第八章 妊娠期疾病w

幻灯片1第八章妊娠期疾病DisassduringGstationPriod第一节流产abortion由于胎儿或母体的生理过程发生扰乱，或它们之间的正常关系受到破坏，而使怀孕中断的一种疾病――流产。Thftusorthmothr'sphysiologicalprocsswasdisruptd,orthnormalrlationsbtwnthmwrdstroyd,ladtoadisasofprgnancyintrruptionabortion.幻灯片2一、流产的分类Thclassificationofabortion１.根据排出的胎儿状况分：Classifidbythdischargofthftus排出未成熟的胎儿，流产后即死亡死产stillbirthImmaturftuswasdischargd②排出活的，但怀孕未期满，特殊护理，可能成活；早产prmaturbirthAliingftuswasdischargdbutlssthanaprgnancy，spcialcar，maysuri幻灯片3③排出死胎，有的已成干尸化mummificationDischargofdadborn,somofthftusarmummification④在怀孕早期，因胚胎太小，被母体所吸收。Intharlystagsofprgnancy,bcausthdadmbryosartoosmallthatcanbabsorbdbythmothr.幻灯片4２．按病因分Classifidbythtiology普通流产Gnralabortion②传染性流产Infctiousabortion③寄生虫性流产Parasitabortion后两种又通称为侵袭性流产。ThlattrtwoalsoknownasInasiabortion幻灯片5注：每类流产又分自发性和症状性两种情况。Not:Twocassofachtypofabortion:spontanousandsymptomatic自发性：胎儿及胎盘反常或直接受到影响而发生。Spontanous：Abnormalftusandplacntaordirctlyaffctd.②症状性：某些疾病的症状，或是饲养管理不当。Symptomatic：SymptomsofcrtaindisassorImproprfdingmanagmnt.幻灯片6二、临床上常见的流产Commonclinicalabortion一）隐性流产即胚胎早期吸收Rcssiabortionisarlymbryonicabsorption发生于怀孕初期，囊胚附植前后。这时胚胎尚未充分形成胎儿，组织分化尚弱，骨头尚未钙化，死亡之后易被吸收，在子宫内不留任何痕迹。Rcssiabortionoccursintharlystagsofprgnancyaroundblastocystimplantation.Embryosdonotfullyformdthftus,tissudiffrntiationiswak，thrisnocalcificationofthbons，soaftrdathasilyabsorbdwithoutanytracsinthwomb.幻灯片71．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon配种后发情，周期延长(３０天左右)；Estrusinabout30daysaftrmating②发情排卵均正常，但呈习惯性久配不孕；Estrusandoulationwrnormal，butapparshabitualinfrtility③临床上难于发现。Multiplbirthsinanimalunlssmbryosalldaths,othrwisclinicallyhardtofind.幻灯片82.处理Tratmnt配种后第３天起，每天肌注黄体酮100mg，连续57天；Ththirddaysaftrmating,thdailyintramuscularinjctionofprogstron100mgfor57conscutidays.幻灯片9②对不孕牛：除上述外，第10天起，隔天肌注黄体酮100mg，至16天，观察如否发情,若不发情,说明有效,可连续至30天。Forinfrtilitycattl：bsidsthabo，Onth10thday，thnxtdayintramuscularprogstron100mg,untilth16thdays.疗效：受胎率提高３０％左右。Thraputicffct：thconcptionrathasraisd30%.幻灯片10二）早产排出不足月的活胎儿Prmaturbirth：Aliingftuswasdischargdlssthanaprgnancy1．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon产出胎儿是活的，可能成活，亦有可能不具有生命力。究竟比预产期提早多少时间属早产，尚无标准。Outputofthftusisali,maysuri,thrmaynothathitality.Thrisnostandardtodtrminhowmucharlirthanxpctddatofchildbirthisprmaturbirth幻灯片11一般预后良好，但要及时冲洗子宫，尤其对传染性流产，注意子宫内膜炎，产后败血症Thtypicaltratmntaftrrcoryshouldbtimlyflushutrus,spciallyforinfctiousabortion,taknotofndomtritis,postpartumspsis2.处理重在预防Tratmntprntionasmphasis幻灯片12出现症状后，即肌注黄体酮，牛200mg，每日两次。Aftrthonstofsymptoms,thintramuscularinjctionofprogstron,cows200mg,twicdaily.②可能因素，对群体中出现的早产，普遍注射一次黄体酮，每头200mg／次。Analysisofpossiblfactors,toapparinthprtrmgroup,gnrallygininjctionsofprogstron,achon200mgtims.幻灯片13③估计保不住胎的，让其早产，注意对母畜的护理。Cannotbxpctdtoprotctthftus,Makitprmatur,attntiontothnursingdams.④注意早产儿的保温，加强人工哺乳。Taknotofprmaturftusincubation,strngthnartificiallactationonftus幻灯片14三）小产排出死亡，未经变化的胎儿在流产中最为常见）MiscarriagOutputofstillbirth，withoutchangMostcommoninabortion）1．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon由于各种原因使胎儿发生死亡，死亡时临床无明显症状。胎儿死亡后，母体作为一种异物，引起子宫收缩而排出。数天内将死胎及胎衣排出。Ftaldathdutoariousrasonsandnoobiousclinicalsymptoms.Mothrtodathofthftusasaforignbody,causingutrincontractionsanddischarg.Stillbirthsandaftrbirthwithinafwdaystodischarg.幻灯片152.处理一般预后良好。处理同早产。Tratmntandrcory:thgnralrcoryiswll.Dalingwiththprmaturbirth.如果发现流产症状，而不能及时排出者，助产方法同四）。Ifyoufindabortionsymptoms,andcannotbdischargdintim，usthmidwifrymthodlik(IV).幻灯片16四）胎儿干尸化木乃尹）―僵尸mummification1．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon胎儿干尸分两种：干尸、半干尸。常发生于牛、猪。Mummifidftusintwoways:mummy,halfmummifid.Oftnoccursincattlandpigs.猪：干尸约占胎儿总数的10％左右，因争夺与子宫膜的接触面，营养不平衡而死亡。干尸呈青黑色，尤如鱼干。Pigs：Mummifidftusabout10%ofthtotal,dutocomptitionforthcontactwiththutrinmmbransurfac,thnutritionalimbalancladstodath.Mummywasgrnblack,justlikdridfish.幻灯片17Ftus:MummifidFtus胎儿木乃伊胎幻灯片182.预后prognosis只要能顺利排出胎儿的，预后良好；只要全身健康良好，仍能继续生殖。Aslongasthsmoothdischargofthftus,thprognosisiswll;aslongasthbodyingoodhalthandabltocontinurproduction.幻灯片193.处理Tratmnt大剂量雌二醇：200500mg＋催产素150uHighdosstradiol:200500mg+oxytocin150u②ＰＧ：48mg宫腔注入，三天内排出；PG前列腺素）:48mgutrinimplantation,dischargdwithinthrdays③冲洗子宫；flushingutrin④仔猪死胎，往往夹在活胎中间，无法诊断，亦无需处理。Pigltstillbirth,caughtinthmiddloflibirths,notdiagnosis,withouttratmnt.幻灯片20五）胎儿气肿性流产Emphysmaabortion1．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon胎儿死亡后，侵入产气菌，腐败并产生气体，积于胎儿皮下、胸腹腔、阴囊腔等处。在炎热天气，６－１２小时即可产生气肿。Aftrftaldath，arogninadit，thnthbodyofcorruptionandproducgasaccumulationinthsubcutanous,pluropritonalcaity、caumscroti,tc.Inhotwathr,canproducmphysmain612hours.幻灯片212.症状及诊断SymptomsandDiagnosis胎儿及子宫极度膨大，子宫体积超过实际怀孕月龄；Extrmnlargmntofthftusandthutrus,utrinolumlargthanthactualdayofprgnancy;②子宫无收缩能力；Noutrincontractility③阴门中流出污红色、恶臭液体；Thstnchofliquidwithrddirtflowingoutofthcunnus.④卧地呻吟、磨牙、食欲废绝；Onthgroundmoaning、grindthtth、anorxia.⑤后期体温可能很快升高。Bodytmpraturmayrisrapidlyinthlatstag.幻灯片223.预后prognosis常因浸溶分解、败血症而死亡。即使治疗及时，也往往产生子宫内膜炎。Damswilldibcausofdcompositionofthftusandspsis.Enifthtratmntintim,andoftnhandomtritis.4.处理Tratmnt截胎：困难手臂插不进、或压力太大，阻碍操作；Embryoctony：DifficultArmcannotgtinto,dutomuchprssur,obstructionsurgry;②剖腹产：往往成功率低。手术时应防止子宫“爆炸”。Casaranbirth：lowsuccssrat，whnhaanoprationshouldbtoprntthutrus“xplosion”.幻灯片23六）胎儿浸溶分解macration1．临床现象Clinicalphnomnon怀孕中断后，死亡胎儿的软组织被分解，变为液体流出，骨骼部分仍留在子宫内，称为胎儿浸溶渍）分解。Aftrthintrruptionofprgnancy,softtissuofthdathftalisbrokndownintoaliquidoutflow,bonpartsrmaindinthwomb,namdmacration.幻灯片242.病因EtiologicalFactor胎儿死亡后，黄体萎缩，子宫颈就部分开放，微生物主要为腐败菌）从阴道侵入子宫及胎儿，胎儿的软组织分解液化而排出，骨骼则因子宫颈开放不够而排不出来。Aftrftaldath，atrophyofcorpuslutum，partofthcrixopning，Microbialprimarilyisspoilagbactria）inadthutrusandthftusfromthagina.幻灯片253.症状Symptom母畜经常努责，努责时流出由胎儿软组织分解，变为红褐色或棕褐色的粘稠液体，难闻、极恶臭，并可带有小的骨片，最后排出脓液，粘在尾巴或后腿上，干后成为黑痂。严重时，并发子宫炎症，可使母畜表现败血证及腹膜炎的全身症状。Thdamsaroftnbndingpostur，thnflowoutrdbrownorbrownliquidcontainsomsmallchipswithbadsmll，atlastpurulntfluidductiongludtothtailorhindlgsaftrdryingbcomblackscabs.Insrcass，Concurrntutrininflammation,spsisandpritonitiscandamthprformancofsystmicsymptoms.幻灯片264.诊断diagnosis阴道检查：发现子宫颈开放，子宫颈内或阴道内可摸到胎骨。Vaginalxamination：findthcrixwasopning,palpablTaiguincrixoragina.直肠检查：子宫壁厚，可摸到胎儿的参差不平的骨片，触摸时还能感到骨片相互磨擦。卵巢黄体发生萎缩。Rctalxamination:ThUtrinwallwasthicknss,youcanflthfrictionbtwnthftalbonchipmixdunninrctum.Atrophyofcorpuslutum.幻灯片27牛子宫内的胎儿浸溶幻灯片28UtrusMacratdftus1牛子宫内的胎儿浸溶幻灯片29胎儿浸溶6个月Ftalmacration6months幻灯片305.预后prognosis可以引起腹膜炎、败血症，或脓毒血症而死亡。亦可以引起慢性子宫炎、子宫粘连、子宫穿孔。Canladtopritonitis,spticmia,orpymiatodath，alsocausdchronicmtritis,mtrosynizsis,utrinprforation.幻灯片316.处理tratmnt扩张子宫颈，拉出胎儿残体，摸出骨头；xpansionofthcrix,pulloutthdbrisandbonsofftal②作难产处理，包括剖腹产；fordystociatratmnt,includingcasaransction③冲洗子宫；flushingutrin④全身抗菌疗法。systmicantimicrobialthrapy幻灯片32四、引起流产的其它现象Othrabortion1、胎水过多xcssiofftalfluids可分为羊水过多、或尿水过多、或羊水尿水同时过多。通常以尿水过多常见。常见于牛，一般发生于５－７月龄，亦见于羊和狗。Wcandiidxcssiofftalfluidsintopolyhydramnios、xcssiurinorbothtoomuchandxcssiurinwascommon.Incattl,gnrallyoccursat57monthsofag,alsofoundinshpanddogs.幻灯片33治疗原则：principloftratmnt限制饮水及多汁饲料；Rstrictionofwatrandsucculntfd②增加运动；Incrasxrcis③利尿利水：diursisandxcrtwatr严重危及母畜生命的，施行人工引产，扩张子宫颈，穿破胎膜。Whnthratnthlifofdams,thndforxpansionofthcrix,prforatthftalmmbran.幻灯片34幻灯片35cowwithhydrallantois牛的胎水过多幻灯片36Hydrallantois–adancd严重的胎水过多幻灯片37Hydrallantoisdrainag导出积水幻灯片382、胎膜水肿Ftalmmbrandma胎膜壁呈肉冻状，质地面团，灰白色或淡红色，严重时厚度超过10cm。Thftalmmbranwalllikaspicanddough，thcolorisgrayorruddy，Incassofsrththicknssofftalmmbranwallmorthan10cm。3、胎膜炎和胎盘炎MmbranitisandPlacntitis可分局部和弥散性两种，常见为局部性。Candiidintothlocalityanddiffusibity，oftnsnthlocality.幻灯片394、附属胎盘Subsidiaryofthplacnta在子叶之外的胎膜上形成一种绒毛丛与相应的子宫内膜楱合的结构，正常：绒毛丛－子宫阜），常见于牛。如果发生在子宫颈口称为前置胎盘；OnthoutsidofthftalmmbrantoformahairbundlwiththcorrspondingstructurofndomtrialCoutogthr,Normal:illusplxusutrinFu），commoninthcattl.Inthcricalorificwascalldplacntapria.幻灯片40附属胎盘的出现，似乎表现“助一臂之力”，加强营养吸收，但因破坏了内膜的正常结构，附属胎盘又无腺窝组织，由于常出血，反而造成流产。Thmrgncofsubsidiaryplacnta,dstroydthnormalstructurofthftalmmbranintima，itdosnothacryptorganization，Dutooftnblding,rsultinabortion.幻灯片415、无绒毛或绒毛发育不全Noflufforfluffhypoplasia由于胎儿与母体之间的物质交换受到限制，造成早期流产，为习惯性流产原因之一。常见于牛。Sincthxchangofmatrialbtwnftalandmatrnalhasbnrstrictd,rsultinarlyabortion,itwasonrasonofhabitualabortion.Commonincattl.幻灯片426、囊状胎块hydatidiformmol即“葡萄胎”，常见于牛、人。Commonincattlandhuman由于绒毛变性，大量增殖，成泡状。泡的体积大小不等，大的似葡萄。相互之间细蒂相连。连之成串形似葡萄，故称“葡萄胎”。Dutoillusdgnrationanditwaslarglyprolifratintothbubblswhichdiffrinsiz,thlargonasagrap,micrpdiclconnctdtoachothrintoagraplik,socalldhydatidiformmol.幻灯片43五、引起流产的原因Thrasonsforabortion一）生殖器官疾病引起的流产ThabortioncausdbyGnitaldisass子宫内膜炎在怀孕期间复发；rcurrdthndomtritisduringprgnancy.②迁徙性子宫炎症;thmigratoryutrininflammation③卵巢及黄体的病变；Lsionsofoarianandlutal④子宫粘连：常见于不孕奶牛，胚胎发育至一定程度，子宫无法再扩大，继之流产。Mtrosynizsis：commonincows，thmbryonicwasdlopmnttoacrtaindgr,thutruscannotxpand,subsquntladintomiscarriag.幻灯片44⑤阴道脱出及阴道炎：炎症破坏子宫颈粘液塞，侵入子宫引起胎膜炎；Vaginalprolapsandcolpitis：Thinflammatoryhasdstroydcricalmucuspluginadthutruscausdutrinndomtritis;⑥先天性生殖器官畸形：单侧子宫闭锁及其发育不全，或单子宫角、三子宫角。Congnitaldformityofgnitalorgan：onsidutrinatrsiaandhypoplasia，orunicornuatutrus、thrutrinhorn.幻灯片45二）其它疾病引起的流产Thabortioncausdbyothrdisass急性瘤胃臌气：反射性引起子宫收缩，血液中二氧化碳增加；Acutswollnrumngas：Causdutrincontractionsandincrasdcarbondioxidinthblood②中毒：农药、饲料毒素，代谢毒素；Poisoning：agriculturalchmical、fdtoxinsandmtabolicpoisons幻灯片46③高体温，呼吸困难，高度贫血的一类疾病；Aclassofdisassincludhighbodytmpratur、difficultybrathing,andhighdgrofanmia.④顽固性瘤胃弛缓，及真胃阻塞，时间长可引起流产；Rfractoryrumnatonyandabomasumimpactioncancausdmiscarriaginlongtim.⑤甲状腺机能减弱狗thrducdofthyroidfunction，commonindogs幻灯片47三）兽医诊疗错误引起的流产Thabortioncausdbytrinarian１．大量放血、采血xcssilossofblood２．对孕畜催情Aphrodisiacforprgnantanimals３．粗暴的直肠检查、阴道检查；Brutalrctalxaminationandaginalxamination４．孕后交配授精）matingaftrprgnantArtificialfrtilization）５．倒牛手术Thoprationmakthcowhandstand幻灯片48四）药物性流产thabortioncausdbymdical1.全身麻醉药；gnralansthtic2.子宫收缩药：氨甲酰胆碱、毛果芸香碱、麦角制剂、槟榔碱、新斯的明、利尿剂。utrintonic：carbacholin、carpilin、Ergotprparation、Arcolin,nostigmin,diurtics3.怀孕忌服的中草药：乌头、附子、桃仁、红花、冰片等Hrbal：Aconit、pachkrnl、Safflowr、bornol4.注射某些疫苗。Injctionofcrtainaccins幻灯片49五）饲养性流产thabortioncausdbybrding1．草料严重不足：长期处于饥饿状态，胎儿得不到所需营养，同时，母畜抵抗力降低。Asriousshortagoffoddr：thdamswrchronicallyhungry,ftalnutrintrquirmntsarnotmt,thsamtim,damsrducdrsistanc.幻灯片50２．长期、严重缺乏维生素、矿物质：Longtrm、sriouslackofitaminsandminralsVA：缺乏时子宫粘膜上皮细胞发生退行性变化角质化），失去分泌作用，胎盘机能发生障碍，从而引起流产。VA：ThlackofVArsultinkratinizationofutrinpithlialclls,lossofscrtion,Placntaldysfunctionoccurrd,causdabortion.幻灯片51V：生育酚）导致早期胚胎死亡，或幼畜生活力降低。Ca、P：干尸化增多，死胎增多，尤其在猪；I：缺乏对山羊尤为敏感，牛引起早产，猪胎儿无毛。V：Tocophrol）Ladtoarlymbryonicdath,orthiabilityofyounganimalswrrducd.Ca、P：mummificationandftaldathwasincrasdspciallyinpigs.幻灯片52３．饲料品质不良：发霉、腐败、冰冻、有毒Fdqualityispoor:moldy,corruption,frzing,toxic饲料酸度过高：pＨ下降，如青贮饲料过多，引起子宫平滑肌收缩；Fdacidityistoohigh:pHdclin,suchassilagtoomuch,causingutrinsmoothmusclcontraction;②霜冻草、冰冻草：冷刺激子宫收缩，引起流产；Frostgrass,frozngrass:coldstimulatsutrincontractions,causingamiscarriag幻灯片53③霉变饲料：含棒曲霉毒素、黄曲霉毒素等；④有害饲料：含亚硝酸盐、农药、发芽马铃薯等；⑤含有植物性雌激素饲料：如松针粉等。Mildwdfood：containingclaacintoxin、aflatoxintc.Hazardousfd：containingnitrit、psticids、sproutingpotatos.Thphytostrogninfd：suchaspinndlmaltc.幻灯片54六）管理性流产Thabortioncausdbymisgorn打斗、滑倒、惊吓、闷热、寒冷、运输等Fight,slip,shock,hot,cold,andtransportationtc.幻灯片55六、对待流产的一般措施Gnralmasursfortratmntofabortion１．出现流产症状，首先采取保胎措施。Whnthmiscarriagsymptomsapparanc,firstofalltaknmasurstoprntmiscarriag２．打胎对已发生流产或不能保住胎儿的，首先要弄清流产原因，是侵袭性的、还是创伤性的及饲养管理性的原因。同时对死胎要及时打胎。Onabortionhasoccurrdorcannotkpthftus,wmustfirstundrstandthrasonsforabortion,isinasi,ortraumatognic,andfdingmanagmntofthrason.Atthsamtimtodstroyftalstillbirthintim.幻灯片56３．检查胎儿、胎膜的发育及病变，属于自发性还是症状性。Chckthdlopmntofthftusandftalmmbranstodcidthpathologicalchangsarspontanousorsymptomatic.４．流产后或胎儿取出后，应在规定时间内冲洗子宫，后投入抗生素。Aftrabortionorrmoingthftusshouldflushthutruswithinthspcifidtim,thnIntoantibiotics.５．注意母畜体况，防止产后子宫内膜炎和败血症的发生。Notdambodycondition,prntpostpartumndomtritis,andspsis.幻灯片57第二节假孕Psudocysis常见于狗、猫，在发情而未配种狗）或配种而未受孕之后全身状况和行为出现妊娠所特有的变化的一种综合症。Psudocysisusuallyhappnindogsandcat,itisasyndromthatthbodystatusandbhaiorofthdogwhoiswithoutmatingormatingwithoutprgnantshowthspcialchangswhichthprgnancyanimalha幻灯片58一、病因tiologicalfactor狗排卵后、猫经交配刺激或阴道机械刺激后排卵后，不管受孕与否，排卵后的卵泡都能形成存在时间较长的黄体，并持续分泌孕酮.Aftrthdogorthcatstimulatdbymatingorthaginamchanicalstimulationoulation,whthritisprgnantornot,thfolliclsaftroulationcanformcorpuslutumwhichcanxistlongr,andcontinustoscrtprogstron.幻灯片59由于孕酮含量与怀孕黄体相同，而且持续发挥作用，因而引起一些母狗、猫类似怀孕的明显症状。Thcontntofcorpuslutumisthsamasprgnancyprogstron,anditisrmainacti,whichcausingthcatandfmaldogsorcatsshowobioussymptomswhichwassimilartothsymptomsofprgnancy.幻灯片60狗：黄体持续时间：60－100天；猫：黄体持续时间：20天左右开始退化，40－44天才完全消失机能，假孕才结束。Dog:thdurationofcorpuslutum:60100daysCat:thdurationofcorpuslutum:startorgrsssaftr20daysorso,actiitydisappardabsolutlyaftr40to44days,psudocysisnding.幻灯片61二、症状symptom与正常怀孕相似thsamasNormalprgnancy１．乳腺发育胀大，产并能泌乳，并允许其它母猫、母犬的仔猫、仔犬吮乳；galactophorstarttodlopandswllandcanlactat,andallowkittnandpuppyofothrfmalcat,dogstothlasis２．行为发生变化，如搭窝等；thbhaiorchangs,suchasbuildKnnl.３．母性增强；matrnitynhanc.幻灯片62４．腹部扩张增大，触诊腹壁可感觉子宫增长，其直径变粗；Abdominalpartxpandingandincrasing,wcanflthutrusincrasinganditsdiamtrgrowthickrthroughabdominalpalpation.５．母犬多数出现呕吐、泻泄、多尿、喜欢饮水，或厌食、贪食等。Mostoffmaldogsdispalydsymptomsasfollow:omiting,diarrha,polyuria,bingdrinking,oranorxia,bulimia,tc.幻灯片63三、诊断diagnosis１．怀孕后期Ｘ射线透视、或超声波诊断Xrayfluoroscopy,orultrasounddiagnosisinlatrstagofprgnancy.２．狗可作尿液检查：晨尿３毫升加碘酊１０滴，加热煮沸，立即呈桔红色者为阳性；也可用犬速效检孕液。Uronoscopycanbusdindog:10dropsofiodintincturaddto3mLurinasanguinis,hatdtoboiling,andimmdiatlyshowdorangrddiagnosdaspositi;Rapidtstkitofprgnancyalsocanbusd.幻灯片64四、治疗tratmnt一般不予治疗，待下一个发情季节可恢复正常。但为了抓紧配种季节，提高繁殖率，可用激素治疗：Gnrallynotratmntforthisdisas,itwillrturntonormalinthnxtstrussason.Butinordrtosizthbrdingsason,incrasdrproductionrat,hormonthrapycanbusd:PMSG:犬：300500u，猫：100200uFSH:150180u，猫减半halfforthcatLH:3550u幻灯片65第三节怀孕浮肿Edmaofprgnancy俗称胎气，多见于奶牛，及狗。发生于怀孕后半期，牛尤其在分娩前１０天特别显著。CommonlyknownasTaiQi,morcommonincowsanddogs.Occurrdinthlattrhalfofprgnancy,spcially10daysbfordliryisparticularlysignificantincattl.幻灯片66浮肿面积小，症状轻则是怀孕末期的一种正常生理现象；Smallaraofdmaandmildsymptomthatisanormalphysiologicalphnomnoninlatprgnancy,浮肿面积大，症状严重的，才认为是病理状态。Largaraofdmaandsymptomsarsrious,thatisthpathologicalstat.幻灯片67一、病因tiologicalfactor多为饲养管理不当，缺乏运动所造成。Causdbyfdingimproprmanagmntandlackofxrcis１．怀孕后期，巨大的子宫压迫后腔血管，引起部分静脉血液滞缓，使致静脉淤血及毛细静脉管壁的渗透性过高，渗出增加，使组织间隙中水分积留，引起水肿。Latrprgnancy,thlargutrusopprssdbackcaityhmal,causdpartofthnousbloodstagnation,rsultinnouscongstionandnouscapillarywallprmabilitywastoohighandxudationincrass,thwatraccumulatsinthtissuspacs,causddma.幻灯片68２．怀孕后期母畜全身血液总量增加，相对地血浆蛋白浓度降低，如孕畜摂入蛋白质不足，则血浆蛋白进一步减少，阻止组织中水份进入血液，破坏血液组织中水份的生理动态平衡，导致组织间隙水份积留。Thsystmicbloodolumofdamsisincrasdinlatprgnancy，rlatitoplasmaprotinconcntrationdcrasd，Ifthyingstdthprotindficincy,thplasmaprotintofurthrrducandprntthtissuwatrintothblood,damagdthphysiologicalhomostasisinbloodandtissu,rsultdinwatraccumulatsinthtissuspac.幻灯片69３．怀孕期间内分泌功能一系列变化。抗利尿素、雌激素、醛固酮等增多）使肾小管对钠的重吸收增加。组织中Ｎa＋的含量增加引起水分的积留。Srisofchangsinndocrinfunctionduringprgnancyantidiurtichormon、strogn、aldostrontcwrincrasd）４．怀孕后，使心脏、肾脏负担加重，在正常情况下，有一定代偿能力，但如运动不足或心、肾有疾病时，则更易发生浮肿。Aftrgtprgnant,thburdnofhartandthkidnywasincrasd,innormalcircumstancs,thyhaacrtaincompnsatoryabilitybutiflackofxrcisorhartandkidnywithdisas,thmorsuscptibltodma.幻灯片70二、症状symptom１．时间：发生于临产前一段时间。tim：Occurrdsomtimpriortodliry２．水肿部位在腹壁皮下、乳腺、会阴、胸前、大腿。Edmapartsinthsubcutanousara,brast,prinum,chst,thighs.３．左右对称，感觉其质地如面团，留有指压痕，皮肤稍紧，无全身症状。Edmawassymmtrical,anditstxturasdough,thrisindntationaftrfingrprssur,thskinslightlynosystmicsymptoms.幻灯片71三、治疗tratmnt１．限制饮水，牛亦减少多汁饲料；Watrrstriction，Succulntfdshouldbrducdincattl.２．增加运动；Incrasxrcis３．给予富含蛋白质的饲料；ginprotinrichfd４．肌注：苯甲酸钠咖啡因ＣＮＢ）每日一次，20%,20mL，连用34天Intramuscularinjction：(CNB)oncdaily,20%,20mL,34daysofcontinuousus.幻灯片72５．强心、利尿：cardiotonic、diursis50%,葡萄糖500mLx150%glucos500mLx110%,葡萄糖500mLx210%glucos500mLx15%,氯化钙250mLx15%Calciumchlorid250mLx1一次静注，连续３－５次。intranousinjctioninonc，continuous35tims.6．狗：可用50%葡萄糖250mL,i；dogs：50%glucos250mL，静脉注射.7．牛：饮服茶水0.5斤，冲汁灌服cattls：drnch0.5kgofta.幻灯片73第四节孕畜截瘫Paraplgiaofprgnancy孕畜在怀孕末期，因后肢不能站立，而瘫痪的一种疾病。常见于奶牛和猪。Inlatprgnancy,bcausofthhindlgsofYunXucouldnotstandinducadisasofparalysis.Commonincowsandpigs.幻灯片74一、病因１．饲养不当，明显缺乏某种矿物质和维生素。主要是钙、磷和维生素Ｄ的缺乏，或钙：磷比例失调。ImproprFding,thapparntlackofcrtainminralsanditamins.MainlylackofCa、PanditaminDorCa：Pimbalanc２．缺乏某种微量元素。通过分析一些孕畜截瘫病例，认为与缺乏铜、钴、铁等元素有关。Lackofcrtaintraclmnts.Suchas：Coppr、cobalt、irontc.幻灯片75３．怀孕末期，许多疾病的一种症状。如胎水过多、营养不良、严重的子宫捻转、风湿病、酮血病等。Inlatprgnancy,asymptomofmanydisass.suchashydramnios、malnutrition、srutrinTwist、rhumatism、lukmiaandothrktons.幻灯片76二、发病机理pathognsis在正常情况下，骨中的钙、磷和体液及身体其它组织中的钙磷是维持动态平衡的。Innormalcircumstancs,thCa、Pinbons、bodyfluidsandothrtissusofthbodyarmaintaindynamicbalanc.幻灯片77钙、磷摄入不足或比例失调Ca、Pisinsufficintintakorimbalanc胎儿生长发育对母体的掠取FtalplundrthmatrixforthirgrowthanddlopmntoSSSrumcalciumconcntrationdcrasd甲状旁腺分泌增加parathyroidhormonscrtionwasincrasd胎儿发育重量增加FtalwightgainSSSSrumcalciumconcntrationincrasd骨钙盐溶解Dissolutionofboncalcium骨质受损Bondamag后肢负重困难HindlimbwightbaringdifficultisSSS三、症状１．发生在怀孕后期，约在分娩前一个月之内；Occursinlatprgnancy,aboutonmonthbforgiingbirth２．开始时表现运动障碍，后肢无力，两后肢交替负重，卧地后起立困难，最后，后肢不能站立，卧地不起。Inthbginning，thprformancofmomntdisordrs,hindlimbwaknss,bothhindlgsaltrnatingload,difficulttostandaftrlyingtothnd,hindlgscannotstanddownr.幻灯片79３．后躯局部及后肢无力无病理变化，无疼痛现象，但痛感反应正常。Localhindquartrsandhindlimbwaknsswithoutpathologicalchangsnopain,butithasnormalpainrspons.４．无明显全身症状，食欲正常。Noobioussymptoms,aitnormal幻灯片80猪：最先一前肢跛行，以后波及到四肢，久之有明显疼痛，驱之不敢行走，疼痛嘶叫，甚至两前肢跪地爬行。Pigs：Atfirst，onforlimblamnss,latrspradtothothrlimbs,alongtimwithsignificantpainwhnyoudri，itcannotwalkwithpainandscraming,ntwofrontlgsknscrawling.幻灯片81四、预后Tratmntandrcory１．与发病时间有关：发病时间距分娩越近，病情较轻的，预后越好；Rlatdtodisastim：Fromthmorrcntonstoflabor,lsssrdisass,thprognosisisbttr幻灯片82２．与治疗方法有关：治疗早疗效好，治愈率高。一般当日发病，当日治疗，23天就好，发病一周才治，疗程就长，预后差。Rlatdtotratmntmthod：Earlytratmntisffctiandithashighcurrat.Gnrally，aftronstofillnsstratingitinthsamday，just23dayswillbcurd；onwklatr，thcoursoftratmntislongandthprognosisispoor.３．本病往往由于没有及时治疗，拖延病程，产生褥疮而继发败血症而淘汰。Thdisasisoftnthabsncoftimlytratmnt,dlaydcoursofdisas,rsultinginbdsorsandscondarytospsis，atlasthatobliminatd.幻灯片83五、治疗及预防Tratmntandprntion1．怀孕后期，给予富有钙、磷的饲料，及青绿饲料，并加强运动；Latrinprgnancy,githprgnantfmalthfdwhichhasrichCaandPandmorgrnfd,strngthnthmomnt.2．饲喂钙片：乳酸钙片、葡萄粮酸钙片、多维钙片：Fdingcalciumtablt：Calciumlactattablts,calciumtabltsgrapgrain,multidimnsionalcalcium.牛：0.5×50100猪：0.5×2050幻灯片843.注射钙剂：Injctionofcalcium牛：葡萄糖酸钙10%,500mLx1,或氯化钙5%,20mLx2CalciumGluconatorCalciumchlorid磷酸二氢钠5%,200mLx1sodiumdihydrognphosphat葡萄糖盐水5%,500mLx1glucossalin碳酸氢钠5%,250mLx1sodiumbicarbonat氯化钾10%,10mLx10potassiumchloridi.每日一到二次。Oncortwicaday幻灯片85４．结合补维生素ＤCombindwithitaminDsupplmnt维生素Ｄ21015mLim.一日一次，连用３－５次；维生素Ｄ31015mLim.一日一次，连用３－５次；维丁胶性钙：2030mLim.一日一次，连用３－５次；５．为改善神经传导：维生素B1210x100mgim.Bid.连用57天。Impronrconduction６．勤换垫草，定期翻身，排除粪便，防止褥疮发生。Frquntlychangsthbddingandturnorrgularly，rmowast,toprntbdsorsoccur.幻灯片86思考题1.引起动物流产的病因有哪些?临床上常见的流产有哪些?2.胎儿干尸化与胎儿浸溶分解在病因、症状和发病机理上有何异同？3.简述孕畜截瘫的病因、症状和防治方法。SHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMATHAPE\MERGEFORMAT