死刑

.人治与法治的冲突。中国的传统文化是一种人治文化，这与中国长期处于自然经济状态是密切相联系的。在自然经济占统治地位的漫长的封建社会，社会的稳定是靠人治来维持的。这期间虽然也有人提倡过法治，但那只是人治的附庸。封建社会的法，只是治民的工具。因此，官无视法，一贯实行“刑不上大夫”；民无视法，就是认为“法无定法”。长期以来，人们习惯于以权代法，形成顽固的人治传统。 现代文化是一种法治文化，这与我们建立起的市场经济密切相关。因为市场经济本质上是一种法治经济。现代法治把法律作为规范所有人行为的准则，不管人的社会地位如何，在法律面前一律平等，这是维持经济社会秩序的基本要求。由于人治和法治是根本对立的，所以，两者发生激烈的冲突是很自然的事情。这种文化冲突， 一方面会使法治观念深入人心，使依法治国成为有些人的行为准则，另一方面又会使有些人体味到法治对自己特权地位的威胁，导致从内心深处眷恋人治，在行动上必然坚持有法不依、执法不严、违法不究，从而加剧其行为规范上的冲突，严重者必然导致犯罪。 And the rule of law, conflict. Chinese traditional culture is a kind of culture, and this man in natural state of China's long-term economic is closely linked. In the natural economy dominated long feudal society, social stability is the man to maintain. It also had some advocate during the rule of law, but that's just man dependencies. The feudal society, but people's tools. Therefore, to ignore, consistent "; "penalty. People ignore the law that "there". For a long time, people used to power generation, the traditional form stubborn. Modern culture is a kind of legal culture, this and we establish the market economy are closely related. Because of the market economy is essentially a law economy. The modern rule of law as the criterion of all human behavior standard, no matter how people's social status, are equal before the law, which is the basic requirement of economic and social order. Due to the man and the rule of law is the basic of opposites, so fierce conflict occurs, it is quite natural. The cultural conflict, on the one hand, will make law idea thorough popular feeling, make legally be some people's behavior standard, on the other hand, will make some people feel the rule of law in his position in the threat, privilege, from deep in action on both sentimentally attached on some unconventional, law enforcement will WeiFaBuJiu lax, its behaviour, adding to the conflict, inevitably leads to serious crime. 东西方文化有很大差异。 西方是罪感文化，相对东方是耻感文化。这容易理解：生活中我们中国人说以什么什么为耻，西方讲罪。 所谓“罪感文化”,就是“提倡建立道德的绝对,并且依靠其发展人的良心的社会可以定义为‘罪感文化’。”从这个定义上来理解，意思就是在“罪感文化”社会中，人如果违背了那个“绝对的道德标准”就会感到是有罪的。 所谓“耻感文化”，就是也有一个公认的道德标准，并且在外力的作用下依靠这一标准来发展人的良心的社会。相对于“罪感文化”，“耻感文化”更加依赖于外部的强制力来达到道德标准。 东方文化需要的 Western culture has great difference.The western culture is sin, and relative Oriental is shame culture. It is easy to understand: life we Chinese say what is ashamed, western speak.So-called "culture", is "advocate the absolute standard, establish the moral and rely on the development of the society of conscience can be defined as" sin. "culture From this definition is understood, in "culture" in the society, if the "absolute against the moral standard" will feel guilty. The so-called "shame culture", is also a recognised ethical standards, and under the action of forces in the development of a standard to the conscience of the people. Relative to the "culture", "the sense of shame culture" is more dependent on the external force to achieve moral standards.Oriental culture needs 欧洲人的基本价值 欧洲人论辩死刑的过程，并非是非选择这么简单，而是有很多层次的考虑，而且一旦做出决定，那是因为它已成为了基本的价值信仰。在我国大法官释字第四九九号解释内，就有提到这种观念，认为宪法本文所的保障人民权利，以及有关政府权力分立与制衡原则等，乃具有本质重要性，是不能变更的。除非国家重新制定一 部新宪法，否则在这套宪法的思想体制下，绝不能放弃自由民主等基本原则。我个人认为，死刑问题在欧洲，也具有类似的重要性，这是欧洲人权公约第六议定书，在近二十年所慢慢形成的。欧州议会的议长Nicole Fontaine曾写了一封呼吁废除死刑的信给美国人，里面提到一段话是相当令人感动的，她说：「如死刑这般大是大非的问题，不该交给人民，问人民要如何决定。如果真是如此，那美国便不会获得今天的成功：若林肯将废 除黑奴的事项交给人民决定，则奴役制不可能废除；如果罗斯福以公民投票决定是否参与二次大战，那么今天的统治者会是希特勒；要不是肯尼迪铁腕实行民权法，如今南方各州的黑人仍无投票权。」Fontaine以欧洲人的经验建议布什：领导者要有决断力，要走在民意前面，影响人民。 这让人联想到，台湾人对于民主理论的误解，以为民主等同于多数决。如果真是如此，那么民主的价值就不高了。关于多数是否理性，或多数是否懂得尊重或保障某些不容侵犯的价值，其实是一个很大的问题。民主若成为多决，很可能变成暴民或是民粹政治。西方民主理论有相当重要的一点，是主张协商式的民主，要包括容忍、协商或少数的特别保障等要素。我个人认为，废除死刑在欧洲，就是一个从上而下、协商民主相当好的示范。我们可以在尊重一个人生命价值的绝对尊重下，想出死刑之外的替代。如果要让人民相信，死刑是可以替代的，关于刑事政策、监狱教化以及犯罪侦防都必须要更下工夫。这就是欧洲人看待问题思辩深入的所在，是值得我们学习的地方。 我于1998年自欧洲归国后，经常见到许多由于未经思考而戕害人权的事件，例如媒体对某些刑事案件的新闻报导，过于肤浅，又无法形成一种提供大众信息的公共平台。如媒体上常出现「治乱世用重典」这句话，但它绝对不若破案率提高来的重要。媒体经常不能正确的提供给大众理性的或经过查证的讯息，非常可惜。事实上，更大的困难，在于黑格尔百年前说过的：「维持现状就是合理。」人们极少会去质疑现状的价值，我觉这就是台湾在思考问题上的盲点。台湾在物质上有很大的进步，但人文上的思考进展不多。因此，我在介绍欧洲的人权思潮之外，更重要的目的，是希望引进一个思考与辩论的观念，让大家能更深切的思考，死刑的 价值何在。 The basic values of europeans Europeans argumentation of death, is not wrong choice is so simple, but there are many levels of consideration, and once the decision, because it has become a basic values and beliefs. In China, explain DiSiJiuJiu word interpretation of justice, is mentioned in this article, the concept that the constitution to protect people's rights stipulated in the relevant government power, and the principle of separation and balances, but has not changed, is the essence of importance. Unless the country to formulate a new constitution in the constitution, otherwise the thought system, can never abandon such basic principles of democracy. Personally, I think that the death penalty in Europe, also has similar importance, this is the European convention on human rights in the sixth protocol, nearly twenty years have slowly.Europe parliament speaker operated language examiner "- Nicole Fontaine once wrote a letter of appeal to abolish the death penalty to the americans, mentioned a paragraph is pretty impressive, she said:" if death is not so big problem, ask people not to people, how to decide. If so, that America will not gain success today: if Lincoln abolished the matters to be slaves, people may not be abolished slavery; if the referendum to decide whether to Roosevelt in the second world war, so today's rulers are Hitler; if it were not for civil law, implement Kennedy damals now Dixie's black still have no vote." With experience of europeans Fontaine leaders have suggested bush: go on, determination, affect people's front poll. This lets a person associate to Taiwan for democratic theory, the misunderstanding that democratic equal to the majority. If so, then the value of democracy is not high. About whether the most rational, or whether the most respect or guarantee some inviolable value, actually is a big problem. If be the majority democracy, is likely to become the mob or political populism. The western democratic theory is quite important, of style is advocated consultation, include tolerance and democratic consultation or a few special protection, etc. Personally, I think to abolish the death penalty in Europe, is a from under the deliberative democracy, fairly good demonstration.We can in respect of the absolute value of a personal life, respect the alternatives to think beyond death. If you want to make people believe that death is the alternative, on the criminal policy, prison education and crime public stations must be more efforts. This is the European people treat problems in further speculation, is worth learning.I in 1998 after returning from Europe, often without thinking and see many due to kill the human rights, such as some of the media coverage of the criminal cases, too superficial, and unable to form a kind of public information platform for the public offer. If the media often appear "must have desperate remedies" this sentence, but it's not important to improve if detection. Media often cannot provide the correct public rational or after verification, very regrettable. In fact, the more difficult, in Hegel's 100 years ago said: "maintaining the status quo is reasonable." Few people can go to question the value of situation, I think this is the Taiwan question blind spot in thinking. Taiwan has a substance in the progress of humanistic thinking, but much progress. Therefore, I thought of human rights in Europe, more important is to introduce a concept of thinking and debates, let everybody can be more deep thinking, the value of penalty. 在观看电影《东京审判》的时候，我看到经过2年多的艰辛历程的审判终于接近尾声之时，看到国际法庭终于认定日本有罪之时，一个意外让审判陷入僵局——到底是否应该对这些战犯处以死刑。死刑是一种极为严厉的刑罚，以剥夺人的生命为代价。我想关于执行死刑与否的争论并无关孰对孰错的问题，反而是由于文化积 淀不同而导致的冲突。我们知道，东西方在政治，经济，文化等各个方面存在相当大的差异，不少声音指 出东方文明不及西方文明，在根据对待死刑的态度上，他们更确信了这一点。我对电影中一位西官的观点印象颇深，他表示“一个国家的文明程度取决于是否废除了死刑”。依我看，这未免有些过于言之凿凿。 纵观当今世界，已有2/3以上的国家和地区限制甚至废除了死刑，欧盟国家全部废除死刑，美国虽然没有废除，但却在最大限度的限制使用死刑。相较于以欧美为典型代表的西方大国而言，中国作为东方的发展中大国，在这方面似乎显得比较固执。 为什么会有这种差异和冲突呢？ 自古以来，中国在对待死亡的态度上，似乎就有一种超脱。中国的孩子很小就会背“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”的诗句。至于对待死刑呢？中国是个具有漫长死刑传统的国家，中国古代的死刑方法数不胜数，极尽残忍和恐怖。尽管如此， 中国人信奉“杀人偿命，天经地义”的信条，足以说明他们是认可死刑的存在的。而西方社会可以说是具有浓厚宗教传统的社会，极大多数人信仰基督教。他们所推崇的圣典，《圣经》，充分体现了西方社会的价值文化体系。特别是《圣经》中关于“原罪”的观点使西方人对罪犯抱有一种宽容心态，同时为废除死刑奠定了心理基础。人权是崇尚自由的西方社会最引以为傲的权利，他们认为国家的所有权利都是人民赋予的，人民不会希望自己最基本也最重要的生命权被剥夺，因此不会将此权利给予给国家，所以说国家是没有杀人的权利的，而死刑对于人民来说就是违法的。 这些是我们为冲突所作的解释，也许并不足以化解矛盾。再次回到电影中，无论分歧再大，总归是有解决方法的。在中国法官百般游说下，赞成判处死刑的一方以一票的优势险胜。我们都知道，执不执行死刑其实都是要从客观实际出发的，面对二战中死去的千千万亡魂，判处这些发动这场可怖的战争的战犯死刑有过之而无不及。只是对各自文化的坚持从中体现出来，由此引发的文化冲突才显得格外刺眼。从对待死刑的差异上，我们就可感知东西方文化的冲突。我们并不否认也不能否认它的存在，我们更加不会为解决这些矛盾冲突，而强行进行文化融合，为了文而文明。文化正因其特色被历史记忆，尽管它在发展、在变化，这个过程也不是能够 一蹴而就的。 After watching the movie, Tokyo trial, I saw after 2 years of arduous process of judgment finally close, see the international court of guilty that Japan finally, an accident to judge whether -- -- -- -- -- -- -- an impasse on these criminals should be put to death. Death is a kind of very severe punishment, to deprive people of life. I think about the execution of the debate is not whether is wrong and of the problem, it is because of the different culture and conflict. We know, and in the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the differences, there is a voice that the eastern civilization than western civilization, according to the death penalty in the attitude towards more sure, they. In a western movies, I was impressed by the judge's view, he said: "a nation's civilization depends on whether to abolish the death penalty. In my opinion, this is some club too. In today's world, 2/3 more countries and regions abolished the death penalty, restrictions, even all European countries have abolished the death penalty abolition, though the United States, but in maximum limit the use of the death penalty. Compared with the typical Europe for western powers, China as a developing country, the east seems to be in this aspect is stubborn. Why is the differences and conflicts? Since ancient times, in China's attitude towards death, seems to have a detached. China's young child will be back "men are mortal, according to the history of the" return countless verse. As to treat death? China is a country with a long tradition, the death penalty in ancient China, a method of cruelty and terror. Nonetheless, the Chinese "killing" the doctrine of life, only, they recognized the death penalty is. And the western society is strong religious tradition, most people believe in Christianity. They have highly sacramental, the bible, fully embodies the value of western social cultural system. Especially in the bible "original sin" point of view about that westerners have a tolerance of criminals, abolished the death penalty for psychological foundation laid. Human freedom is the western society proudest rights, they think the country all rights are bestowed by the people, people would not want their most basic right is the most important, therefore not be deprived of the right to give to the country, so that the state is not kill, and death for the right people is illegal. These are our explanation for conflict, maybe not enough to resolve conflicts. Again, differences in the film again big, whether there is inherently solution. In China, by the judge sentenced to lobby for the party to a nose. We all know that, without actually are executed from objective reality, facing the world, died in such a spirit of the terrible sentenced the death of war criminals. Just for their respective culture reflected on it, which caused the cultural conflicts appear particularly dazzling. Treat death from the differences, we can perceive the western culture conflict. We don't deny that cannot deny its existence, we will solve these conflicts, and the cultural fusion, in order to civilization and civilization. Because of its characteristics of culture is the historical memory, although it was in the development and changes in this process is not able to take. 废除死刑的思想发祥地和主要的实施地在欧洲。从实践结果看，多数已经废除死刑 的欧洲国家的治安形势，至少没有恶化。于是，国内某些学界人士，就以欧洲的 样为依据，发起了中国死刑存废之争。 　　既然是学界人士，应该知道，做学问，讲究的是充分占有数据。谁都会骗人， 统计数据不骗人。看看下面的数据，再糊涂者，也会恍然大悟：为什么欧洲国家可 以废除死刑，而且废除之后，社会和大众还相安无事。 　　欧洲主要国家或地区，“每10万人中发生的刑事杀人案件的件数”统计表： 　　以上数据来自犯罪学家Manuel Eisner的 "Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence: The Long-Term Dynamics of European Homicide Rates in Theoretical Perspective," British Journal of Criminology 41 (2001)；在列 维特教授的《魔鬼经济学》一书中也可以找到。 　　这些数据表明，自13世纪以来，欧洲每10万人中发生刑事杀人案件的数量（件 数），不断下降。以英国为例，降幅达3个数量级。在每10万人中发生刑事杀人案 件数量不足1件的情况下，无论从社会治安状况、从社会心理承受能力、从导致的 社会成本变动诸方面考量，英国人对刑事杀人犯不实施死刑是可行的。 　　至于欧洲近几百年来，“每10万人中发生的刑事杀人案件数量”不断下降的原 因，任何有一点欧洲近代史知识的人士，自然明白，这是欧洲从黑暗的中世纪走向 现代文明的结果。 　　这些不难得到的数据揭示了欧洲为什么可以成为废除死刑的思想发祥地和主要 的实践地。欧洲曾经是私刑、酷刑和五花八门、令人毛骨悚然的死刑的集中地。比 如新加坡的挞刑（一种令人生畏的鞭挞酷刑），就是从英国殖民官员那里学来的。 但是，自现代文明在欧洲发芽、生根、开花和结果以来，欧洲的犯罪率不断下降， 一些曾经“管用”的刑法变得多余。事实上，有了低到社会可以“接受”的犯罪率 ，才有了废除酷刑和死刑的社会基础。才能事实上废除酷刑和死刑。不会说谎的统 计数据告诉我们，废除死刑，既非文明的条件，亦非文明的原因，而是文明的结果。 　　至于保留死刑的国家，犯罪率通常比较高。比如美国，每10万人中发生刑事杀 人案件的数量，高达5件，是市场经济国家同样数据平均值的3倍左右，大约相当于 英国17世纪的水平而已。这样看来，美国废除死刑的基础确实不够坚实，保留死刑 在所难免。（数据来源见Eric Monkkonen，University of California, Los Angeles的 “Homicide: Explaining America's Exceptionalism”） 　　问题是，处在工业化和城镇化初级阶段的中国大陆，我们的社会文明程度、我 们的治安状况、我们的社会心理承受能力，究竟是否达到了可以废除死刑的程度？ 国民是否愿意为废除死刑付出必要的社会成本？鼓吹在中国废除死刑的“专门家” ，你们是否把手头的“中国每10万人中发生刑事杀人案件的件数”的统计数据―― ―请特别注意，是历史数据，不是某个特定时期（无论是“好的”或“坏的”时期 的孤立数据，拿出来亮一亮，如果你们有的话 　　废除酷刑、废除死刑，是社会走向文明的结果，这本是常识。无奈国内某些自 命学富五车之徒，却本末倒置，把它们当成了实现文明社会的条件。似乎废除了酷 刑、死刑，中国就一步荣登“高度文明社会”，就实现了与国际主流社会完全接轨 。可惜的是，他们有意无意地忘记了那个用毛茸茸的胸膛温暖冻僵毒蛇的农夫！ 　　如果我们现在就废除死刑，最好的结果也只能是：为一个有大问题的社会，抹 上一层遮羞的油彩而已。 To abolish the death penalty thought and main ground birthplace in Europe. Results from the practice, most European countries have abolished the death penalty of security situation, at least not worse. Hence, in certain circles personage in Europe, according to the example, launched in China or abolish death penalty. Since it is the academic circles, should know, scholar, cultured is fully occupy data. Who will not cheat, statistical data. Look at the following data, confused, also is suddenly enlighted: why European countries can to abolish the death penalty, but after the abolition, social and public also peaceful. Major European countries or regions, "per 100,000 in criminal case homicide number" statistics: British Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland Italy. Scandinavian 13 and 14 centuries 23.0 47.0/37.0 56.0 The 15th century 46.0 16.0 45.0/73.0 The 16th century 7.0 25.0 21.0 11.0 47.0 The 17th century 32.0 7.0 18.0 7.5 5.0 The 18th century 1.5 5.5 1.9 7.5 10.5 In the 19th century 1.7 1.6 1.1 2.8 12.6 In 1940, 1900-0.8 1.5 0.7 1.7 3.2 1950-1994 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.5 The above data from criminologists Manuel Eisner "get old, Control and Lethal Violence: The Dynamics of European mutually - for Homicide in Theoretical are over," British Criminology: 41 (2001), In the column of "the devil economics professor victor book can also be found. These data show that since the 13th century, Europe since per 100,000 in criminal case homicide number (number), declining. In Britain, for example, by three orders of magnitude. In every 10 million criminal cases of murder in the insufficient number 1 circumstance, whether from social security situation, from the social psychological ability, social changes from the cost in the UK to people, not execution of criminal murderer is feasible. For hundreds of years, "European nearly every 100,000 people in the criminal case homicide quantity" falling, any little knowledge of the history of Europe, that is, the nature of the dark ages from Europe to the modern civilization. These data to reveal the European why can be abolished the death penalty thought and main practice birthplace. Europe was lynching, torture and multifarious, gruesome death hkd30. Such as Singapore's whip punishment (a formidable flay torture), is from the British colonial officials there. However, since modern civilization in Europe, root, flower bud, European and results of some, falling crime "work" criminal law unnecessary. In fact, there is a low to society can accept the crime was abolished the death penalty torture and social basis. Can in fact abolished torture and execution. Don't lie statistics tell us, to abolish the death penalty, neither civilization, nor civilization, but civilization result. As to retain the death penalty is usually high, crime. America, for example, in every 10 million criminal cases of murder, $5 a market economy, it is also about three times the average data, equivalent to about British 17th century level. So, the abolition of the foundation, really insufficient solid death is unavoidable. (see the Eric Monkkonen, data sources of California, Los Angeles leads on the Homicide "Explaining: 'Exceptionalism" Problem is, in the initial stage of industrialization and urbanization in China, our society civilization, our security situation, our social psychological ability, whether the abolition of the degree? For the abolition of national willing to pay the necessary social cost? Advocacy of "in China to abolish the death penalty, whether you take balanced" on "China per 100,000 in criminal case homicide number" statistics - please pay special attention to the historical data, and is not a particular time period (whether "good" or "bad" period, take out the isolated data on a light, if you have them? Abolished the torture and to abolish the death penalty, is the result of social civilization, this is common sense. But some of the domestic pretence, but being put the cart before the horse, and use them as the realization of social civilization. Seems to abolish the death penalty, torture, China will step on "civilized society", will realize the mainstream of society completely with international standards. Unfortunately, they forget that unintentionally with hairy chest warm frozen snake farmer! 东京审判 对量刑的争执 Mr. Bar. Mei, sit down, please. Do you want to discuss Buddhism between? I know very little about Buddhism, but I respect the Lord, as a child, I learnt form my parents, the Budd teaches people to do good and not devil. Is that right? That’s the fundamental idea So Buddhism reveals goodness, does it punish people? Yes, but the Buddhism say that punishment is carried out the next life That means if someone does evil in this life time he would pay for it in the next, right? That’s right. Then who were going to stop the crimes here now? Can Budd forbid Japan’s done another war? You think Hideki Tojo believe in Budd? Budd’ll be happy to believe. Budd’ll love him and forgive him for everything he has done. In the end, Budd will embrace everyone. That is far away in the future. Like Budd, we all long for world does no wars, no crimes, but this longing has done nothing to forbid any of the evil did come out in this world, I do not question Budd’s teachings, but I double very much about ability of human beings to follow Budd’s you told here. Budd say believe myth dream come true, but what if these criminal develop believe Budd at all. I would agree with Jesus in the question Bile. Give to Satan what is Satan, and God was God’s. Mr. Bar, why have we come to here? The judges from 11 countries are here to determine if crimes are committed. If so, punish them according to law. Mei, don’t try to persuade me anymore. I persist in my view point is correct. Mr. Bar, I do not decide to count you either, I leave you what all Greece say, destiny looks better than any of us. Sir William, and my fellow judges, you are all legal experts, so I invite you to consider this question together: What is law? What is its function? After over 2 years, and 817 long hearings, we finally determine the criminals are guilty. Here in the path way, we ?? over the questions of civilization and religion. Gentleman, this is not a university classroom, this is not a temple, this is a court of law, with our focusing on a ?? penalty for such serious crimes. In my opinion, religion tells us what we should do to reach heaven. On the other hand, the law lays down clearly what we should not do, or we would be punis