐民要术》，提出“顺天时，量地利，则用力少而成功多，任情返道，劳而无获”。天，天时，对农业生产起着重要的作用。 “天”是什么,天并非自然界和人类社会的最高主宰。苟子认为，“天”是自然界，而自然界的变化是有它的客观规律的，“不为尧存，不为桀亡”，它的变化是客观存在的。 按现代的说法，“天”指的是宇宙和地球表面的大气层。大气层中出现的种种气象现象，阴晴冷暖，雨雪风霜，直接影响着农业生产。今年五谷丰收，我们说“老天爷帮了忙”;要是减产歉收，我们就说“老天不开眼”。从农业生产角度看，天指的是气象条件，说得确切些，指的是农业气象条件。天时的“时”，农业活动的“时”，不是简单地指时间历程，它要求能反映出农业气象条件，反映四季冷暖及阴晴雨雪的变化。 二十四节气的节气，是表示一年四季天气变化与农业生产关系的。我国古代，节气简称气，这个“气”，实际是天气、气候的意思。 从根本上说，二十四节气是由地球绕太阳公转的运动决定的。现代天文学把地球公转一周即一年分为四段，划周天为360度。自春分开始，夏至为90度，秋分为180度，冬至为270度，再至春分合成360度。每一段即每相距90度又分为六个小段。这样，一年便分为二十四个小段，每段的交接点就是二十四节气。西方至今还只有两分、两至，仅具有天文意义。可以说，二十四节气是中华民族几千年来特有的表达农业气象条件的一套完整的时令系统。 二十四节气始于何时,一般认为，《尚书?尧典》中的仲春、仲夏、仲秋、仲冬就是指春分、夏至、秋分、冬至四气。果真这样，应该看成是二十四节气形成的初始阶段。《左传?昭公十七年》提到传说中的少昊氏设置历官:“凤鸟氏，历正也;玄鸟氏，司分者也;伯赵氏，司至者也:青鸟氏，司启者也;丹鸟氏，司闭者也。”一般都认为，分指春分、秋分，至指夏至、冬至，启指立春、立夏，闭指立秋、立冬。少昊氏时代，以鸟为图腾，物象与时令已密切相关。玄鸟即燕子，春分来秋分去，标志着春分、秋分的到来。伯赵，鸟名，一名，夏至鸣冬至止，标志着夏至、冬至的到来。青鸟、丹鸟均鸟名，分别标志着立春、立夏和立秋、立冬的到来。二分二至和四立，是二十四节气中最重要的八气，也是最先产生的八气。当然不必追溯到传说的少昊时代。 两分两至虽然能定岁时，但分一年为四个时段，各长九十余天，各段的天气、气候有显著的差异，就远不能满足农业生产上每一环节所要求掌握的天时。所以，必须加以细分。《左传》中多次提到分、至、启、闭，可见四立也产生得很早。分、至加四立，恰好把一年分为八个基本相等的时段，从而把春、夏、秋、冬四季的时间范围确定了下来。这就基本上能够适应农业生产的需要。《吕氏春秋》十二纪中就只记载了这八个节气——立春、春分(日夜分)、立夏、夏至(日长至)、立秋、秋分(日夜分)、立冬、冬至(日短至)。看起来，分、至加四立，有一个较长的稳定时期。在此基础上发展，才形成二十四节气。 西汉初期的《淮南子》记载了完整的二十四节气，这可能是目前见到的完整二十四节气的最早文字记载。二十四节气的顺序也和现代的完全一致，并确定十五日为一节，以北斗星定节气。《淮南子》说:“日行一度，十五日为一节，以生二十四时之变。斗指子，则冬至„„加十五日指癸，则小寒„„” 有人认为二十四节气最早见于《周髀算经》，而《周髀》成书于何时，历来的看法也不一样。李长年认为《周髀算经》是战国前期的书籍，钱宝琮认为《周髀》是公元前100年前后(汉武帝时代)的作品。李俨在《中算史论丛》第一集中认为二十四节气大约是战国前的成果。《逸周书》是从战国魏安王墓中发现的，其《时训解》中已有完整的二十四节气记载。不仅如此，每气还分三候，五日为一候，而且物象的描写又十分细致。怎么解释《逸周书?时训解》中细致的物象描写,《左传?僖公五年》载:“凡分、至、启、闭，必书云物，为备故也。”就是说，每逢两分、两至、四立时，必须把当时的天气和物象记录下来，作为准备各项农事活动的依据。详细地记录物象、气象，是先民长期形成的传统。是重视农业生产的必要手段。《吕氏春秋》除了记载二十四气中最重要的八气外，还记载了许多关于温度、降水变化以及由此影响的自然、物候现象。这也是先民记录物象、气象的优良习俗的文字遗迹，与《左传?僖公五年》所载是吻合的。但这并不能说明《吕氏春秋》这部书产生的时代二十四气尚未形成。 《逸周书》虽有人疑为后人伪托，但战国时代二十四节气已全部形成还是可信的。我们以为，《汉书?次度》所记二十四节气，其顺次与《淮南子》所记汉代节气顺次小有差异，并定“冬至点在牵牛初度”，应看做是战国初期的记载。明确些说，二十四节气在战国之前 丈夫称谓的前世今生 1 良人 古时叫丈夫“良人”，好听吧～从中我们不难看到古代丈夫们光辉高大的形象，估计那时的男人们是说有贪污腐败，泡小蜜的吧。 古诗里就有“妾家高楼连苑起，良人持戟明光里”。 “良人”一词显示不出男女性别，妻子称自己的丈夫为“良人”;丈夫称自己的妻子亦为“良人”;从这儿可以看出当时男女地位大抵还是比较平等的，但这种不加区别也给夫妻间称呼带来很多不便。 2 郎 所以再后来就根据“说文解字”，在“良”字音义上加以区别;在“良”右边加“阝”，变成“郎”;在“良”左边加“女”，衍成“娘”。 “郎”就代表丈夫了李白 有“郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅“ ，义山诗有“刘郎已恨蓬山远，又隔蓬山一万丛”，花间词中有“问郎花好侬颜好” 。“郎”多亲切的称呼阿～ 3 郎君 但单音节词似乎太甜腻了，大约除了个别那时的“小甜甜”，如郑袖，钩弋之流，众多良家妇女们在人前还是羞于叫出口(哎，偶们的mm和那些生猛的夷女就是不可同日而语啊)。于是就在前头或尾后加一个字变双音词，即“郎”字后面加一个“君”字;在“娘”字后面加一个“子”字，成了表示亲昵的“郎君”，“娘子”。(注:起先，“娘子”一词仅用青春妙龄的少女。大约到了唐代就成了妻子的称呼。)妻子称丈夫为“郎君”，是对丈夫的雅称(让人想起金庸笔下的“金蛇郎君”，呵呵。。。) 丈夫称妻子为“娘子”，是对妻子的爱称。 4 官人 官人，宋代，是南北文化交流的时代。在夫妻间的称呼上，也是称谓较多的朝代。宫延中，出现了“官家”一词;平民百姓中，有了“官人”这一称谓。有的妻子称自己的丈夫为“官人”。至今，民间仍对新婚夫妻戏称为“新郎官”、“新娘子”。最知名的代表人物就是: 西门大官人。从这个称呼也可看出随着宋代理学的兴盛，男人的家庭地位也上了一个新台阶啊。官当人是管人嘛，那家里的官人当然就是管家里的老婆了哦。 5 老爷 老爷， 仅限于官宦人家对老公的称呼。其在家中的尊贵地位不言而喻。 6 外人，外子 在宋代，妻子也有称自己的丈夫 “外人”的，再文雅点的就叫称做外子”，丈夫则称自己的妻子的除“娘子”外，还称“内人”。在别人面前，对妻子的谦称还有“贱内”、“家内”;这都是那时的小资和伪小资们最喜欢喜欢的叫法了。潘金莲mm称西门庆gg一定是甜甜的一声“偶官人”:但李易安mm称照明城gg(不好意思，应是赵明诚gg)则一定是“外子”。 7 相公 看过京剧，越剧，黄梅戏的话，你一定会对里面不时就有的，拉长了声音的一声娇呼“相——————公———”，印象深刻。也可见这个称呼古时之流行。这比 “官人”又进了一步，已经不仅是“官”，而且是最高的官“相”了。若不是怕犯皇上大人的讳，众老婆们最后怕是要叫“皇公”了的哦～男人的家庭地位由此达到极盛。 然而泰极否来，近代以来，随着妇女解放运动的愈演愈烈。男人的地位也是每况愈下，从对丈夫的称呼中也可明显看出。 8 先生 “先生”, 近代以来，也称“丈夫”为先生 .有本意，有引申意，也有通假意。有特指，也有泛指。就其本意而言，古代“父兄”、“道士”这两重意思已不多用。而其最基本的含义似乎还是“老师”。《辞海》“先生”目下载:“《礼记?曲礼上》:‘从于先生，不越路而与人言。’也引申为对年长有德业者的敬称。有时，也泛用为对人的敬称。”由此可见，这一称谓，除指某些特定身份，如丈夫等对象之外，是隐含着职业、年龄方面的因素的。换言之，所谓先生，主要指有一定学识而又年庚较高的人。用先生指代丈夫，文雅而又带有仰慕尊崇的意思。从中尤可见男性的尊严。至今在海外华人中和港台地区还在广泛使用。 9 爱人 “爱人“ 这一称谓最早见于新文学作品之中。上世纪20年代初郭沫若写的诗剧《湘累》中，就有“九嶷山的白云哟，有聚有消;洞庭湖的流水哟，有汐有潮。 我的爱人哟，你什么时候回来哟。“在小说中、情书中，更是多见。但那时没有被广泛地用于对妻子或丈夫的称呼。30年代末或40年代初，解放区一些受新文化运动熏陶的知识分子开始用“爱人”这一称谓。新中国成立后提倡男女平等，不再使用如“屋里的”、“做饭的”等有歧视色彩的称谓;而解放前在国统区使用的 “先生”、“太太”、“小姐”，又显出“资产阶级”的色彩。于是“爱人”便被广泛地使用起来。 但是，海外华人拒绝使用“爱人”称谓。一位朋友说，他去英国留学，每当他说起自己的妻子时，使用国内的称呼“我爱人”，使得人家以为他在谈论“情人”. 因其直译lover就是“情人”的意思。 而且在日语中 汉字“爱人”也是指“情人“. 爱人，爱人，爱时披在肩、不爱丢一边。呵呵„„所以现在也用得少了，年轻人已很少再用这个词了 10 男人 男人， 这是最有归属感的叫法。通常必须加上定语，谓之“我男人”。 可惜仅见于通常极具团队精神的乡下女人口中。 11 我们家那口子 带有一种隐秘的亲热味道～但其中已无尊敬的意思。 12 孩子他爸 最隐蔽，委婉的叫法。但在目前这么个纷繁复杂的时代，这个称呼太缺乏准确性了，极不严谨。要知道她孩子的爸极可能并不是她老公的哦。 建议坚决弃用～ 13 老板(or 领导) 现在全国到处都叫老板，连由的研究生叫自己的导师都曰“老板”，就是这么烂的称呼，丈夫们享用的机会都不多，更多的时候倒是称自己的老婆做老板和领导的。 14 老公———却原来就是太监。 老公， 最后来说说这个目前最流行的叫法。 老公这词最初却就是太监。这宦官吧 ， 古代官名称为寺人、黄门、貂珰。尊称内官、内臣、中官、中贵;卑称内竖、阉宦、太监、阉人。民间则俗称老公，李自成进北京后，即有“打老公”一说(《枣林杂俎》)。如是看来，老公最早的身份，原是太监。 不知女人呼叫老公时，是否骨子里潜意识就想过，这眼前的男人，就真还有些太监的味道, 所以，以后请各位”老婆们“改改口才好。否则，似乎在说偶们华夏男性，正呈现被阉割的趋势。 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.