英语词汇学教程市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

ACourseofEnglishLexicology第1页第1页Withoutgrammar,verylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabulary,nothingcanbeconveyed.------Wilkins(1972)第2页第2页Nomatterhowwellthestudentlearnsgrammar,nomatterhowsuccessfullyhemastersthesoundsofL2,withoutwordstoexpressawiderangeofmeanings,communicationinthatlanguagecannothappeninanymeaningfulway.-------McCarthy(1990)第3页第3页EnglishLexicologyLecturedby:MengZhigangAddress:davidzgmeng@sina.com13419596397第4页第4页0.1NatureandDomainofEnglishLexicologyLexicology:abranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.第5页第5页0.2SubbranchesofLexicologyandRelevantBranchesoflinguisticsMorphology:branchofgrammarwhichstudiesthestrcturesorformsofwords,primarilythroughtheuseofmorphemeconstructure,focusingontheinflectionsofwordsandwordformationandexaminehowmorphemesarecombinedtoformwordsandwordstoformsentences.第6页第6页Etymology:thestudyoftheoriginsandhistoryoftheformandmeaningofwords.MordernEnglishisderivedfromthelanguagesofearlyGermanictribeswithafairlysmallvocabulary.WeshallstudyhowthissmallvocabularyhasgrownintoahugemodernEnglishvocabulary(over1million)andexplainthechangesthathavetakenplaceintheformsandmeaningsofwords.第7页第7页Semantics:thestudyofmeaningsofdifferentlanguagelevels:lexis,syntax,utterence,discourse,etc.Butlexicologywillfocusonthelexicallevel,thetypesofmeaningsandsenserelationssuchaspolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,andsemanticfieldallbelongtothescopeofsemanticstudyandconstituteanimportantpartoflexicology.第8页第8页Stylistics:thestudyofstyle.It’sconcernedwiththeuser’schoicesoflinguisticelementsinaparticularcontextforspecialeffects.Amongtheareasofstudy:lexis,phonology,syntax,graphology,weshallconcentrateonlexis,exploringthestylisticvaluesofwords.第9页第9页Lexigraphy:sharewithLexicologythesameproblems,forms,meanings,andusagesofwords,buttheyhaveapragmaticdifference.Alexicographer’staskistorecordthelanguageasitisusedsoastopresentthegenuinepictureofwordstothereader,providingauthoritativereference,whereasthestudentoflexicologyistoacquiretheknowledgeandinformationoflexissoastoincreasetheirlexicalawarenessandcapacityoflanguageuse.第10页第10页第11页第11页第12页第12页第13页第13页第14页第14页第15页第15页第16页第16页第17页第17页第18页第18页第19页第19页第20页第20页第21页第21页第22页第22页第23页第23页第24页第24页第25页第25页第26页第26页第27页第27页第28页第28页第29页第29页第30页第30页第31页第31页第32页第32页第33页第33页第34页第34页第35页第35页第36页第36页第37页第37页第38页第38页第39页第39页第40页第40页第41页第41页第42页第42页第43页第43页第44页第44页第45页第45页第46页第46页第47页第47页第48页第48页第49页第49页第50页第50页第51页第51页第52页第52页第53页第53页x第54页第54页第55页第55页第56页第56页第57页第57页第58页第58页第59页第59页第60页第60页第61页第61页第62页第62页第63页第63页第64页第64页第65页第65页第66页第66页第67页第67页第68页第68页第69页第69页第70页第70页第71页第71页第72页第72页第73页第73页第74页第74页第75页第75页第76页第76页第77页第77页第78页第78页第79页第79页第80页第80页第81页第81页第82页第82页第83页第83页第84页第84页第85页第85页第86页第86页第87页第87页第88页第88页第89页第89页第90页第90页第91页第91页第92页第92页Mostmorphemesarerealizedbusinglemorphslikeapple,bird,red,want,desire,etc.Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmono-morphemicwords.Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Eg:themorphemeofplurality｛-s｝hasasetofmorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.inctas/s/,bags/z/,inmatches/iz/.Thealternates/s/,/z/and/iz/arethreedifferentmorphs.第93页第93页Thesameistrueofthelinkverbmorpheme｛be｝.Itspasttenseisrealizedbytwodistinctothographicformswas,were,eachofwhichhappenstobeaword-form,realizing｛preterite｝and｛singular｝,and｛preterite｝and｛singular｝respectivelyandeachhasitsownphoneticform/woz/or/we:/.Therefore,bothwas,wereandtheirphoneticforms/woz/or/we:/aremorphs.第94页第94页Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.Justasweclassphonestogetherasallophonesofasinglephoneme,soweclassmorphstogetherasallomorphsofsinglemorpheme.Takethepluralmorpheme｛-s｝again.Phonetically,itisrealizedby/s/,/z/,/iz/,allofwhichareallomophs.第95页第95页Morpheme｛would｝morph/wud/morph/wed/morph/ed/morph/d/allomorph第96页第96页3.4Morphemesandword-formation1.AffixesAffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(rootorstem).Affixesarelimitedinnumberinalnguage,andarelimitedinnumberinalanguage,andaregenerallyclassifiedintotwosubtypes,prefixandsuffix,dependingontheirpositionwithreferencetotherootorstemoftheword:prefixmini-,un-,dis-suffix–al,-tion,-fulAffixmayalsobedividedintoinflectionalandderivational:第97页第97页InflectionalAffixes:walkswalkedwalkingstarswatches第98页第98页DerivationalAffixes:sleepylovelymeannessamazementdisunity第99页第99页Mropheme:FreemorphemeBoundmorpheme:boundrootaffix:inflectionalaffixderivationalaffix:prefixsuffix第100页第100页2.Root(词根),Stem(词干),Base(词基）Arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatistosay,it’sthatpartofthewordleftwhenallaffixesareremoved.Intheword“internationalism”,aftertheremovalofprefix“inter-”,suffix“-al”and“-ism”,what’sleftistheroot“nation”.第101页第101页Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.“Friend”in“friends”and“friendship”in“friendships”arebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemcanbeequivalenttoaroot,whereasthelatterindicatesthatastemmaycontaintwoormoreroots,i.e.compound,suchas“girlfriend”,“landlord”,“mailman”,etc.第102页第102页Abaseisusedasanall-purposeterm,referingtoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.Inthecaseofinternationalists,nationisabase,soareinternationalandinternationalist.第103页第103页nation(root,stem,base)national(stem,base)international(stem,base)internationalist(stem,base)internationalists第104页第104页Itshouldbenotedthatsuchanexamplegivestheimpressionthatastemisjustasgoodasabase.Thisisnottrue.Inmanycases,aformofwordcanneitherbearootnorastem,butonlyabase.第105页第105页Thisoftenhappenswhenwedealwithderivationalaffix–ityleavesonlythebaseformimpratical,andbyfurtherremovingim-wehavethebaseformpracticlaleftandbystillfurtheranalysis,onlypracticeremains.Impacticalityimpactical(base)practical(base)practice(root,stem,base)第106页第106页4.WordFormation4.1AffixationAffixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingword-foringorderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaswhichoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation.第107页第107页4.2.1PrefixationPrefixation:theformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.第108页第108页1)Negativeprefixes:a-(amoral,apolitical);dis-(disloyal,disobey);in-(injustice);il-(illegal);ir-(irresistible);im-(impolite);non-(nonsmoking);un-(unfair,unwilling)第109页第109页2.ReversativeorPrivativePrefixesde-(dehumanize,deforestation,decentralzie);dis-(disinterested,discoloured);un-(unseat,unhorse,unmask)第110页第110页3.PejorativePrefixesmal-(maltreat,malnutrition,maladminstration);mis-(misinterpret,mistrust,misleading,misconduct);pseudo-(pseudo-scientific,pseudo-democratic,pseudo-friend)第111页第111页4.PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch-(archbishop,arch-captalist,arch-rival);co-(co-worker,co-teacher,co-manager);extra-(extraordinary,extra-large,extra-bright);hyper-(hypercreative,hypercautious,hypercritical)第112页第112页macro-(macroeconomics,macrostructure,macrocosm);micro-(microsoft,microcoputer,microwave,microfilm);mini-(miniskirt,minibus,minimarket);out-(outstanding,outwit,outsmart)第113页第113页over-(over-react,overestimate,over-indulgence);sub-(sub-system,subnormal,substandard);super-(superstar,supermarket,superhero,superpower);第114页第114页sur-(surpass,surtax,surcharge);ultra-(ultra-conservative,ultra-intelligent);under-(underestimate,undervalue,under-develop,undergrowth)第115页第115页5.PrefixesofOrientationandAttitudeanti-(anti-government,anti-nuclear,anti-freeze,anti-hero,anti-theater)contra-(contradistinction,contraflow)counter-(counter-accusation,counter-offer,counterstrike,counetr-reform)pro-(pro-democracy,pro-authority,pro-feminist)第116页第116页6)LocativePrefixesextra-(extra-curricular,extra-territorial,extra-marital)fore-(forearm,forehead)inter-(inetpersonal,inerstate,interplay,interbreeding,inter-city,intermarriage)intra-(intra-class,intra-party,intra-generation)super-(superstructure,superscript)第117页第117页tele-(telecommunication,teleprinter,telescope)trans-(transatlantic,transcontinental,trans-world,transplant,translate,transmit,transform,transcribe)第118页第118页7.PrefiesofTimeandOrderex-(ex-professor,ex-convict,ex-lover)fore-(forehead,forefather,foreknowledge)post-(post-trail,post-election,post-independence)第119页第119页pre-(pre-trial,pre-retirement,pre-industial,pre-prepared,predetermine)re-(reread,remarriage,reconsider,redistribution)第120页第120页8.Numberprefixesbi-,di-(bicycle,bilingual,bilateral,bimonthly,diameter)multi-,poly-(multi-candidate,multi-purpose,multi-dimentional,plytechnic,polysyllabic)semi-,demi-,hemi-(semiautomatic,semi-skilled,demigod半神，hemisphere)第121页第121页tri-(triangle,tricolor,tripartite)uni-,mono-(unisex,uniform;monoculture,monocentric)第122页第122页9.ConversionPrefixesa-(asleep,aglow,atremble,alive)be-(befirend,bewail;bewildered,beloved)en-(em-)endanger,enrich;embitter,empower第123页第123页10.MiscellaneousPrefixesauto-(autobiography,autosuggestion)neo-(neo-Liberal,neo-expressionism)pan-pan-continental,pan-Europeanproto-(proto-horse,proto-coaltion)vice-vice-chairman,vice-governor第124页第124页4.2SuffixationSuffixation:theformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixtostem.Suffixationmainlychangewordclass.1)NounSuffixes1)DenominalNounsConcrete:thesuffixesofthisgroupareaddedtonounbasestoproduceconcretenouns.第125页第125页-eer:profiteer,engineer,mountaineer-er:teenager,Londoner,three-wheeler-ess:priestess,stewardess,hostess第126页第126页-ette:cigarette,kitchenette,dinerette;-let:droplet,booklet,starlet-ster:gangster,songster,trickster第127页第127页Abstract:-age:mileage,storage,coverage-dom:dukedom,officialdom,officialdom-ery,-ry:slavery,delivery,savagery;bakery;jewelry,machinery,pottery第128页第128页-ful:armful,mouthful,pocketful-hood:adulthood;dauterhood-ing:carpeting,farning,golfing-ism:absenteeism,consumerism;terrorism,ageism-ship:ambassadorship,governorship,authorship,sportsmanship,partnership第129页第129页2)DeverbalNouns-ant:assistant,informant,applicant-ee:addressee,transferee,assignee,absentee,divorcee-ent:correspondent,dependent,respondent-er,-or:commander,photographer;recorder,cooker,mixer;collaborator,speculator,elevator第130页第130页-age:marriage,linkage,shrinkage,carriage-al:dismissal,survival,portrayal-ance:performance,insurance,attendance-ation,-ition,-tion,-ion:realization,imagination,addition,protection,commision,decision,opertaion第131页第131页-ence:adherence,persitence,existence,dependence,recurrence-ing:building,opening,earnings,savings-ment:assessment,puzzlement,resentment第132页第132页3)De-adjNouns-ity:productivity,intensity,superiority;morality,popularity,familiarity-ness:youthfulness,perssiveness,uo-to-dateness第133页第133页4)NounandAdjSuffixes-ese:Chinese,Lebanese,Maltese-an,-ian:American,Australian;Chomskyan,Shakespearian,Elizabethan-ist:socialist,loyalist,methodist-ite(adherentof):Chomskyite,Thatcherite第134页第134页2)AdjSuffixes1)DenominalSuffixes-ed:blue-eyed,giant-sized,pear-shaped-ful:merciful,graceful,dutiful-ish:snobbish,monkeyish,sixtyish;Plolish,Jewish;thinnish,plumpish第135页第135页-less:nameless,brainless,humourless;priceless,timeless-like:animal-like,lady-like,dreamlike-ly:soldierly,friendly,cowardly;hourly,fortnightly-y:flowery,smoky,bloody,grassy;doggy,birdy第136页第136页2)DeverbalSuffixes-able,-ible:washable,admirable,convertible,permissible-ative,-ize,-sive:talkative,affirmative,active,decisive,expansive第137页第137页3)AdvSuffixes-ly:gradually,scientificly,publicly-ward,-wards:homewards,downward,skyward-wise:percentage-wise,education-wise第138页第138页4)VerbSuffixes-ate:originate,validate,hyphenate-en:strengthen,heighten,flatten,dampen-ify,-fy:solidify,glorify,amplify-ize,-ise:symbolize,fantasize,institutionalize,visualize第139页第139页4.2CompoundingCompounding(orcomposition)istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa“lexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword”.Coupoundscanbewrittensolid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee),andopen(teargasandeasychair)第140页第140页4.2.1Formationofcompounds1)NounCompoundsn+n:moonwalk,endproductn+v:toothache,frostbitev+n:crybaby,tell-talea+n:deadline,blueprintn+v-ing:brainwashing,air-conditioning第141页第141页v-ing+n:brainwashing,air-conditioningn+v-er:stockholder,bookselleradv+v:outbreak,downfallv+adv:sit-in,have-notv-ing+adv:going-over,carrying-onadv+v-ing:up-bringing第142页第142页2)AdjCompoundsn+v-ing:law-abiding,record-breakinga+v-ing:easy-going,high-soundingn+a:warweary,thread-barea+a:deaf-mute,bitter-sweetn+v_ed:custom-built,town-breda(adv)+v-ed:far+fetched,hard-won第143页第143页n(a)+n-ed:short-sighted,lion-heartednum+n:ten-storey,four-legnum+n-ed:one-eyed,two-leggedadv+v-ing:forth-coming,out-goingv-ed+adv:worn-out,washed-up第144页第144页3)VerbCompoundsa)ThroughConversionnickname(n):tonicknamehoneymoon(n):tohoneymoonmoonlight(n):tomoonlightfirst-name:tofirst-name第145页第145页b)ThroughBackformationlip-reeding:tolip-readbottle-feeding:tobottle-feedcahin-smoker:tochain-smokemassproduction:tomass-produce第146页第146页4.3ConversionConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclassintoanotherclass,i.e.byturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofanotherpartofspeechintraditionalterms.Sincethewordsthataremadedonotchangemorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,thisprocessisalsoknownasfuntionalshift.第147页第147页1.ConversiontoNouns1)Deverbala.State(ofmindorsensation)doubtthestateofdoubtingwantwhatiswanteddesire,love,hate,smell,taste第148页第148页b.Eventofactivitysearchtheactofsearchinglaughtheactoflaughingattempt,hit,release,swim,shut-down,teach-in第149页第149页c.Resultoftheactioncatchwhatiscaughtfindwhatisfoundreject,buy,hand-out,answer,bet第150页第150页d.Doeroftheactionhelponewhohelpscheatonewhocheatsbore,coach,flirt,scold,stand-in第151页第151页e.Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwithcoverusedtocoversomethingwrapusedtowrapsomethingcure,paper,wrench第152页第152页2)De-adjCommonadjsawhiteacrazyagayaliberalanativeaRepublicanspecificsangriesfinalsnecessariesdrinkablevaluables第153页第153页Particlesandothersagivenadrunkyoungmarriednewly-wedstwounknownsofferingsten-year-oldsnew-borns第154页第154页3)MiscellaneousConversion1.Wouldyoulikeawithorawithout?2.Bettertobeanalso-ranthananever–was.3.Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.第155页第155页4.Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.5.Rubberglovesareamustifyourskinissensitivetowashingpowders.6.Patriotisms,nationalisms,andanyotherisms…第156页第156页2.ConversiontoVerbs1)DenominalVerbsconvertedfromnounsaresemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinavarietyofways.第157页第157页1.ToputinoronNtopocketthemoneytocanthefruitbottle,garage,corner,shelve第158页第158页2.TogiveNortoprovidewithNtosheltertherefugeestooilthemachinebutter,fuel,grease,arm,finance,coat第159页第159页3.ToremoveNfromtoskinthesheeptojuicetheorangescore,peel,feather,gut第160页第160页4.TodowithNtopumpwatertoknifethesteakbrake,fiddle,finger,hammer,shoulder,glue第161页第161页5.TobeoractasNtonursethebabytocaptaintheteamfather,parrot,pilot,referee,tutor第162页第162页6.TomakeorchangeintoNtocashthechequetoorphanthebaycripple,fool,knight,widow第163页第163页7.TosendorgobyNtomailthelettertobicyclehelicopter,ship,telegraph,boat,motor第164页第164页2)De-adj1.Hewalkedcarefullysoasnottowethisshoes.2.Thephotographyellowedwithage.3.Twomencarryingawoodenkegemptieditscontentsintotheopening.4.Theplaywasoverandtheauditorriumbegantoempty.第165页第165页3)MiscellaneousConversion1.Theintellectualsaremuchedagain.2.Wedrownedafewbeers.3.Thestudentstut-tuttheidea.4.Butmenobuts.第166页第166页3.ConversiontoAdjsanirongateachalkboardagoldringasilvercoinabrickhousealogcabinawhitesilkscarfcottonfields第167页第167页4.4BlendingBlendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Eg,motelisthecombinationofmotorandhotel.第168页第168页Wordscreatedthroughblendingarerelatedtoallaspectsofsociety.Butstructually,theyfallinto4majorcategories:1)head+mailchunnel(channel+tunnel)autocide(autobile+suicide)cremains(cremate+remains)skurfing(skating+surfing)第169页第169页2)Head+headtelex(teleprinter+exchange)sitcom(situation+comedy)Amerind(American+Indian)FORTRAN(formula+translator)第170页第170页3)Head+wordmedicare(medical+care)telestar(telecommunication+star)telequiz(telephone+quiz)Eurasia(Europe+Asia)第171页第171页4)Word+tailbookmobile(book+automobile)workfare(work+welfare)lunarnaut(lunar+astronaut)tourmobile(tour+automobile)第172页第172页4.5ClippingClippingistheformationofnewwordsbucuttingapartoftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Eg:omnibushasgiventobus.Thereare4commontypesofclipping:第173页第173页1)Frontclippingquake(earthquake)phone(telephone)chute(parachute)copter(helecopter)第174页第174页2)BackClippingfan(fanatic)disco(discotheque)memo(memorandum)stereo(stereophonic)第175页第175页3)FrontandbackClippingflu(influenza)fridge(refridgerator)jams(pajams)第176页第176页4)PhraseClippingpub(publichouse)zoo(zoologicalgarden)pop(popularmusic)第177页第177页4.6AcronymyAcronymyistheprocessofformingnewowrdsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledacronyms,whichcanbesubdividedintoinitialismsandacronymsdependingonthepronunciationofthewords.第178页第178页1.InitialismsThesearewordspronoucedletterbyletter,hencethename.1)LettersrepresentfullofwordsVOAVoiceofAmericaBBCBritishBroadcastingCorporationCCTVChinaCentralTelvisionUFOunidentifiedflyingobject第179页第179页2)LettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofawordIDidentificationoridentitycardTBtuberculosisGHQGeneralHeadquaters第180页第180页2.AconymsAtrueaconymisawordformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.Eg:radar(radiodetectingandranging)第181页第181页1)Pureaconyms:formedforminitiallettersonlyNATOtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationAIDSacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeBASICbegainner’sall-purposesymbolicinstructioncodeTEFLteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage第182页第182页Hybridacronyms:formedwithmorethanintiallettersN-bomb:nuclearbombV-Day:VictoryDayDNotice:DefenceNoticeG-man:Governmentman第183页第183页3)SyllabicacronymsDelmarva(Delaware,Maryland,andVirginia)第184页第184页4.7Back-formationBack-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Itistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases,andback-formationisthereforethemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes,socalledbecausemanyoftheremovedendingsarenotsuffixesbutinseperablepartsofthewords.第185页第185页1)AbstractNounsdiagnosediagnosisdonatedonationenthuseenthusiasmemoteemotion第186页第186页2)AgentialNounsloafloaferhawkhawkerediteditorsculptsculptorburgleburglar第187页第187页3)CompoundNounsandOtherseavesdropeavesdroppingmerrymakemerry-makingbabysitbabysitterbantbanting第188页第188页4)Adjdrowsedrowsylazelazyfrivolfrivolous第189页第189页4.8SoundReduplicationSoundReduplicationistheformationofcompoundwordsbyrepeatingthesameelementwithlittleornochange.Wordsmadeinthiswayareknownasreduplicatives.1)wordstoimitatesounds,e.g.tick-tuck(ofclock),bow-wow(ofdog),cock-a-doodle-doo(ofcock);SoundReduplication第190页第190页2)Wordstosuggestalternatingmovements,e.g.ping-pong,seesaw,flip-flop;3)Wordstodisparage(毁谤)bysuggesting“instability,nonsense,insincerity,vacillation”.Eg:fingle-fangle,miz-maze,dilly-dally;4)wordstointensify.Eg:teeny-weeny,tip-top,super-duper.第191页第191页4.9CommonizationofProperNames1)NmaesofPeopleWordsofthisgrouparefromnamesofscientists,inventors,etc.ampere(Ampere)farad(Faraday)ohm(Ohm)volt(Volta)watt(Watt)第192页第192页2)NamesofPlaceschina(China)champagne(Champagne)afghan(Afghanistan)jersey(Jersey)rugby(Rugby)第193页第193页3)NmaesofBooksutopia(Utopia)odyssey(Odyssey)Babbit(Babbit)第194页第194页4)Tradenamesnylon,orlon,dacron,rayon,Omega,xerox,Frisbee,deep-freeze第195页第195页5.WordMeaningandComponentialAnalysisInChapter1,wetoucheduponwordmeaninginbrief,inthischapterwewilldiscussitinmoredepthintermsofmeaningsof“meaning”,motivationofmeaningandthecomponentsofwordmeaning.第196页第196页5.1WordMeaningItisagreedthatawordisthecombinationofword-formanditsmeaning.“Form”referstobothitspronuciationandspelling.“Meaning”iswhattheformstandsfor.Eg:thelingui