高中句子成分、结构分析

-.--.可修编-句子成分示一个完整概念的语言单位叫做句子。组成句子的各个部分（单词或词组等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语和同位语等，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，其他为次要成分。1：主语主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1．名词作主语。如：Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.Littlestreamsfeedbigrivers.2．代词用作主语。如：You’renotfarwrong.Hetoldajokebutitfellflat.3．数词用作主语。如：Threeisenough.Fourminusthreeisone.4．名词化的形容词用作主语。Theoldneedhelp.5．不定式用作主语。如：Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Itwouldbenicetoseehimagain.6．动名词用作主语。如：Smokingisbadforyou.Watchingafilmispleasure,makingoneishardwork.7．名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：Thedisabledaretoreceivemoremoney.Thedeceaseddiedofoldage.8.介词短语用作主语。如：ToBeijingisnotveryfar.到不很远。FromYenantoNanniwanwasathree-hourrideonhorseback.从XX到南泥湾要三个小时。9.从句用作主语。如:Wheneveryouarereadywillbefine.Whetherwegoornotdependsonyourfather.10.句子用作主语。如：”Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.“你好”是一句问候语。知识点2：谓语谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicateverb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。1．由简单的动词构成。(1).Whathappened?(2).Heworkedhardalldaytoday.(3).Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2．由动词短语构成的谓语。(1).Iamreading.(2).What’sbeenkeepingyouallthistime?(3).Youcandoitifyoutryhard.3．常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have,get,take,give等。如：(1).Ihadaswimyesterday.（hadaswim代替了swam）(2).Takealookatthat!（takealook代替了look）(3).Hegaveasigh.（gaveasigh代替了sighed）(4).Igotagoodshake-up.（agoodshake-up代替了wasshakenupthoroughly(充分，彻底的)）知识点3：表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1．TheweddingwasthatSunday.（名词）2．Sothat’sthat.（代词）3．Weareseven.（数词）4．Areyoubusy?（形容词）5．Areyouthere?（用语）（副词）Isanybodyin?（副词）6．AllIcoulddowastowait.（不定式）Myanswertohisthreat（威胁）wastohithimonthenose.（不定式）7．plimenting（赞美，祝贺）islying.（动名词）Isthataskingsomuch?（动名词）8．Iwassomuchsurprisedatit.（过分）I’mverypleasedwithwhathehasdone.（过分）9．Sheisingoodhealth.（介词短语）Theshowisfromseventillten.（介词短语）10．Isthatwhyyouwereangry?（从句）11．ThisiswhereIfirstmether.（从句）【补充】能做系动词的实义动词：e,go,run,turn,get,bee,keep,stay,make(表变化的动词)fell，sound,smell,look,taste（感观动词）seem,appear(似乎，好像)例如：1．Ourdreamhasetrue.（e后常加easy,loosenatural等）2.Hefellsick.Keepfit.Keep作为系动词还常接quiet，calm，cool，well，warm，silent，clean，dry3．Thewellrandry.（short,loose,wild,cold等）4．Athinpersonalwaysseemstobetallerthanhereallyis.知识点4：宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如：Ourteambeatalltheothers.可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。1．Doyoulikeadrink?（名词）2．Theywon’thurtus.（代词）3．Ifyouadd5to5,youget10.（数词）。4．Ishalldomypossible.（名词化形容词）5．Helefttherelastweek.（副词）6．Doesshereallymeantoleavehome?（不定式）7．Heneverdidtheunexpected.（名词化的分词）8．DoyouunderstandwhatImean?（从句）【扩展】宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(directobject)与间接宾语(indirectobject)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dativeverb),常用的有：answer,bring,buy,do,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,save,sell,send,show,sing,take等；间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：Ihavefoundhimaplace.我给他找到了一个职位。知识点5：补语补语（plement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subjectplement）；补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（objectplement）.(1).容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,didn’tlistentotheirpleadings.(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1.TheynamedthechildJimmy.（名词用作并与补语）2.Mymotherlookssoyoungthatyouwouldthinkhermysister.（名词短语作宾语补语）3.Heboiledtheegghard.（形容词用作宾语补语）3.Ifoundthebookveryinteresting.（形容词短语用作宾补）4.TheradeswantedDr.Bethunetotakecover.（不定式用作宾语补语）5.IcallthisrobbingPetertopayPaul.（动名作宾补）6.Don’ttakehiskindnessforgranted.（介词短语作宾补）知识点6：定语定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。1．形容词用作定语是大量的。（1）Sheisanaturalmusician.（2）Hemustbethebestviolinistalive.（后置定语）2.名词用作定语。如（1）Ababygirl女婴（2）wellwater井水(3)Sportscar双座轻型汽车（4）Afool’sparadise梦幻的天堂2．代词作定语。（1）Yourhairneedscutting.（物主代词用作定语）（2）Everybody’sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.（不定代词所有格作定语）3．数词作定语（1）There’sonlyonewaytodoit.（2）Doitnow,youmaynotgetasecondchance.基数词用作后置定语：page24Room201theyear19494.副词充当定语时常后置，如：theroomabove楼上的房间theworldtoday今日世界thewayout出路adayoff休息日5．不定式用作定语（1）Herpromisetowritewasforgotten.（2）That’sthewaytodoit.6．动名词用作定语.Awalkingstick拐杖sleepingpills安眠药eatingimplements吃饭用具learningmethod学习方法7．分词充当定语asleepingchild正在睡中的小孩adrinkingman嗜酒者aretiredworker一个退休工人afadedflower一朵谢了的花7．介词短语用作定语。（1）ThisisamapofChina.（2）Thewildlookinhiseyesspokeplainerthanwords.8．从句用作定语，即定语从句Thecarthat’sparkedoutsideismine.Yourcar,whichInoticedoutside,hasbeenhitbyanotherone.知识点7：状语状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如：1．Thegirlisimprovingremarkably.2．可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。Hespeaksthelanguagebadlybutreaditwell.Naturallyweexpecthotelgueststolocktheirdoors.3．状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等(1)时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中Shallwedotheshoppingtodayortomorrow?InChinanowleadstheworld.(2)地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。Thereareplentyoffishinthesea.Shekissedhermotherontheplatform(月台).(3)原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Becausehewasill,Tomlosthisjob.IeatpotatoesbecauseIlikethem.(4)结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。Shewokesuddenlytofindsomeonestandinginthedoorway.ShespokesosoftlythatIcouldn’thearwhatshesaid.(5)目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。Heranforshelter(隐蔽处).Inordertogetintoagoodschool,Imuststudyevenharder.(6)条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。We’llbeluckytogettherebeforedark.Ifheweretoe,whatshouldwesaytohim?(7)让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。Forallhismoney,hedidn’tseemhappy.Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn’tknowme.(8)程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。Thelectureisveryinteresting.Towhatextentwouldyoutrustthem?(9)伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。Mytrainstartsatsix,arrivingatChicagoatten.Hestoodthere,pipe(烟斗)inmouth.检测题（一）：指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmaninghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.检测题（二）：选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummeres.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book检测题（三）：挑出下列句中的宾语① Mybrother hasn't done hishomework.ABCD② People all over theworld speak English.ABCD③Youmustpay good attention to your pronunciation.ABCD④Howmanynew words did you learn lastclass?ABCD⑤Someofthe students intheschoolwant togoswimming, how about you?ABCD⑥The oldman sitting atthegate said hewasill.ABCD⑦ They made him monitor oftheclass.ABCD⑧Go across the bridge andyou willfind themuseum ontheleft.ABCD⑨Youwillfind it useful after you leave school.ABCD⑩ They didn'tknow who "Father Christmas"reallyis.ABCD检测题（四）：挑出下列句中的表语① Theoldman was feeling very tired.ABCD②Whyis he worried about Jim?ABCD③ The leaves have turned yellow.ABCD④Soon They all becameinterested inthesubject.ABCD⑤She was thefirst tolearn aboutit.ABCD(五)挑出下列句中的定语（完成前2题，其余做课后作业）① They use Mr.Mrs.withthe family name.ABCD② What is your given name?ABCD③Onthe third lap are Class1andClass3.ABCD④Iam afraid some people forgot tosweep thefloor.ABCD⑤ Theman downstairs was trying tosleep.ABCD⑥ I amwaiting for thesound oftheothershoe!ABCD检测题（六）：挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①She likes thechildren toreadnewspapersandbooks inthe reading-room.ABCD②He asked her totaketheboy outofschool.ABCD③She found it difficult todothework.ABCD④They call me Lily sometimes.ABCD⑤ I saw Mr.Wang getonthebus.ABCD⑥Didyousee LiMing playingfootball ontheplayground justnow?ABCD检测题（七）：挑出下列句中的状语① There was abigsmile onherface.ABCD② Everynight he heard thenoise upstairs.ABCD③He began tolearn English whenhewaseleven.ABCD④ Theman onthemotorbike wastravelling tofast.ABCD⑤ Withthemedicineboxunderherarm, Miss Li hurriedoff.ABCD⑥ She loves thelibrary becauseshelovesbooks.ABCD⑦ I am afraid that ifyou'velostit, youmustpayforit.ABCD⑧ Thestudents followed UncleWang toseetheothermachine.ABCD检测题（八）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?课后作业：1.WealwaysworkhardatEnglish.——————————————2.Hesaidhedidn'te.———————————————3.Theyloveeachother.——————————4.Whatdidyoubye?————————5.Shewatchedherdaughterplayingthepiano.—————————————————————6.Yourjobtodayistohelptheold.——————-——————————7.Speakingdoesn'tmeandoing.————————————8.ByethetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.—————————————————————————9.Thechildrenboughttheirparentsacarforthe25thanniversaryoftheirmarriage.———————————————————————————————10.Ittakesmeanhourtogetthere.————————————————检测题1、often,She,five,for,times,homework,a,does,week.2、sometimes，TV,watches，He.3、of,two,I,cups,want,water.4、book,on,desk,The,is,the.5、a,country,is,China,great.6、an,A,is,animal.7、is,very,The,beautiful,city.8、have,I,sisters,two.9、is,a,the,There,in,desk,classroom.10、morning,on,My,football,Saturday,plays,father.句子结构英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构S十V十P主系表结构S十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语知识点1．S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：Herunsquickly．Theylistenedcarefully．Hesufferedfromcoldandhunger．。Chinabelongstothethirdworldcountry．Thegashasgivenout．Myinkhasrunout．知识点2．S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系动词(linkv．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fallill/asleep，stand/sitstill，bee，turn等。例如：Heisolderthanhelooks．Heseeninterestedinthebook．Thestorysoundsinteresting．Thedeskfeelshard．Thecaketastesnice．Theflowerssmellsweetandnice．Youhavegrowntallerthanbefore．Hehassuddenlyfallenill．Hestoodquitestill．Hebeesateacherwhenhegrewup．Hecouldneverturntraitortohiscountry．注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：Helookedmeupanddown．Hereachedhishandtofeeltheelephant．Theyaretastingthefish．Theygrowriceintheirhometown．He'sgotachairtositon．PleaseturnthesentenceintoEnglish．知识点3．S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如：Isawafilmyesterday．Haveyoureadthestory?Theyfoundtheirhomeeasily．Theybuiltahouselastyear．They'veputupafactoryinthevillage．Theyhavetakengoodcareofthechildren．Youshouldlookafteryourchildrenwell．知识点4.S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：Hegavemeabook/abooktome．Hebroughtmeapen/apentome．Heofferedmehisseat/hisseattome．注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Motherboughtmeabook/abookforme.Hegotmeachair/achairforme．Pleasedomeafavor/afavorforme．Heaskedmeaquestion/aquestionofme．知识点5．S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。Theymadethegirlangry．Theyfoundherhappythatday．Ifoundhimout．Isawhimin．Theysawafootmarkinthesand．TheynamedtheboyCharlie．Isawhimeinandgoout．Theyfeltthecarmovingfast．Iheardtheglassbrokenjustnow．Hefoundthedoctorofstudyclosedtohim．专题过关检测题：划分句子结构1.Theyareworkingonthefarmnow.2.Seeingisbelieving3.AllofuslikeKobeBryantverymuch4.Shebecameadoctorin19985.Thebooklyingontheflooraremine6.Suddenlyitbeginstorain7.Tocatchthetrain,Igotupearlyyesterday8.Ialwaysfindherhappy9.HewondersifIstillstudyEnglish10.TheletterwhichIreceivedthedaybeforeyesterdaywasafriendofmine指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.Isaiditinfun.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.Shehadtoworkstandingup.Seeingthis,someradesbecameveryworried.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Springingon,thetreeturnedgreen.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tetoday.ItwasinthelibrarythatIetoday.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.