高一地理上册理解部分知识整理（I understand some knowledge of finishing high geography）

高一地理上册理解部分知识整理（I understand some knowledge of finishing high geography） 高一地理上册理解部分知识整理(I understand some knowledge of finishing high geography) I understand some knowledge of finishing high geography The main types of the name celestial stars, nebulae, planets and moons, comets, meteoroids etc. The two basic object name: stars and nebulae The composition of the solar system: the sun, the eight planets, dwarf planets and small bodies, such as satellite group. The eight planets position sequence and classification: according to the distance of the sun from the near to the distant terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, earth, mars. Giant planets: Jupiter, saturn. Far planet: Uranus, neptune. The three levels of the solar atmosphere and solar activity: Hierarchical solar activity Sunspots from inside and outside Chromospheric flares and prominences Solar corona wind The main sign of solar activity and cycle: Mark: sunspots and solar cycle: 11 years. The basic characteristics of the stars and galaxies, planets and moons, comets and meteoroids Basic features of celestial types The only spherical body of a star that shines itself, consisting of glowing hydrogen and helium, with mass and volume smaller than the nebula Nebulae are made of hydrogen, cloud like, mass and volume larger than stars, but less dense than stars Planets revolve around a star and are spherical in itself and can clear the celestial bodies around their orbits The satellite revolves around the planets The comet moves around the stars in a cloud like manner with diverse orbits The number of dust particles in the interstellar space of meteoroids falls to the surface of the earth and is called meteorites The celestial system level The eight planets of the solar system movement in common 1, coplanar (both in the ecliptic on the ecliptic revolution) 2, nearly round (near elliptical orbit) 3, the same direction (both from west to East) The characteristics of the terrestrial planets, giant planets and the outer planet Planetary features include planetary features Terrestrial planets such as mercury, Venus, earth and Mars have small mass, small size, average density, and iron cores The planet Jupiter and Saturn are large in volume and mass, small in average density, and consist mainly of hydrogen, helium, neon, and other elements The far planet, Uranus, Neptune, is farthest from the sun The existence conditions of material life on earth 1, the distance between the earth and the sun is moderate, the heat is appropriate, so that the earth's surface has a lot of liquid water. 2, the earth's mass, volume, and gravity are suitable for the formation of an atmosphere suitable for biological respiration. 3, the earth's moderate motion cycle, so that the earth's temperature, dry and wet alternating, suitable for biological growth. 4. The earth is in a stable and safe cosmic environment. The characteristics of the lunar surface environment The reason that the moon always faces earth The rotation and rotation of the moon are from west to east; the period of rotation and Revolution (sidereal month) is 27.32 days. That is, the rotation and revolution of the moon cycle and the same direction, so the earth people can only see the same side of the moon, that is, the moon side. The new moon, moon, moon, moon by law Position name lunar lunar calendar time day and month, three. The first moon or the first moon, the moon and the earth, the three are in a straight line, and the moon is centered Seventh, eighth moon, April, three square, east of the moon in the sun The full moon or the fifteen, the sixteen, the month, and the three are in a straight line, and the earth is centered The moon twenty-two, twenty-three days, three months, right angle, the moon in the west of the sun The solar eclipse and the eclipse occurs when the relative position between the day, month three. The relative position between three places: the sun, the earth, and the moon The solar eclipse is centered in a straight line, and the moon is located in the sun and the earth The lunar eclipse is centered in a straight line, and the earth is in the middle of the sun and moon The corresponding high and low tide when the moon Spring tide: New Moon (New Moon), full moon (hope), lunar calendar fifteen, sixteen Neap: moon and moon The main types of space resources Space resources: build space stations, space cities, and launch man-made satellites in space Solar energy: building solar power stations in space Mineral resources: Lunar helium -3, contains titanium iron etc. Environmental resources: microgravity, high vacuum, strong radiation and ultra-low temperature The earth's rotation direction and cycle Direction: from west to East, North "inverse Cycle: The sidereal day and solar day Periodic meaning The sidereal day is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. The real cycle is 360 degrees Solar day 24 hours, usually used cycle, rotation > 360 degrees The direction and the cycle of the earth's revolution Direction: from west to east; Period: sidereal year: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 10 seconds (real cycles); Regression year: 365, 5:48, 46 seconds. (usually using cycles) The international date line of longitude and date rule: 180o meridian, along the earth's rotation on the line, minus one day; The north and South Hemisphere horizontal movement of the object has changed direction: Left right in the northern hemisphere and left in the northern and southern hemispheres. There is no bias on the equator. (south, left, north, right, red, unbiased) The obliquity degree: 23o261 The corresponding name, two points two to date and sun point latitude Name, date, direct point, latitude Vernal equinox, March 21st, 0o The summer solstice dates from June 22nd to 23o261N The equinox before September 23rd after 0o Winter solstice, December 22nd, 23o261S Linear and angular velocities of the rotation of the earth Line speed: decreased from low latitude to high latitude. The equatorial line has the largest speed (about 1670km/h) and the poles have zero speed. Angular velocity: in addition to the two poles of North and south, the angular velocities of all parts of the earth are equal (15 deg / h). The angular velocity of the poles is zero. The Beijing time China's unified use of time: East eight district zone, but also 120 degrees E longitude of the local time. Mobile - year Sun point The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of cancer The Tropic of cancer once hits the sun once a year Between the Tropic of cancer, there are two direct solar rays in the previous year The spring equinox to the autumnal equinox? Has been in the Northern Hemisphere From Vernal Equinox to summer solstice, moving northward in the Northern Hemisphere ? the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox in the northern hemisphere, moving south The autumnal equinox to equinox? Has been in the southern hemisphere The autumnal equinox to the winter solstice? In the southern hemisphere, moving south From winter solstice to vernal equinox, moving northward in the southern hemisphere The solstice moves from south to South during the solstice From winter solstice to summer solstice, it moves northward The seasonal variation of the height of the sun at noon. In the summer, the sun is high, the sun is small at noon, and the sun is high in the spring and Autumn In a year, the sun from the nearest, maximum height of the sun at noon; sun from the farthest, the minimum height of the sun at noon; sun point away from the more recent, the midday sun height; sun point from the farther when the height of the sun at noon small. Two - two Sunday noon solar altitude latitude distribution At midday, the sun rises from the equator to the north and south poles During the summer solstice, the global solar noon height decreases from the Tropic of cancer to the north and south poles The winter solstice, the global solar noon, decreases from the tropic to the north and south poles The seasonal changes in the length of the day and night Suppose that a place is located in the Northern Hemisphere When the sun in the northern hemisphere, the day short night; sun point moving northward, the days become long; the sun moves the regression line to the north, the longest day in one year. When the sun is direct in the southern hemisphere, the days are short and long; the sun moves south at a direct point; the sky becomes shorter; the sun moves direct to the Tropic of Capricorn; it is the shortest day of the year. Two - two to the length of the day and night in the world Dichotomy: Global equal length of day and night The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere: the longest day, the night is short, the Arctic and North Pole The southern hemisphere and the shortest, the longest night, and south of the Antarctic circle appeared in night The winter solstice in the southern hemisphere: the longest day, the night is short, and to the south of the Antarctic circle appears very day The northern hemisphere is the shortest day and the longest night, the Arctic and north polar night The division of astronomical seasons Summer is the longest day of the year, The maximum height of the sun at noon Winter is the shortest day of the year and the smallest height of the sun at noon The two season is spring and autumn winter season transition Seasons in the northern hemisphere: Spring (3, 4, May) summer (6, 7, August) Autumn (9, 10, November) winter (12, 1, February) The southern hemisphere is opposite the Northern Hemisphere The name and the distribution of six plates Name: the Eurasian plate, the African plate, the Pacific plate, the India Ocean plate, the American plate, the Antarctic plate The demise of boundary and growth - plate boundary Examples of the influence of plate boundaries on the earth's surface The plate growth / rifting boundary often forms rift or the growth boundary of the oceanic African Plate - the Great Rift Valley The boundary between the African plate and the India Ocean plate is the Red Sea The boundary between the American plate and the Eurasian plate and the African plate -- the Atlantic The plate extinction / collision boundary, oceanic plates and continental plates, subduction zones near oceanic plates often form trenches The continental plates are crowded up into island arcs and coastal ranges, the boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate -- Mariana Trench and East Asian arc chains; The American Cordillera plate plate and the Pacific plate, Antarctica -- the subduction boundary of Western America The continental plate and the continental plate often form huge mountains and plateaus, the boundary between the Eurasian plate and the India Ocean plate, the Himalaya mountains and the Qinghai Xizang Plateau The boundary between the African plate and the Eurasian plate -- the Alps Differential velocity of P-wave and S-wave propagation of seismic wave in the - Spread speed compared to surface perception The P-wave is fast (coming first) The transverse wave is slow (backward) and rocking The difference between the magnitude and intensity. Distinguishing relation A magnitude indicates the energy released by an earthquake. An earthquake has only one magnitude. Generally, the bigger the magnitude, the stronger the intensity Intensity indicates the extent of an earthquake and how many intensities are there in an earthquake The main factors influencing the intensity of size Magnitude: the greater the magnitude, the greater the intensity Epicentral distance: the smaller the epicentral distance, the greater the intensity Focal depth: the shallower the focal depth, the greater the intensity Geological structure: located on the geological tectonic belt, the intensity is bigger Ground construction: materials, solidity, building styles, etc. on the ground affect the intensity The earthquake factor: Focal point: a place where an underground rock layer breaks and moves to cause an earthquake Epicenter: the vertical projection position of a source on the ground Focal depth: the vertical distance between the source and the epicenter Epicentral distance: the distance between a certain part of the ground and the epicenter The name of the two seismic zones and distribution of the world Circum Pacific seismic belt and Mediterranean Himalaya earthquake belt The causes of the three types of rock and its main characteristics Classification causes rock features common rocks Magma The rock formed by the condensation of magma into the ground; large grains of granite The rock formed by the condensation of magma on the earth's surface has pores, Xuan Wuyan Sedimentary rock weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, consolidation, diagenesis, bedding structure, fossil limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, coal High temperature and high pressure metamorphic rocks are metamorphic limestone structure formation of metamorphic marble schistosity. The content of the crust in the top three chemical elements: oxygen, silicon and aluminum The name of the main landscape types: fluvial landform, Karst landform, coastal geomorphology, aeolian landform, loess landform The different characteristics of the intrusive and extrusive rocks Intrusive rock: condensed in the ground, with long condensation time and coarse grain Extrusive rock: condensed in the earth's surface, having short condensation times and having pores The typical area of Karst landform in China The Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Area in Southwest China (limestone is widely distributed, rich in surface water and groundwater) The typical area of China's loess landform Loess plateau region in Northwest China The main reason that the surface of Loess Plateau Gully The erosion of running water The composition of the atmosphere: The main role of atmospheric composition dry clean empty Main Qi The constituents of N2 constitute the basic constituents of an organism O2 essential substances for life support activities secondary The raw material of photosynthesis of CO2 plants; ground warming O3 absorbs ultraviolet rays and makes life on earth The substance is protected from excessive ultraviolet radiation The necessary conditions for the formation of water vapor into clouds; the ground warming The necessary conditions for cloud rain induced by solid impurities The atmospheric vertical stratification: From the bottom: the troposphere, stratosphere, the middle layer and the heating layer (also called exosphere and ionosphere) The main features of the troposphere, stratosphere Troposphere: the temperature drops along with the altitude, the convection movement is obvious, and with the concentration of water vapor and dust, the weather change is remarkable Stratospheric: ozone concentration layer, the temperature rises with height, horizontal movement is obvious, no water vapor and dust, atmospheric transparency is good, suitable for civil aviation flight The protective effect of the atmosphere on the earth's life. Flak jacket: the thick atmosphere reduces the impact of foreign objects on the earth and can also be seen beautiful at night Meteor phenomenon. Sun umbrella (the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation) 1, the atmospheric absorption of solar radiation (very little) Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, carbon dioxide and water vapor to absorb infrared rays. 2. The atmospheric reflection of solar radiation Mainly clouds and other large particles of material, making the clouds appear white. 3. Scattering of the atmosphere by solar radiation Mostly small particulate matter that makes the sky appear blue. Cloudy days are lower than sunny days because of the weakening of the sun's radiation by the atmosphere. Insulation quilt (greenhouse effect) 1, the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation first (long wave radiation): mainly in the atmosphere of water vapor, dust and carbon dioxide, long wave radiation has a strong absorptive capacity. Atmospheric warming. 2, atmospheric warming, but also release atmospheric radiation (long wave radiation), some of the atmospheric radiation to the ground, that is, the atmosphere Inverse radiation. 3, the ground absorbs the atmospheric reverse radiation, compensates for the heat of the ground loss, and maintains the proper temperature. Because of the atmospheric heat preservation, so the cloudy night temperature is higher than the clear night. The main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and Freon two. Mainly carbon dioxide, while other greenhouse gases are small, but growing rapidly, the future will exceed carbon dioxide. The uneven thermal circulation caused by The thermodynamic circulation principle winds blow from the cold surface to the heated surface The urban wind blows from the suburbs to the city Sea breeze, day and night The oceans blow to the land The land blows to the sea Valley winds; day and night From the bottom blowing along the slope to the top of the valley The formation of mobile belt, and seasonal wind along the slope from the top to the bottom of the valley of global pressure 1, due to the latitudinal distribution of solar radiation uneven and ground The deflecting force forms a three annular circulation. The 2 and three circulations show seven atmospheric pressure near the ground And with six wind. 3, with the north and south of the direct point of the sun moving, atmospheric pressure The position of the belt and also move, January A North South, July. The atmospheric circulation of water heat distribution of global significance The atmospheric circulation mainly refers to the three ring circulation and the monsoon circulation ? control belt, and monsoon in wind pressure, the formation of different types of climate showed different distribution of water and heat The atmospheric circulation realizes the exchange of water vapor and heat between the latitude and the latitude and the sea land. The characteristics and genesis of tropical rainforest climate, tropical desert climate, tropical savanna climate, Mediterranean climate, temperate marine climate Climate type, genesis, climate characteristics Tropical rain forest climate is controlled by equatorial low pressure belt all year round, the air current rises all year round, high temperature and rainy The tropical desert climate affected by the subtropical high pressure zone and inland trade control of high temperature and less rainfall throughout the year Tropical savanna climate controlled by the low pressure zone and wind control in the annual temperature, dry and wet Ji Mingxian The Mediterranean climate is controlled by subtropical high winds and westerly winds. It is controlled by the high temperature and little rain in summer, and it is warm and rainy in winter The temperate marine climate is controlled by westerly winds all year round and is warm and rainy throughout the year The formation, the East and South Asian monsoon in winter and summer and the prevailing wind effects on climate East Asian monsoon; South Asian monsoon The causes of land sea thermal contrast monsoon except the land sea thermal differences, and atmospheric pressure and wind season mobile position. wind To the southeast southwest wind in summer Winter northwest wind Climate impact (hot rainy season) subtropical monsoon climate: The summer is warm and rainy, and the winter is warm and less rain. Temperate monsoon climate: The summer is hot and rainy, and the winter is cold and less rain. Tropical monsoon climate: Annual high temperature, Dry and rainy season is obvious The weather characteristics of cyclone and anticyclone pressure distribution and movement of the air and under the control of Cyclonic anticyclone A low atmospheric pressure; high atmospheric pressure Map of the Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Horizontal air movement in the northern hemisphere counterclockwise flowing clockwise outflow Clockwise inflow of counterclockwise flow into the southern hemisphere The movement of the central air rises and sinks Control the weather, dry and sunny The causes and characteristics of typhoon, the weather is cold, rainy season Causes of weather in chronological order The influence of the quasi stationary front in rainy, hot and humid Typhoons are affected by strong tropical cyclones, heavy winds and heavy rains Cold wave is affected by Asian high pressure, cold, gale, low temperature and dust storm The cold front, warm weather conditions before and after the transit The warm front Sketch Map The weather was clear, warm, clear and cold before the crossing After crossing the weather drops in temperature, pressure rise, sunny weather temperatures rise, the pressure drops, the weather clears The movement of eastern China's rainbands. 1. Rainfall in the eastern part of China is mainly frontal rain. 2, 4-5 month rain belt is located in China's Southern China region. 3, 6 months late rain to the downstream region of Jianghuai / China's Yangtze area. 4, 7, August, the rain arrived in our country north and northeast china. 5, September, the rain quickly retreating South and South and entered the rainy season. In October 6, the rain out of mainland china. The mainland of China is controlled by winter monsoon. The earth's hydrosphere: ocean water body The main body of terrestrial water: glacial water The name of the three types of water cycle and the link: Water cycle type, occurrence, field link Between land and Sea circulation, evaporation between ocean and land, water vapor transport, precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, groundwater runoff Evapotranspiration, transpiration, water vapor transport, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and groundwater runoff occur between land and land Intra ocean circulation, evaporation between ocean and ocean, water vapor transport, precipitation The main form of water supply: precipitation recharge, snow melt water, glacier, lake water, groundwater. The meaning of water resource: General: all water ring. Narrow sense: River water, fresh water, lake water, shallow groundwater. The measure of water resources of longan main indicators: the annual average evaporation runoff amount = average annual precipitation - The number of water resources in China, the characteristics of spatial distribution: Quantity: the total amount is big (6), per capita is less (1/4) The temporal and spatial distribution of water resources is uneven in china: On the time, the summer and autumn are more, and the winter and spring are few, and the interannual variation is great (the interannual change of the north is greater than that of the South) On the space, southeast is much, northwest is little The causes of temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in China The southeast coastal area is affected by monsoon climate, monsoon instability, precipitation more, mainly in the summer and fall The inland area of Northwest China is affected by temperate continental climate, with less precipitation, mainly in summer I in the water basin three: the Yellow River, Huaihe, the Haihe River Basin Geography and water cycle processes 1, water circulation link name: A: evaporation B: water vapor transport C: precipitation D: surface runoff E: infiltration F: groundwater runoff G: transpiration 2. Water cycle categories: ABCD or ABCEF forms the sea land cycle. GC constitutes the onshore circulation. AC constitutes the internal circulation of seawater. 3. Significance of water cycle: Not only can the global transport of material and energy be realized, but also the freshwater resources on the land can be updated and supplemented. The human by changing the water circulation link, influence on the spatiotemporal distribution of water resource It has the greatest impact on surface runoff: Reservoir construction: uneven temporal distribution of surface runoff Trans basin water diversion: uneven spatial distribution of surface runoff changes The world the most abundant runoff resources and lack of regional area The causes of the richest areas of the world's runoff resources are controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone, with much precipitation and weak evaporation The runoff causes: the serious lack of resources in the subtropical high pressure belt, the trade winds or inland wind control, less precipitation, Evaporation intensity The causes of the wind current Under the prevailing winds, the surface water forms a large directional flow The global planetary wind six wind and the South Asian summer monsoon The relationship between the distribution pattern of the world ocean currents and atmospheric pressure, with the wind The northeast trade winds corresponding to the North Equatorial Current The southeast trade winds corresponding South Equatorial Current The northern hemisphere westerlies correspond to the North Atlantic / North Pacific warm current Westerly winds in the southern hemisphere form westerly drift (global scale) The South Asian summer monsoon forms the clockwise monsoon current in the northern India ocean The South Asian Winter Monsoon forms the counterclockwise monsoon current in the northern India ocean The characteristics of the change of our supply of three regions and river runoff season Sketch map, distribution area, main recharge type, runoff, seasonal variation characteristics The annual runoff amount of glacier melt water in northwest inland is small The runoff varied greatly in season The flood season is mainly in summer Winter break The total annual runoff of southeast precipitation is the largest The runoff varied greatly in season The flood season is mainly in summer Precipitation in Northeast China The annual runoff of snow melt water is larger The runoff varied greatly in season The flood season is mainly in summer Small flood season occurs in spring Causes of the four major fishing grounds of the world - The origin and principle analysis of the four fishing grounds involve ocean currents The cold warm current of the Hokkaido fishing ground in Japan meets with the sea, stirring the deep sea nutrients to the surface. The bait is rich, the water temperature is suitable, and there are many kinds of fish stocks. Japan warm current and Thousand Island cold current The North Atlantic warm current and the East Greenland cold current of the British fishing ground in Beihai Canadian Newfoundland fisheries, Gulf Stream, and Labrador cold current, Mexico Upwelling and upwelling of Peru fishing ground bring deep sea nutrients to the surface and feed the Peru cold current The high seas and territorial sea, exclusive economic zone means Scope meaning The territorial sea, the territorial sea, the base point, 12 nautical miles away, have full sovereignty The territorial sea points of the exclusive economic zone shall be 200 nautical miles away from the territorial sea and adjacent to the territorial sea, enjoying exclusive rights and jurisdiction over the natural resources within the sea areas No country other than the exclusive economic zone of the high seas holds sovereignty