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The first playwright of democracy, Euripides wrote with enduring insight and biting satire about social and political problems of Athenian life. In contrast to his contemporaries, he brought an exciting--and, to the Greeks, a stunning--realism to the "pure and noble form" of tragedy. For the first time in history, heroes and heroines on the stage were not idealized: as Sophocles himself said, Euripides shows people not as they ought to be, but as they actually are. 论述简答(自考笔记上的,自己已改过一点儿) 一、What is the limitation of “Democracy”in ancient Greece?(名解简答) (How do you understand “Democracy”in ancient Greece?What is the difference between “Democracy”in ancient Greece and modern democracy?) 答: ①Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”,but in Greece by “the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. ②Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 答: ①Probably around 1200 B.C.,a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. ②Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science,philosophy,literature,art and historical writing in Athens. ③The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. ④In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,Greece was conquered by Alexander,king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered,whenever Greek culture was found. ⑤Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.,the Romans conquered Greece. 三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop? 答: (1)、Three founders 1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers. ②Scientific mathematics. ③Theory of proportion.比例的理论 2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源 ②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一 3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者 ②materialism.唯物主义 (2)、Three thinkers 1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues. ②The dialectical method was established by Socrates. 2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world,it was established by Plato. ②He has four works. Dialogues: Apology, Symposium and Republic. 3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world,it was established by Aristotle. ②Aristotle is a humanist. (3)、Five contending schools 1、The Sophists诡辩派 ①Under the leadership of Protagoras. ②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论 ③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的 2、The Cynics犬儒派 ①Under the leadership of Diogenes. ②The word “cynic”means “dog”in Greek. ③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful. 3、The Sceptics置疑学派 ①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon. ②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable,and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、The Epicureans享乐派 ①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择:根据领导者的名字直接命名 ②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲enjoyment.享乐 Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得 Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子 5、The Stoics斯多哥派 ①Under the leadership of Zeno. ②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. Developed into Stoics’ duty. He was also a materialist. 四、What philosophy system did Plato established? (Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic?Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的system of philosophy?) 答: 1、It dealt with,among other things,the problem of how,in the complex,ever—changing world,men were to attain knowledge. 2、The first case and physical world should take the secondary case. 3、Idealistic of philosophy. 4、Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. 五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)? 答: 1、For one thing,Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato‘s reliance on subjective thinking.(万物依赖主观思维) 2、For another,he thought that “form”and matter together made up concrete individual realities(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实). Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意识高于物质) 3、Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation. 一句话简答What should be man‘s aim in life? Aristotle‘s answer was:happiness. 六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? (What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用on the world civilization文化?) 答: There has been an enduring excitement兴奋about classical经典的Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere别处。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1、Spirit of innovation创新精神 The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy;They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals历史记载;They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters束缚of any inherited orthodoxy. 2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就 The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor努力: Philosophy,science,epic poetry,comedy,historical writing,architecture,etc. 3、Lasting effect持续的影响 ①Countless writers have quoted,borrowed from and otherwise used Homer‘s epics,the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides,Aristophanes’s comedies,Plato‘s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century,in England alone,three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作:Byron‘s Isles of Greece,Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keat s‘s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century,there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce‘s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 七、What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答: 1、similarity①Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. ②Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified,and their myths to be fused. ③Their languages worked in similar ways,both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2、difference①The Romans built up a vast empire;the Greeks didn’t,except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated. ②The Romans were confident in their own organizational power,their military and administrative capabilities. 八、What is the Rome historical background? 答: 1、The history of Rome divided into two periods:Before the year 27 B.C.,Rome had been a republic;from the year 27 B.C.,Octavius took supreme (最大的) power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2、Two centuries later,the Roman Empire reached its climax,marked by land area‘s extension:Encircling (环绕) the Mediterranean.(地中海) 3、Strong military power:the famous Roman legions. 4、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time,which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana. 5、Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6、The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.选择 ①In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople k?nst?nti'n?upl] (modern Istanbul)。 ②After 395 (分裂时间),the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine bi'z?ntain] Empire) and West ③In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. ④The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩溃) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年战争结束)