鞍山师范学院高职院学前教育专业

鞍山师范学院高职院学前教育专业 《教师口语理论与实践》 教 案 讲授者:左彩云 integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 第一部分 普 通 话 培 训 一、普通话水平测试 1、普通话水平测试，简称PSC，是我国为加快共同语普及进程、提高全社会普通话水平而设置的一种语言测试，它属于语言测试的范畴，又不同于一般意义的语言测试:托福、雅思、GRE，以书面形式居多，重点考查词汇、语法知识等内容。 普通话水平测试是应试人的汉语标准语测试。 普通话水平测试不是普通话(语言)系统知识的考试，不是文化水平的考核，也不是口才的评估(汉语拼音和书面语言能力不在测试范围)，是应试人运用普通话所达到的标准程度的检测和评定，应试人在运用普通话口语进行表达过程中所表现的语音、词汇、语法规范程度，是评定其所达到的水平等级的重要依据。是我国现阶段普及普通话工作的一项重大举措。在一定范围内对某些岗位的人员进行普通话水平测试，并逐步实行普通话等级证书上岗制度，标志着我国普及普通话工作走上了制度化、规范化、科学化的新阶段。是一种口语测试、能力资格测试，是普通话规范程度的测试。 2、机构:是由政府专门机构主持的一项测试。国家语委普通话培训测试中心及地方(省、自治区、直辖市)普通话培训测试中心具体负责实施。非普通话培训测试中心组织的测试结果，一律不作为普通话水平的凭证。 3、等级证书:普通话水平测试是资格证书测试。有关行业对本行业从业人员提出了相应的普通话水平等级要求，《普通话水平等级证书》是从业人员普通话水平的凭证，在全国范围内通用。文件，有效期五年。但很多省市没有实施，条件不允许。最早从九四始测，九八止证书无照片、钢印、十位编号，辽宁省99年起开展换证工作五年内可换证，因故错过，重新考试。需要注意的是:上前没实施，不等于以后不实施。 4、测试形式:是一种口语测试，全部测试内容均以口头方式进行。普通话水平测试不是口才的评定，而是对应试人员掌握和运用普通话所达到的规范程度的测查和评定。 5、测试对象及行业标准: 1997年6月《国家语言工作委员会关于普通话水平测试管理工作的若干规定》中第21条规定: 1946年1月1日以后出生的下列人员应接受普通话水平测试:(理解为必须，否则会失去相应的工作)并达到规定的等级: , 师范系统的教师和毕业生，普通话水平不得低于二级，其中普通话语音教师和口语课教师必 须达到一级;[中文专业二甲，艺术声乐一乙] , 普教系统的教师及职业中学与口语表达密切相关专业的毕业生，普通话水平不得低于二级; [幼儿园教师二甲，语文二甲][江苏要求无论何种专业毕业生，都是二甲] , 非师范类高等院校的教师及与口语表达密切相关专业的毕业生，普通话水平不得低于二级; , 广播电视教学的教师，普通话水平不得低于二级; , 报考教师资格的人员，普通话水平不得低于二级; , 国家级和省级广播电台、电视台的播音员和节目主持人，普通话水平必须达到一级甲等，其 余广播电台、电视台的播音员和节目主持人的达标要求由广播电影电视部另行规定; , 电影、话剧、广播剧、电视剧等表演、配音人员，播音、主持人专业和电影、话剧表演专业 的教师和毕业生，普通话水平必须达到一级; , 其他应当接受普通话水平测试的人员(如公务员、律师、医护人员、导游员、讲解员、公共 服务行业的营业员等)，其达标等级可根据不同地区、不同行业特点由省级语委确定。 6、测试流程: 学院语委办发测试通知，根据通知要求以班级为单位，在规定时间内报名:学生交30元，其中25元为测试费，5元为证书工本费和一张一寸照片，在照片后写明系班、姓名、性别、出生年月日(一定要校对清楚); 在规定时间参加测试，携带证件，没有携带证件不能参加测试;没在规定时间参加，视作自动放弃， -cture of typical zonal group, 2012stru8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistr ry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changningre the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, a2en expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,lopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have bedeve of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city ic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functionsality publthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-e of typical zonal group, 2012ructur1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial std of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second lan-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin, Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high trict,lip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning dishe three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry sare t e been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city,development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havcity ions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting forpublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functality the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city 报名费不予退返;如有特殊原因不能参加规定时间测试，应提前五天与语委办联系，调换测试时间。 在考试当天，按照指定时间到侯考室，工作人员宣读考场规则，规定考试次序，分配考场，安排备考，迟到者后果自负(如规定你的考试顺序是一号，你没有来，二号考上了，不额外补，相当于你自己错过考试时间了。我们语委办和测试站工作程序非常紧凑，一步扣一步，而且在考场规则中也明确声明，出现不良后果自己负责。2004年6月高考，规定9点考试，8:45到考场坐好，一钢高学生因故8:47到，根据有关高考规定，他没有参加上第一科考试;) 侯考—备考—考场:报考试序号、自己姓名、测试题签号，然后开始答题。从你进入考场，测试员示意你报序号，就开始全程录音，一是保证测试的真实、公平与公正，二是这些考试资料留待省语委检查评估。同时也说明我们学院语委办和测试站的工作非常科学、规范的。 考试完毕后，退离考场与考区，测试一个月后可问询测试成绩、合格者领取普通话水平等级证书。 未进入规定等级或要求晋升等级的人员，需在前次测试5个月之后方能提出受试申请 二、普通话 普通话是现代汉民族共同语的通俗叫法，是现代汉民族共同用来交际的语言。在台湾称为国语，在新加坡、马来西亚称为华语，而在中国大陆则称为普通话。 普通话是“以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范”的现代汉民族共同语言。这是1955年的全国文字改革会议和现代汉语规范问题学术会议上确定的。此定义实质上从语音、词汇和语法三方面提出了普通话的标准。如何理解呢, “以北方语音为标准音”，指的是以北京话的语音系统为标准，并不是把北京话的一切读法全部照搬。北京话有许多土音，如蝴蝶说成胡贴，告诉说成告宋，令其他方言区的人难以接受。因此1956年始，国 。 家多次对字音进行审订。公布了《普通话异读词审音表》等进行正音正调 就词汇标准来说，普通话以北方话为基础方言，是说普通话是在北方方言基础上逐渐形成和发展起来的，北方话的词汇是普通话词汇的基础和主要来源。北方方言是汉语中通行地域最广、使用人口最多的方言。北方话区域包括长江以北、以南沿江，及云贵川鄂湘等部分地区，占汉语地区的四分之三，而且北方话内部一致性较强(主要标志是词汇)，从哈尔滨到昆明，直线距离3000多公里，相互通话没什么困难。指的是以广大北方话地区普遍通行的说法为准，但北方词语中也有许多北方各地的土语，如北京人傍晚说成晚半响，斥责说成呲儿，把吝啬说成抠门儿，北方不少地区将玉米说成棒子，肥皂说成胰子，馒头说成馍馍，漆黑说成墨河，昨天下午就成是夜个后晌，所以也不能把所有北方话的词汇都作为普通话的词汇，近年来，国家语委正在组织人力编写《现代汉语规范词典》，对词汇作出进一步规范。 语法的问题主要体现在说话上，但北方话口语语法不够完善，规范，所以即用经过提炼加工的有规范性的书面语，而不是未能提炼加工的原始形态的口头语。普通话的语法标准是以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范，白话文即排除文言文，著作就是普通话的书面形式，建立在口语基础上，又不等于一般的口语，而是经过加工、提炼的语言形式。 总之，普通话既不是普普通通的话，也不等同于北京话，或北方话，而是现代汉语的标准语，是全国通用的共同语。 我们今天所进行的培训着重指的针对普通话水平测试进行的指导与训练。 三、普通话水平等级 分三级六等: 一级: 甲等97—100分;一级乙等92—96.9分;一级是代表普通话标准的级别，即标准级，相对二级、三级来说，也可称为“高级”。 具体特征: 1语音标准，即普通话语音系统标准，但个别字音允许出现失误;2词汇语法正确无误，不应该在词汇语法上有任何失误;3语调自然，表达流畅，不出现方言语调，普通话水平达到自然流畅的程度;4失分率在8%以内，得分不低于92分。 -tructure of typical zonal group, 2012tial sonly 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spaond land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the sec-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-strict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highing diustry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changn, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor indintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city3been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, evelopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havecity dons of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for ublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functiality pthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-ture of typical zonal group, 2012struc8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba onlyValley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second -and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North 4 Yibin,-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ct, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistriy slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning e the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industrty, arhave been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities for cinctions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting ty public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, fualithe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city 一级甲等不能有明显失误，指的是失误不能集中在一类上，如声母的平翘舌不分;或调值不到位，或后鼻音混淆，只要同一类的失误达到了五个，不管总分多么高，也不能进入一甲，同类别失误只能有一、二个。 二级: 甲等87—91.9分;二级乙等80—86.9分;相对标准或接近标准的级别，它介于一级和三级之间，也称为中级。 具体特征: 1语音基本标准，即声母、韵母、声调遗留一类或两类中的部分语音错误或同时出现两类、三类中的部分语音缺陷;2词汇语法出现少时的失误;3带有方言语调，但不太明显;4失分率在8.1~20%以内，即最低分不少于80，最高分不超过92分。 三级: 甲等:70—79.9分;三级乙等60—69.分;是学习和使用普通话的初级阶段，通常我们认为说话人是在说普通话，可以称为“初级”。 具体特征: 语音、词汇、语法同时存在明显的或较多的失误，带有明显的方言语调，失分率在20.1~40%，即得分不低于60，不高于80。 不进入等级或不入级:失分率超过40% 四、测试给分与扣分标准 完整的测试试卷包括五项内容: 读单音节字、读双音节词语、判断测试、400字短文朗读、命题说话。 而第三项--判断测试又分三个小题:一是给出10组词语，从每组词语中找出符合普通话的词语;二是给五个量词和一些名词，进行搭配;三是给出五组句子，选符合普通话的句子。考查的是应试人掌握普通话词汇、语法的程度，但由于以北方话为基础方言，此项太过容易，因此在北方普通话水平测试中就被省略了，此题的分数放到了第四题会话中。 北方测试内容有四项: 单音节字、双音节词、朗读作品和命题说话 按测试内容分别讲解评分标准: (一)第一项:读单音节字 共一百个，满分10分，错误扣0.1分/个，缺陷扣0.05分/个。 什么是错误,将A读成B。 那么错误的情况有: 1(声母:Z、C、S、R读成了ZH、CH、SH、Y，尤其在鞍山地区有此语言特色。 99年回吉林。 南方一些地方，也有F、H不分，花钱说成发钱;云贵川N、L不分。把河南说成荷兰，性别不是兰、就是吕;外交部胡部长常要出国开会。有一次，在过海关时，海关人员就问胡部长:“姓胡吗,(幸福吗)”胡部长一听赶忙答道:“很美满～” 2(韵母:大连UI与EI不分，大腿与大TEI ，对为DEI;江浙一带发不好鼻音，IN与ING 不分，民心与明星;EN与ENG 不分，深沉与生成不分。 广东:站在床头望娇妻，越看越美丽。I与U不分(妻与区，床与船) 3(儿化:在单音节字中，没有儿化。 字、条、球、角、玩、弯、扣 4(轻声:多音字读任意一个音，但不读轻声 5(调类:普通话有四种调类，但南方不只是四种，即我们所说的一、二、三、四声，也称阴、阳、上、去声。 克、血、然而、吃、没、还 -Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistr ry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changningre the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, a4en expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,lopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have bedeve of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city ic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functionsality publthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-e of typical zonal group, 2012ructur1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial std of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second lan-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin, Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high trict,lip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning dishe three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry sare t e been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city,development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havcity ions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting forpublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functality the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-cture of typical zonal group, 2012stru8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second-and 话说有一辆火车从台湾的南部开往桃园、到了南崁交流道時，司机伯伯用他乡音很重的声音说:难看的往前站，讨厌的往后站。结果所有旅客全挤到中间去。司机伯伯吓了一跳，重新再说一次:我是说在南崁下车的往前站，在桃园下车的往后站„„。 什么是缺陷,近似的说，是将A读成A撇，介于正确与错误中间，如果一般人来听，也听不出问题。 缺陷的情况有: 1(调值:声调是辨别普通话与方言的基本标志，是一个语言相貌，调值不到位，尤其是东北地区，声韵虽有问题，但最大的问题在于调值不到位。北京培训对东北口音的考生要求特别严格。如果听出你是东北人，那么说明你说的就不是普通话。 阴平:55调值，高而平的特点。如鞍、山、轻、声、鲜、师、音、单、一 阳平:35调值，由低而高的声音。如、阳、无、明、黄、情、服、从、来、临 上声:214调值，先降后升。你、引、起、点、死、雪、好、广、角 去声:51调值，自高而低。背、弃、判、断、定、性、质、问、变 2(动程:在发音过程中有个阶段、声音有个时间延续，不是戛然而止的。 如:碑、瞟、师、长、生、资、助、学 但也有个时限，防止超时。超过3分钟，扣0.5分;超过4分钟，扣0.8分。 3(声母:鲜、姐千、尖、扎、谢(影星之流) 4(韵母:岫岩地区，某些人的A音节开口度不够，凡带A的字发出的音都有缺陷。白菜、胆、放、电、眼、抱 南方:由于前后鼻音发不好，所以有些人在此方面容易出问题。如娘、鸟 5(翘舌:翘过。有些人平时自己总说平舌，要考试了开始改，还有的怕测试员听不出自己读的是翘舌，使劲翘，翘过了，也是缺陷。如师、长、水、出 在第一项目的是考查应试人普通话声母、韵母和声调的发音。 在第一项中，扣分达到一分，即使总分达到一级，也不能进入一级。 (二)第二项:读双音节词语。 共50个词，满分20分，错误扣0.2分/字，缺陷扣0.1分/字。 1(错误与缺陷的标准与单音节字是一样的，也是调类、声母、韵母等方面， 如:然而、纯粹、尽管、匹敌、符合、损耗、憎恨、窘迫、月球、害怕、批复、卑劣、曲线、 2(轻声:判断词语是否轻声，放在语境中或句子中，而且是大多数地区的语境(残疾不是，但台安地区则读轻声) 读时，前一个音节的调值到位，后一个字的音节轻轻一带就可以了 如聪明、姑娘、打量、窗户、早晨、商量、困难、 有一些词既可以读轻声也可以不读，那么你就可以读任意选择一个音来读，如东西 3(儿化:在词语中，三个字，最后一个明显带“儿”字的要读成儿化音 如:纳闷儿、杂拌儿、拈阄儿、这会儿、年头儿、差点儿、墨水儿、老头儿 只是两个字组成的词，千万不要读出儿化音。 如足球、锐角、美味、纽扣、拐弯、扑克、玩命 是轻声、儿化没有读成轻声、儿化，不是轻声、儿化读成了轻声、儿化都属于错误。 4(音变:上上相连时，前一个上声读成阳平。如堡垒、粉笔、产品、比拟 5(将词读成了单字属于错误。 第二项考查应试人声母、韵母、声调的发音外，还要考查上声变调、儿化韵、轻声的读音。 在第二项中，扣分达到二分，其他项即使满分，也不允许进入一级。 (三)第三项:朗读作品。 共计四百字，读至双斜线处即可(//)，后面读得无论如何不计分。满分30分。 1(错、漏、添，扣0.1分/字。 2(停顿、断句不当。 回读:每次扣1分，即使回读的这句话只有两三个字， 如果回读次数多了，不及格是很自然的。超 alithe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-tructure of typical zonal group, 2012tial sonly 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spaond land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the sec-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-strict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highing diustry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changn, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor indintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city5been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, evelopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havecity dons of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for ublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functiality pthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-ture of typical zonal group, 2012struc8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba onlyValley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second -and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North 4 Yibin,-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ct, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistriy slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning e the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industrty, arhave been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities for cinctions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting ty public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, fu 过三次或扣到一分，不能进入一级。 断句错误:常常会造成词语或句子的误解 新华社长/江沿线报; 瞧，那/只穿着好看袜子的小脚已经抬了起来; 她是个/性开放的人。 还有嗑嗑巴巴，不成句子，一次扣1分。 3(音变: 数字中只有1变调，其他数字不变调。如:三个月、七上八下 一与不的变调: ?单念、词句末尾、表序数时，读原调; 第一、统一、万一、偏不、去不 ?去声前读阳平调35，一样、一律、一块儿、不怕、不看、不够 ?非去声前，一读去声，不读原调，如一般、一边、一年、一手、一两;不同、不管、不吃 ?在同一动词中间或表肯否连用，读得轻。如想一想、拖一拖、谈一谈，来不来，去不去 啊的变调: “啊”是表达语气、感情的基本声音，用于句首或单念时，读音不变;用于句尾，作为助词，由于受前一个音节末尾音素的影响，读音常常发生变化。变化规律如下: 以春、夏、秋、冬为例，后面加A后，体会它的读法 ?春CHUN +A啊=NA呐 天啊，你真认真啊 =(A、O、E、I、ǔ)+A=YA呀 ?夏XIA +A啊 真大啊;西瓜瓤，真沙啊;用力举啊;什么啊;喝啊;伙计啊;谁啊;这些啊; ?秋QIU+A啊=(U、AO)+A=WA哇 糊涂啊;好啊;难受啊;好大雾啊;发烧啊;小鸟啊 ?冬DONG +A啊=NGA 发疯啊;神经啊 ?啊前为zhi shi chi ri ,发[ra]，如是啊，织啊;啊前为zi ci si ,发[za]，如次啊，四啊。 我告诉太太:“她说‘孩子，小心啊，别把手指割掉’”。 老鼠说“猪油放在家里，我嘴馋，不如藏到远一点的地方去，到冬天再取来吃。”猫说“行啊”。 奇怪啊，怎么楼前凭空涌起那么多黑黝黝的小山，一重一重的，起伏不断, 满桥豪笑满桥歌啊～ 叠词变调: ?重叠儿化:慢慢儿，好好儿，乖乖儿 ?形容词中叠字:白茫茫、软绵绵、沉甸甸、湿淋淋(金灿灿除外) 4(句中或句尾字的调值、声韵母的缺陷及轻重格式，作为方言语调的判断标准，尤其是阴平、上声调: 夕阳落山不久，西方的天空，还燃烧着橘红色的晚霞。 盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。一切都像刚睡醒的样子，欣欣然张开了眼，山朗润起来了，水涨起来了，太阳的脸红起来了。 我留着些什么痕迹呢,我何曾留着些像游丝样的痕迹呢, 语调: 语调是人们在语流中用抑扬顿挫和其他语音变化来帮助表达思想感情的语音形式，就是语调。 如语音拖长或上扬，广东人说母鸡啦、台安说完话后语音上挑，感叹词、语气助词的使用，以及在语速、停顿等方面都存在着与普通话的差异。 5(语速要适当。4分钟读完，你只读了一分左右，就有些过快了;读得过快或过慢一次性扣2分。 每分钟超过270个字，每秒多于4.5个字,可视为过快，会被认为“没有认真准备，草草应付”;每分 building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-cture of typical zonal group, 2012stru8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistr ry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changningre the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, a6en expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,lopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have bedeve of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city ic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functionsality publthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-e of typical zonal group, 2012ructur1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial std of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second lan-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin, Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high trict,lip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning dishe three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry sare t e been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city,development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havcity ions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting forpublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functality the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu- 钟少于170个字的，即每秒少于3个字可视为过慢，令人感觉是根本没有准备，语音难点多，见字读音，步履蹒跚。 适当语速应该在每分钟150~300个字，根据作品基调也有关系，作品比较舒缓，语速快或作品节奏快，而语速慢都是让人无法容忍的。 6(儿化: 在朗读时判断是否读儿化不像字或词，只要没有“儿”就可以不读儿化。在朗读中有儿字不一定是儿化，没儿字也不一定不读儿化。 ?如何判定,表示喜爱、细小的感情色彩，可加儿化; ?在一些词语后明显加“儿”的，可以儿化: 如小脚又一次踏上了人行道;开始还伴着一阵儿小雨; 区别词义与词性:头儿、白面儿、盖儿、尖儿 ?表示大的、沉重不可加儿化: “加把劲～”那个下士对抬着巨大水泥块的士兵们喊道“一、二，加把劲～” 足球、篮球、排球、地球 ?句子中有些带“儿”的词不一定都是儿化。 风里带来些新翻的泥土的气息，混着青草味儿，还有各种花的香，都在微微湿润的空气里酝酿。鸟儿将巢安在繁花绿叶当中，高兴起来了，呼朋引伴地卖弄清脆的喉咙，唱起婉转的曲子，跟轻风流水应和着。 7(轻声:在一些工具书、教科书、普通话测试大纲中注为轻声，没读的属于错误;没注为轻声，读成轻声，也是错误。在短文中是否读轻声，有一些规律: ?的、地、得、了、过、们做助词，全读成轻声: 去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着;去来的中间又怎样的匆匆呢, 爹不懂得怎样表达爱，使我们一家人融洽相处的是我妈。 记得我13岁时，和母亲住在法国东南部的耐斯城。 我很少扒开叶蔓瞧它们，它们便渐渐敢伸出小脑袋瞅瞅我。我们就这样一点点熟悉了。 ?语气词“吧、吗、呢、啊”等读轻声 我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢,是有人偷了它们罢:那是谁,又藏在何处呢,是他们自己逃走了罢:现在又到了哪里呢, 去吧，路上要小心狗。 ?名词后缀“子、儿、头”等读轻声 渐渐它胆子大了，就落在我书桌上。 绕着我的笔尖蹦来蹦去;跳动的小红爪子在纸上发出嚓嚓响。 你们看着，这只是一块普通的石头吧，这位女士请你过来一下～ ?方位名词和叠字名词末尾音节读轻声 妈妈每在新春之前，总是要为自己定下一个计划，今年在要那亩地开辟一片瓜地，让瓜结得大的，甜甜的，让儿女们假期美美地吃上好瓜。 第二天一早，老鼠走在前边，猫跟在后边，奔大庙走去。 ?趋向动词末尾音节及习惯上的用法: 对于一个刚由伦敦回来的人，像我，冬天要能看得见日光，便觉得是怪事。 一个老城，有山有水，全在开底下晒着阳光，暖和安适地睡着，只等春风来把它们唤醒，这是不是理想的境界, 天快黑时，老鼠回来了，肚子吃得鼓鼓的，嘴巴吃得油光光的。 有些词在教科书、工具书虽没注明轻声，但“重.次轻”格式在文章中可读轻声。如太阳、现代汉语中认为一般轻读 第三项考查应试人使用普通话朗读书面材料的能力，重点考查语音、语流音变、语调等。 (四)第四项:会话。 有二题目，任选其一，说满3分钟，满分40分。 tial sonly 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spaond land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the sec-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-strict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highing diustry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changn, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor indintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city7been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, evelopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havecity dons of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for ublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functiality pthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-ture of typical zonal group, 2012struc8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba onlyValley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second -and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North 4 Yibin,-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ct, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistriy slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning e the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industrty, arhave been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities for cinctions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting ty public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, fualithe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-tructure of typical zonal group, 2012 1(流畅性。自然流畅，不扣分;基本流畅，偶尔出现重复、不连贯，扣1分;不连贯、不流畅、背稿子，扣2分; 如果想进入一级的话，要自然、规范，要扣题。 如果维持在二级，只要一开始切题，然后可以自由发挥，可以联想，但内容尽量积极向上。语流保持匀速，不要忽快忽慢，特别容易令人感觉有停断。 如果选择的题目不是题签上的题目，那就进入三级了。 要做到自然，就要按照日常口语的语音、语调来说话，不要带朗读或背诵的腔调。最好不要写成书面材料，很容易就成背诵了。有人怕出错，说话一字一字地挤，听起来很生硬。 2(语法逻辑，合乎规范，不扣分;偶有失误，扣1分;屡有失误，扣2分; 一个考生说他的家庭，说家里供他上学不容易，他学什么的学费一年一千，三年下来，花了五千。 还有的教师说我家里三口人，我爱人、我妻子和孩子 有的说吃过饭后，一家人坐在桌子上，谈话或干什么 还有的说我有吃过饭， 3(语音面貌:共30分。 标准规范，不扣分; 失误10次以下，方音不明显，扣3分; 失误10—15次，方音不明显或失误10次以下，方音稍明显，扣6分; 失误10—15次，方音明显，扣9分; 超过15次，失误多，扣12分。 方音重，失误多，扣15分。 方音主要体现在调值上，语句的尾音上即方言语气，如台安味、朝阳味、大连味、葫芦岛味、山东味 还有方言词汇。如玉米，不说苞米、苞谷，西红柿不说洋柿子、火柿子，父母爸妈，不说爹娘甚至是爷娘。本来不说压根儿、地根儿，起根儿，你我不说侬阿拉。还有鞍山不分你我的咱家咱爸咱妈。 四川话“搽孩子不”=擦鞋 成的、贼、海去了、咱家、调理人、咋了，为啥不吱声 第四项考查应试人在无文字凭借情况下说普通话所达到的规范程度。 山西方言 我友天津人，一日来京，坐公交车到建国门。上车后掏出一新版百元人民币，递至售票员:“建国门”。售票员不理，稍后友人再递:“建国门”。如此三番五次，售票员均不理。友人踌躇，“是不是不要我买票”。待到建国门友人起身准备下车。售票员突然掏出一张更新的新版百元人民币往友人面前一亮:“见过没”。四周爆笑。 词汇练习: 创伤、皆-大欢喜、其余、然而、因为、画片-儿(画片、)、不禁、放置、而且、几乎、玫瑰、挣`脱、尽管、呈现、刹c那、附近、卖弄、霉菌、即将、挑拨、脂肪、允许、畏缩、倔强、仍旧、乳胶、蓦地、菲v仪、捧场、请贴、卓越、眩\晕、填写、殷红、血色、栓塞、档次、夹克、瓦工、翘’首、悄然、符合、似的、强劲、模u样、撞倒、压根儿、不宜/、暴露u、大约得三个月、妊娠、千乘、哄-堂大笑、哄v骗、一哄\而散、作-揖、拮据-、咯av血、祈/求、拘泥\、卑鄙v、果脯f、祛-除、享v福/、内疚\、友谊\、答应、包扎z、解剖、包庇b、复习、暂时、诸位、济南、剽悍、躯壳(蛋壳)、憎恨、潜伏、水晶、其实、立即、木匠、矢量、诊断 文章练习(略) 会话练习(略) -Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistr ry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changningre the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, a8en expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,lopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have bedeve of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city ic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functionsality publthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-e of typical zonal group, 2012ructur1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial std of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second lan-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin, Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high trict,lip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning dishe three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry sare t e been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city,development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havcity ions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting forpublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functality the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-cture of typical zonal group, 2012stru8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second-and 第二部分 教师口语 教学口语是教师根据教学任务，针对特定的学习对象，使用规定的教材，按照一定的方法，在有限的时间内，为达到某种预期的效果而使用的语言。它是信息的栽体,是教师完成教学任务的主要工具，教师的教学语言水平是达成教学目标的关键，苏霍姆林斯基说过:"教师的语言修养在极大程度上决定着学生在课堂上的脑力劳动的效率"。因此提高教学口语的技能,就是提高教师教学水平的关键。 特级教师斯霞:教师的语言应该成为学生的楷模，要使学生学会普通话，说话口齿清楚，咬字正确，声音响亮，语言完整，简短扼要，用词确切，教师首先要做到这些。 一、教学口语的构成要素 教学口语有以下几种要素组成: 1语音,既语言的声音载体,教学口语中语音是最关键的要素,语音要规范,应用普通话语音,避免地方不规范语音的出现,吐字要清楚,抑扬顿挫,平仄音发音一定要准确 2语调,既讲话的声音高低的升降的变化,要有抑扬顿挫的变化,语调多样化,自然适度,有时要慷慨激昂,有时要亲切感人,有是还要平静如水. 3节奏,既讲话时字音的长短与停顿的长短所构成的快慢变化,一般来讲重点内容节奏要慢有些,节奏快慢要适中,和谐. 4语速,既讲话的速度,要求速度要适中,不能太快,学生听不清楚,思维也难反应过来,特别是有关物理定义的叙述更不能太快.而语速太慢了会象催眠曲一样使人昏昏欲睡,难以提起精神,使上课效率低下. 5音量,即声音的大小,要求能保证每位学生都能听清,决不能采取高音教学,不仅授课者很累,听课的学生更是如雷贯耳. 6词汇,即所用词汇的总和,要求有一定的词汇量,用词准确,生动有趣,特别是一些物理名词,物理定义等要严格规范,决不能随意改动,信口开河. 7语法,即用词造句的规则,要求讲话符合语法,合乎逻辑,要有一定的文学水平,教学口语中不能出现低级错误的通俗语言. 二、教学口语所遵循的原则、特点 1学科性:教学语言是各门学科的教学语言,教师必须应用各门学科的专门用语即术语,如政治课叫货币，大脑叫脑袋、脑子，化学课加热说成烧，数学课分子、分母说成上边下边，地理课的东南西北说成上下左右都是不准确的。 2科学性:概念要准确,判断要周延,推理要严密,表述要合乎逻辑.语言的科学才能保证教学内容的科学性,才能完成培养学生的思维能力的任务.对于通俗物理问题的分析更需要具有严密的推理过程,循序渐进,逐步深入,注重浅显的合乎逻辑,通俗易懂的语言的运用. 3教育性:教师的语言要有利于激发学生健康向上,观点要正确,符合教育原则。要挖掘德育的内涵.一位教师领着学生走在路上，指着一幢楼房问:盖起它需要什么，砖瓦水泥，还需要什么，知识，用数学吗，当然用，盖多高、多大，用多少砖瓦等等 4针对性:从内容上讲,必须是在学生已有的知识经验范围之内能够理解的,与学生的思想感情相通;就表达而言,应当深入浅出,通俗易懂,简单明了,生动活泼. 5简明性:内容简练,严格选词,既有利于理解又有利于提高效率。一堆萝卜说成若干个以某种状态组合的萝卜。霍懋征给低年级学生讲“聪明”一词时，问学生:你们愿意做个聪明的孩子吗，愿意。那为什么有的人聪明，有的人不聪明的呢,有人生来就聪明，不对，一个人除非生理上有毛病，不然都可以变聪明的。关键是会不会用四件宝，你们想知道是哪四件宝吗,学生注意力高度集中，第一件宝:上边毛，下边毛，中间一颗黑葡萄。学生立刻说眼睛。第二件宝，东一片，西一片，隔座山头不见面。耳朵。第三件宝，红门楼，白门槛，里面有个红孩儿，嘴巴。第四件宝，白娃娃，住高楼，看不见，摸不着。没等等说完，学生抢着答脑子。这四件宝怎么用呢，她先写个耳，在其右边从上往下地写出两点、口、心(用心就是用脑)，耳眼口心，合成一个聪字，又在黑板上写了一个明字，然后说这四件宝不能只用一次，要日日用、月月用，开长日久就聪明了。 6启发式:把教学内容进行问题化处理,领导学生思考问题,沟通新旧知识的理解. ond land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the sec-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-strict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highing diustry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changn, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor indintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city9been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, evelopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havecity dons of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for ublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functiality pthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-ture of typical zonal group, 2012struc8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba onlyValley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second -and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North 4 Yibin,-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ct, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistriy slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning e the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industrty, arhave been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities for cinctions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting ty public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, fualithe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-tructure of typical zonal group, 2012tial sonly 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spa 三、教学口语的要求 1、响度:声音不宜过高，易疲劳、易损伤嗓子;不宜过低，不易听清楚，也易疲劳;不宜平直，使人溜号。要抑扬顿挫、高低起伏 2、清晰度:口语表意清晰、明白。每个字发音到位，避免发不出音、发不清音，意义表达清晰无歧意。 3、流畅度:语流顺畅、完整。音节与音节、句与句之间承接连贯，不吞吞吐吐，无口头禅。 4、语速:快了听不懂，慢了催眠，完不成进度。 四、教学口语的表达方式 1、复述:重复叙述，用自己的语言复述教材、报刊等材料上的内容或他人的语言。复述有详细复述、简要复述，创造性复述，还有转述等。如班干部将系里通知发布给同学，就是复述中的转述。 2、描述:是对实际物体或现象进行形象性、画面感的叙述。要求传神、动感。如讲述打架事件。 3、解说:说明事物、解释道理，要求确切、通俗、简练。如破釜沉舟，釜是锅，下定决心 4、评点:评论、点拨，是启发的一种形式。如评论文章的好坏，学生作文、学生模拟课堂等等。 五、教学环节与口语技能训练 1、导入 讲故事、设疑问、情境、开门见山 2、讲授 重点难点突出，明确、简要，深入浅出、生动活泼 3、提问 对错式、切入式、启发性、引伸性 六、评课的标准 目的明确、内容准确、表达清晰、方法恰当、环节紧凑、师生互动、板书简洁、思想有创新 七、提高教师口语能力的途径和方法 1、重视理论修养 教师口语与从事的专业有密切关系，语言能力、语言水平的提高，离不开这些学科的基础知识和基本理论的滋养。没有扎实的学科知识和理论，教师口语就失去了基础。 2、注意语言积累 语言表达的能力，根基于积累。一个阅读面窄、词汇贫乏的人会有很强的语言能力。苏霍姆林斯基曾描写过这样一些教师:在述说时所说的话，好像很痉地挤出来的，学生并不是在追随教师的思路，而是看着他是多么紧张地托儿所着用词来表达自己的思想，多么艰难地寻找着要用的词。特级教师朱雪丹总结经验时说:一个人要提高语言能力，必须多看书，从书面语言中吸取丰富的营养，看一些优美的散文，吸取它精练的语言、丰富的词汇，并融会到自己的口头语言中去。 3、加强实践训练 使用语言是一种技能，与打球、游泳没有本质的不同，只是生理机制更加复杂。任何技能都具备两个特点，一是正确，二是熟练。要达到，必须进行实践训练。实践训练包括正规的课堂训练，二是自我训练，三是参加比赛、竞赛。 演讲技能训练 框架分三部分:引言、正文、结论 一、引言 树立主题、说明主题对听众的重要性、概述各要点 二、正文 选择3-5个便于听众理解的话题，恰当构筑内容，润色 内容展开要围绕目的、顾及听众、范围，使用或借助媒体工具 一是以几种现象导致一种结果，提出结论。二是提出论点，找论据。 润色指语言润色。语言润色指用听众的语言来说话，选择恰当的词汇，用实在而非抽象的词汇、简明扼要;运用事例、类比、比较修辞方法，适当地幽默。 land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistr ry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changningre the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, a10en expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed,lopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have bedeve of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city ic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functionsality publthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-e of typical zonal group, 2012ructur1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial std of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second lan-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yibin, Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high trict,lip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning dishe three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry sare t e been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city,development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havcity ions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting forpublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functality the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-cture of typical zonal group, 2012stru8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial 三、结束 简短回顾各要点，提请听众注意主题与各项内容的联系，如果恰当可提出一些建议，也可明确今后的步骤 四注意 布置讲台，有效运用视觉效果、身体语言，随时准备应答。 1、布置讲台:房间的大小、音响效果;设备如屏幕、投影仪、黑板、笔、教鞭、粉笔等位置;足够的座位 2、视觉效果:先作开场白，然后操作;使用设备时，发言停止;适当调整投影的视觉效果;一步一步地展开每张投影的内容; 3、身体语言:稳定的站立姿势(双脚自然分开，体重均匀分布于两腿，双手自然下垂于两侧)，以手势来表达内容(表现自然，手的动作帮助表现幅度，不要玩弄笔和挂饰)，合理运用嗓音(根据内容的重点来调节发音音量，对句末内容要尤加注意，适当停顿以便进一步强调)，以目光来控制(开始讲话前看着某一个听众，看个体不是整体，在一段或一句话结束时，与会场中某个人保持几秒钟的目光交流，注意听众反应) 4、随时准备答问:不要打断提问者，大多数情况下复述他的问题，根据事实回答或针对提问者的要求，同时顾及在场所有听众。 5、表现出你的自信、真诚、自然。 6、熟悉现场布置，事前要亲临现场，测试设备;熟悉讲稿;练习如何表达，尤其着重于引言和结束部分。 -building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-tructure of typical zonal group, 2012tial sonly 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spaond land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the sec-and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-bin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North4 Yi-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-strict, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highing diustry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changn, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor indintegrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city11been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, evelopment, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities havecity dons of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for ublic service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functiality pthe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu-building situation, "old town-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-ture of typical zonal group, 2012struc8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba onlyValley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second -and-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North 4 Yibin,-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-ct, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent highdistriy slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning e the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industrty, arhave been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities for cinctions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting ty public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, fualithe South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, qu