发包人在欠付工程款的范围内对实际施工人承担责任的起算点如何界定

发包人在欠付工程款的范围内对实际施工人承担责任的起算点如何界定 发包人在欠付工程款的范围内对实际施工由发包人买单。法律不能保护一方利益的 二审认为～谭英安给张国军出具34万人承担责任的起算点如何界定 同时去侵害另一方的利益～而应对各方利欠条一份～只能证明自然人之间债权债务益均衡保护。 关系。案外人刘兴亚承包了奥林公司所属 奥强分公司～尹家商业网点实际施工人为《最高人民法院关于审理建设工程奥强分公司的承包人刘兴亚～奥强分公司施工程合同纠纷案件适用法律问的解总之～如果以‚实际施工人?的名是否将该工程分包给了谭英安～谭英安是释》第二十六条实际施工人以转包人、违义起诉的原告～在诉前和诉中均没有提起否又分包给张国军是不同的法律关系～谭法分包人为被告起诉的～人民法院应当依财产保全～也没有起诉第三人。发包人只英安工程欠款不直接涉及奥林公司～假如法受理。实际施工人以发包人为被告主张应在判决书生效时欠付第三人工程价款的谭英安随意签下若干欠条～谭英安又没有权利的～人民法院可以追加转包人或者违范围内承担责任。而不应在起诉时～发包给付能力均由奥林公司承担连带责任～对法分包人为本案当事人。发包人只在欠付人欠付工程款的范围内承担责任。否则～奥林公司显然不公平。综上～原审法院判工程价款范围内对实际施工人承担责任。会对发包人的利益和第三人的利益造成侵决本案奥林公司承担连带责任不当。故以在此法条中～只规定了发包人在欠付工程害 ,2005,沈民,2,房终字第1106号民事价款的范围内承担责任～并没有说明具体判决书～判决:一、维持沈阳市新城子区起算点～发包人欠付第三人工程价款的多非发包人不应在欠付工程款范围内对实际法院,2005,新城民尹合初字第108号民少～到底是从起诉时开始算～还是在判决施工人承担责任 事判决第一项、第二项,二、撤销第三项、书生效时开始算,如果原告没有提起财产第四项,三、驳回双方其他请求。 保全～实际施工人也没有起诉第三人～发 被告:谭英安 包人在诉讼期间能不能支付给第三人,非法转包人,工程价款,这一点十分重要～ 审判委员会指导意见:本案奥林公司直接关系到发包人、实际施工人和第三人是否承担连带责任涉及到对最高人民法院 被告:辽宁奥林体育建筑工程有限公的利益。 《关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案件适司,以下简称奥林公司, 被告:沈阳用法律问题的解释》,以下简称解释,第恩勇房地产开发有限公司,以下简称恩勇二十六条和《民法通则》第八十七条的理公司, 案由:建筑工程施工合同欠款近期本人代理了一个案件～案情如解和适用问题。《解释》第二十六条规定:纠纷案。 下: ‚实际施工人以转包人、违法分包人为被告起诉的～人民法院应当依法受理。实际 简要案情:一审查明～2003年5月15甲路桥公司一高速项目部于2006施工人以发包方为被告主张权利的～人民日～奥林公司与恩勇公司签订合同～由奥年5月与乙就该标段承缆的中央电缆沟工法院可以追加转包人或者违法分包人为本林公司为恩勇公司建筑尹家商业网点～工程签订了劳务分包合同～工程完工后的案当事人。发包人只在欠付工程价款范围程款总额2953440元。合同签订后～该工2007年5月～丙以实际施工人的身份起诉内对实际施工人承担责任。?本条司法解程由谭英安负责施工。随后谭英安与张国路桥公司。丙起诉时～甲公司尚欠第三人释是保护实际施工人利益继而保护农民工军达成口头～由张国军组织人员负责乙工程价款50000元。丙起诉后至判决前～工资能够及时兑付的特殊规定。该条规定～施工。该工程竣工后～谭英安于2005年1甲公司在第三人乙的一再追要下～支付给从程序上规定了实际施工人可以起诉转包月26日为张国军出具工资34万元的欠据乙工程款30000元～至判决生效时～甲尚人、违法分包人～又可以起诉发包人。当一张。另查明～恩勇公司与奥林公司已结乙工程款20000元。此案经过多次审理～起诉发包人时～人民法院应追加转包人或清。 某地基层法院判定乙为承包人～丙为实际者违法分包人为被告或第三人～目的在于施工人～乙欠丙工程款60000元。甲在查清案件事实～分清当事人责任～保证实50000元的范围内承担责任。依此判决～甲 一审认为～本案被告谭英安经本院合际施工人的权利得以实现。该条从实体上公司在诉讼期间支付给乙公司的30000元～法传唤～无正当理由拒不出庭应诉～视为规定～发包人只在欠付工程价款范围内对必须再支付给丙一次～然后～甲公司再以放弃答辩和质证权利。根据现有证据～谭实际施工人承担责任～这样规定并不损害不当得利的名义向乙追要支付过乙的英安欠张国军人工费34万元属实～故原告 发包人权益。 30000元。甲公司不服～提出上诉～中级人请求本院予以支持。因奥林公司从恩勇公民法院维持原判。甲公司和乙均申请当地司处承包到涉案工程后交由谭英安实际施 在本案中～起诉时～实际施工人,即检察院抗诉。 工～而现有证据不能证明奥林公司在恩勇原告,向发包人、承包人、转包人主张权公司领取工程款后与谭英安就工程问题已利～一审经过审理确认发包人恩勇公司已处理完毕～故奥林公司对谭英安给付张国假定法院判定丙为实际施工人是正全部履行工程款支付义务～而承包人奥林军人工费应负连带责任。依据《中华人民确的～甲公司是应当在50000元的范围内公司将该项目分包给郭富君并由谭英安实共和国民事诉讼法》第一百三十条、《中承担责任～还是在20000元的范围内承担际负责施工～谭英安又将部分工程分包给华人民共和国民法通则》第八十四条、第责任呢, 张国军～由张国军组织人员施工～并拖欠八十七条～《中华人民共和国合同法》第张国军人工费34万～判决谭英安给付人工六十条、第一百零九条、《最高人民法院费无疑是正确的。但是由奥林公司负连带本代理认为～甲路桥公司只应在判„关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷适用法清偿责任错误。理由是:该条司法解释本决书生效时的20000元的范围内承担责任。律问题解释》第十七条、第十八条、第二意是由发包人在欠工程价款范围内承担清理由如下: 十六条之规定～判决:一、被告谭英安给偿责任～本案恩勇公司为发包人～而非奥付原告人工费34万元～自本判决发生法律林公司～奥林公司在本案中只是总承包人。一、丙在诉前和诉中～并没有提起效力之日起3日内一次付清,二、谭英安二审查明奥林公司下属分公司奥强公司与财产保全～也没有起诉第三人。甲路桥公自2005年1月17日起按中国银行同期贷发包人恩勇公司签订《补充协议》一份并司与乙有合法承包关系～并依合同进行了款利率给付欠款利息,三、奥林公司对谭约定由该公司承建涉案工程的事实之后～结算～即便是有人起诉～也完全有理由支英安给付欠款及利息承担连带责任,四、以奥强分公司是否将该工程分包给谭英付给乙工程价款～不应受到丙起诉的影响。 驳回其他诉讼请求。奥林公司不服～提起安～谭荚安又是否再次分包给张国军是不上诉。 同法律关系～谭英安欠款不直接涉及奥林 二、判决书不生效～丙作为实际施公司为由～改判奥林公司不承担连带责任～工人的身份不能确定。如果丙起诉时～甲 二审另查明～2003年2月1日奥林公虽然改判理由有待探讨～但该改判结果正路桥公司必须停止支付乙工程价款～如果司与案外人刘兴亚签订《承包经营合同书》确。 任何人以实际施工人的名义起诉甲路桥公一份～约定刘兴亚承包奥林公司奥强分公司～甲路桥公司均停止支付乙工程价款～司并任经理。分公司独立核算～自负盈亏～ 审委会认为～一审错误的关键在于: 势必造成乙的合法权益受到侵害。 承担一切法律责任。2004年6月15日恩勇 公司与奥强分公司签订《补充协议》一份～ 一、错误的理解和适用最高法院司法约定奥强分公司承建尹家商业网点。2005三、如果第三人欠付实际施工人的解释本意～混淆了发包人和分,转,包人年2月16日恩勇公司又与刘兴亚签订《尹工程价款在判决书生效的执行中～不能完的概念～错误的将奥林公司总承包人身份家商业网点工程结算说明》～该说明协商全实现～可以通过对第三人提起诉讼来解理解为发包人。这是本案适用法律错误的了恩勇公司与刘兴亚付款情况。 决。如果仍不能解决～后果应由实际施工主要原因。另外～本案中奥林公司作为承人自已承担～是由于他没有提起财产保全～包人～是否应当承担责任～《解释》中并在起诉中没有列第三人为被告所致～不应 1 无总承包人和分,转,包人承担连带责任同～但法律与行政法规对"违法分包"行为承担责任的条件 的规定～况且本案一审时也未查清分包人的界定基本是一致的。 "违法分包"主要指 之间是否拖欠工程款。因此～一审判决奥以下行为: ?总承包单位将建设工程分包 林公司承担责任错误。 给不具备相应资质条件的单位, ?建设工建筑业由于种种原因～常导致转包及程总承包合同中未有约定～又未经建设单非法分包。为保护第一线实际施工人——位认可～承包单位将其承包的部分工程交 二、错误适用《民法通则》第八十七农民工的利益。《最高人民法院建设工程由其他单位完成, ?施工总承包单位将建条规定。一审适用该条规定～主要目的是施工合同司法解释》第二十六条～突破了设工程的主体结构的工程分包给其他单债务人为二人以上～应承担连带责任～而合同相对性～规定了实际施工人可在欠付位, ?分包单位将其承包的工程再行分本案虽然列三个被告～但判决理由中并未工程价款范围内要求发包人承担责任的权包。本案中李某、马某应为违法分包人。 阐明双方依何种法律规定～成为共同债务利。很好地维护了农民工的权益～这对社 ‚欠付工程款?应包括?已经结人。如果依照《民法通则》第四十三条‚企会稳定也具有重大的现实意义。但在实际算未支付的‚欠付工程款?,?尚未结算业法人对它的代表人和其他工作人员的经操作中～因谨慎行使该权利。 的工程款,?已经结算尚未到期的工程款。 营活动承担民事责任?～那么谭英安作为欠付工程款的范围是发包人所欠奥林公司工作人员职务行为拖欠张国军工【关键词】合同相对性 对策 限制 违法分包人或转包人的全部工程款还是仅程款～就应由法人即奥林公司承担责任～仅针对实际施工人实际施工工程部分的工而非连带责任。但一审时并无此证据～况程款,根据代位权理论～实际施工人行使建筑业是我国国民经济的支柱产业～且二审时已查明奥林公司已将工程转包给代位权向发包人所主张的权利～可为其债对促进社会进步和提高人民水平发挥着重下属奥强公司～而奥强公司具有法人资格～务人即转包人或违法分包人对发包人现有要作用。建筑业属于劳动密集型行业～技谭英安是否是奥强公司工作人员～卷内也的实体上的一切财产性权利～但专属于债术含量低～随着建筑业发展～大量农民工无证明～加之恩勇公司与其余被告作为共务人及依权利本身性质不可转让的权利除被吸收就业～并成为施工第一线的实际施同债务人的依据只有最高法院如前所述的外。欠付工程款应该是发包人所欠的违法工人。因我国建筑业实行准入制且准入门司法解释的规定～故一审时适用《民法通分包人或转包人全部工程款。 槛较高～承包人必须有相应资质才能承包则》第八十七条亦属错误。 发包人欠付转包人或违法分包人相关工程。 工程款的数额～是以起诉时的欠款数额确 综上～本案属适用法律错误导致错案～定～还是以判决书生效时的数额确定,应由于投资的不足～以及长期以来建筑除追究办案人错案责任外～更多的是应从当以发包人收到法院送达的起诉书之日的市场存在供大于求的现状～许多资质等级中汲取教训～并在今后审判实践中。加深欠款数额作为判决承担责任的欠付工程款低、信誉较差的建筑施工企业难以应对市理解有关法律、法规和司法解释的规定～数额。实际施工人无论是否采取保全措施～场的竞争现实。甚至没有资质也没有企业并能正确的适用 发包人收到法院送达的起诉书之后～未经建制～只是包工头临时带领一帮农民工实法院允许私下向转包人或违法分包人支付际从事施工任务的施工队伍。他们为了生工程款～是恶意串通规避法律、损害实际发包人在欠付工程价款范围内对实际施工存与发展～往往会依托、挂靠一些有相应施工人利益的无效行为。 人承担的是什么责任 资质的企业去承揽工程～获得工程后～再实践中实际施工人在起诉时往往会由有资质的承包人以转包或违法分包的形要求转包人或违法分包人与发包人之间承某工程公司承包G210B标段后～将其中式将工程交由实际施工人施工～转包人或担连带责任～而部分法院判决也会支持这的桥梁桩基挖孔工程分包给马某～马某将违法分包人从中获得一定的利益。有的工一请求～作出发包人与转包人或违法分包其中1号桥、7号桥桩基挖孔工程分包给李程几经转包～层层剥皮～实际施工人已经人之间承担连带责任关系。连带之债是承某～李某又转包给张某。张某组织人员具没有利润～只能依靠偷工减料、克扣农民担连带责任的前提～而连带之债是指以同体施工。李某与张某结算～李某欠张某工工工资维系企业生存。 一给付为标的～各债权人或各债务人之间程款28万元。张某起诉李某支付工程款28有连带关系的多数人之债～其中数个债务万元～要求工程公司、马某承担连带责任。 人连带承担以同一给付为标的的债务。发不规范的市场秩序和供大于求的市庭审查明～张某施工的该工程～工程公司包人对转包人或违法分包人的债务与转包场供需关系～造成拖欠工程款的问题相当欠马某15万元～马某欠李某15万元。 人或违法分包人对实际施工人的债务基于突出～特别是大量拖欠农民工工资现象十 本案的焦点是～马某、工程公司是否不同的合同产生～发包人与转包人或违法分严重～不仅影响了建筑市场的正常的交对李某欠张某的28万元工程款承担责任,分包人之间承担并非同一债务～二者不存易秩序～而且也影响了社会的稳定。由于承担什么责任, 在承担连带责任的连带之债基础。而且～转包人未实际施工且已经收取了转承包人 《关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案承担连带责任必须有法律的明确规定。发交纳的转包利润～发包人是否支付工程价件适用法律问题的解释》》第26条规定:包人承担的欠付工程款责任不是连带责款与自己的利益无关～对发包人是否支付‚实际施工人以转包人、违法分包人为被任。 按期支付工程价款并不特别关注～也并不告起诉的～人民法院应当依法受理。实际 《合同法》第73条第1款规定:‚第会向业主积极主张权利;而实际施工人由施工人以发包人为被告主张权利的～人民七十三条因债务人怠于行使其到期债权～于与发包人没有合同关系～即使发包人欠法院可以追加转包人或者违法分包人为本对债权人造成损害的～债权人可以向人民付工程款～实际施工人也无法向发包人主案当事人。发包人只在欠付工程价款范围法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的张权利。在转包人资信状况恶化、破产、内对实际施工人承担责任。? 实际施工人债权～但该债权专属于债务人自身的除法人主体资格消灭、超过诉讼时效等情况是最高人民法院在《解释》中创设的一个外。?《最高人民法院关于适用<下～可能永远无法主张权利～对于众多的新概念。最高人民法院负责人在公布该《解中华人民共和平共和国合同法若干问题的农民工来说维系生存的血汗钱可能永远都释》时答记者问中～对‚实际施工人?的解释>,一,》第20条规定:‚债权人向难以要回。这种情况下～应当在一定条件阐释是:‚承包人与发包人订立建设工程次债务人提起的代位权诉讼经法院审理后下赋予实际施工人以诉权～在一定条件下施工合同后～往往又将建设工程转包或者认定代位权成立的～由次债务人履行清偿可以向发包人(业主)主张权利～进一步扩违法分包给第三人～第三人就是实际施工义务～债权人与债务人、债务人与次债务展保护实际施工人权益的渠道～维护社会人。? 最高人民法院民事审判第一庭编著人之间的相应的债权债务关系即予消灭。? 稳定～为解决此类问题～《最高人民法院的《最高人民法院建设工程施工合同司法实际施工人向发包人主张工程款的权利～建设工程施工合同司法解释》第26条因运解释的理解与适用》一书中对实际施工人是代位行使转包人或违法转包人对发包人而生～赋予实际施工人向发包人追索工程的概念作了相对更为具体的诠释:‚《解的权利～因此～发包人在欠付工程价款范欠款的诉讼权利～其目的在于保护农民工释》使用了‚实际施工人?的称谓～是指围内对实际施工人承担的是直接给付责利益。 无效合同的承包人～如转承包人、违法分任～并非垫付责任或连带责任。法院判决包合同的承包人、没有资质借用有资质的发包人直接向实际施工人清偿的欠款数一、《最高人民法院建设工程施工合建筑施工企业的名义与他人签订建设工程额～转包人或违法分包人的债权债务关系同司法解释》第26条 施工合同的承包人。?实际施工人并非在消灭～该部分欠款数额转包人或违法分包工地做某项具体工作的工人。本案的实际人不再承担给付责任。 施工人为张某。 (一)《最高人民法院建设工程施工合 就本案来说～发包人工程公司应当直接 《合同法》第272条第2、3款～《建设同司法解释》第26条全文 向张某清偿15万元工程款～另有13万元工程质量管理条例》第78条第2款都列举工程款应当由李某清偿 了"违法分包"的情形～尽管具体表述略不实际施工人可以要求转包人,违法分包人 2 第26条:实际施工人以转包人、违以发包人为被告提起诉讼时～才存在突破为被告向其追讨久拖不决的工程欠款～而法分包人为被告起诉的～人民法院应当依合同相对性问题。实际施工人与转包人和不必再依赖于转包人或违法分包人的意法受理。 违法分包人之间具有合同关系～转包人与志。由于实际施工人大多是农民工组成～ 违法分包人与发包人(业主)具有合同关维护了实际施工人的利益～也就很好地维系～实质上讲～三方当事人之间存在承包护了农民工的权益～这对社会稳定也具有实际施工人以发包人为被告主张权与违法分包、转包两层法律关系～实际施重大的现实意义。 利的～人民法院可以追加转包人或者违法工人以业主为被告提起诉讼存在突破合同分包人为本案当事人。发包人只在欠付工相对性问题。从性质上看～转包行为实质程价款范围内对实际施工人承担责任。 2.进一步加强建筑市场追讨拖欠工上是承包人在订立第一个承包合同且不终程款的力度。过去～施工单位可能会考虑止第一份合同效力的前提下～又与第三人到发包人特殊的地位或长期合作关系而不(二)条文解读 订立转包合同～两份合同尽管在内容上有敢轻易动用法律武器来维护自身利益～最相同或者相似性～但二者的合同当事人是终导致工程款拖欠问题久调不决。《司法不一样的～他们将依照不同的合同分别承1.本条为两款。第1款为程序性规解释》赋予实际施工人可以发包人为被告担不同的义务和责任。因此～如果第一个定～第2款分别规定了程序和实体两部分直接提起诉讼的权利后～由于拖欠的工程承包合同中的承包人不能履行合同义务～内容。第一款规定:实际施工人以转包人、款直接影响实际施工人的切身利益～实际应由其承担合同责任～而不能由第二个合违法分包人为被告起诉的～人民法院应予施工人就会更为主动地运用法律武器来维同中的当事人代其承担责任。如果第二个受理。实际施工人与转包人、违法分包人护自身利益～这就进一步加强了建筑市场合同中当事人为第一个合同中当事人承担是建设工程施工合同的承、发包当事人～追讨工程欠款的力度。 责任～显然违背了合同相对性的原理。同是建设工程施工合同的相对人。由于转包、样～依此推论～第一个合同中的发包人为违法分包合同违反法律的强制性规定而无3.对建设单位或不讲诚信逃避债务第二个合同中的发包人承担责任同样存在效～作为无效合同的当事人～一方向另外的违法行为给予有力的遏制与惩罚。 过违背合同相对性原则。再次～本条规定有一方起诉主张权利的～人民法院应当受理～去～发包人可能以与实际施工人没有合同越权的嫌疑～其合法性值得怀疑。《合同对此毋庸臵疑～不会产生歧义。本款在此关系为由～逃避实际施工人对工程欠款的法》对突破合同相对性原则仅规定了两种出现主要是倡导性的～告诉各级人民法院追讨。但2005年1月1日《司法解释》生情况～即代位权和撤销权。本条赋予实际实际施工人起诉索要工程款的～首先应当效后～如果发包人没有处理好与实际施工施工人的权利从性质和构成要件上来看即向其转包人主张权利～这是实际施工人主人的工程款结算问题～发包人很有可能被非撤销权～更非代位权。司法解释只能根张权利的主渠道、主导方向～实际施工人实际施工人作为被告直接告上法庭。在此据法律法规的规定～对法律法规在司法实应当首先应当向合同相对方主张权利～而情况下～发包人不讲诚信、逃避债务的违践中运用作出规定～超出法律法规规定的不是向业主主张权利。第2款规定的是特法行为就能得到遏制与惩罚。 司法解释从法理上来讲应为越权～合法性殊情况～即在程序上～实际施工人以发包值得怀疑。 人为被告主张权利的～人民法院可以追加 转包人或者违法分包人为当事人。在程序二、实际施工人如何根据本条规定保上讲～当事人包括共同被告和第三人～第护自身利益 因此～牵强的来讲～本条司法解释应三人有可分为有独立请求权第三人和无独属于一种变通的规定～其目的是为了更好立请求权的三人两种。第三人表明与本诉的维护实际施工人的利益。因为实践中～根据对《司法解释》第26条的分析是两个法律关系～或有牵连～或对本诉当发包人对承包人转包或者违法分包的情况和解释～可以发现～虽然《司法解释》赋事人讼争法律关系有独立请求权;而共同是清楚的～对施工人施工的事实予以默认～予实际施工人可以直接起诉发包人的诉被告则是与业主存在承担连带责任的情与实际施工人实际履行合同～违法分包合权～但如何正确行使该诉权～预防诉讼风形。在实体上存在某些特殊关系～如债务同或者转包同无效～应当说发包人在主观险～也是实践中需要研究并采取相应对策人与担保人、共同侵权人、共同共有人、上存在过错～应承担过错责任。 的。 合伙人、挂靠集体组织的个体工商户、个人或者私营企业、集体组织等之间～由于且由于违法分包人或者转包人怠于(一)根据相关法律及时行使诉权 存在紧密联系的特殊的实体法律关系～体主张权利～还有可能超过诉讼时效～导致现在程序上就是必要的共同诉讼。本款的实体权利丧失。应当讲～在合同无效的情含义首先是实际施工人以发包人为被告向由于《司法解释》赋予实际施工人直况下～合同相对性应对弱化～在程序上人人民法院起诉主张权利的～人民法院应当接起诉发包人的权利～如果发包人拖欠工民法院可以视不同情况追加发包人为第三受理。其次是实际施工人为原告以发包人程款～而转包人或违法分包人又不愿起诉人或者共同被告～在实体上发包人对欠付为被告的诉讼中～法院可以追加转包人或发包人的～实际施工人要及时提起诉讼～工程价款承担责任的规定有利于保护实际者违法分包人为共同被告或者第三人～追否则可能会失去其应有的权利。《合同法》施工人权益。本条规定有利于保护农民工加为哪一种当事人应当视情况而定。 第286条规定了承包人对建设工程有优先利益。现阶段～清欠农民工工资是当前和于抵押权和其他债权的优先受偿权～但根今后一个阶段党中央和国务院的重点工据最高院的司法解释～‚建设工程承包人2.法理分析:首先～实际施工人与发作～也是一项紧迫的政治任务～在不明显行使优先权的期限为六个月～自建设工程包人之间不存在合同关系～发包人成为被违反现行法规定的原则基础上应当切实保竣工之日或者建设工程合同约定的竣工之告在实体上讲就是突破了合同相对性～什护农民工的利益。 日起计算?。实际施工人如果也想利用优么是合同的相对性呢?由于债本质上是当先受偿权来追讨工程款～那么就要在法定事人之间一方请求他方为一定行为或不为(三)现实意义 期限内提起诉讼。 一定行为的法律关系～为对人权或相对权～ 所以债权不能像物权那样具有排他性～而只能对特定人产生效力。尤其是对两种权本条司法解释对保护实际施工人利(二) 把握发包人应当对实际施工人利的侵权和司法保护之上～债权和物权是益～确保社会安定具有重大的现实意义: 承担的责任 不一样的。由于债权关系的义务主体是特定的～所以债权就称为相对权或者对人权。1.对实际施工人的合法权益提供了首先～由于《司法解释》规定发包人债权人得向债务人请求给付～债务人之给重要的维护措施。过去～实际施工人如果只在拖欠工程款的范围内对实际施工人承付义务债权人之权利～乃同一法律关系上与发包人没有直接的合同关系～往往投诉担责任。因此,实际施工人提起诉讼前～应给付关系之两面。此种仅特定债权人得向无门～在程序上受合同相对性制约而不能当了解发包人是否已经向合同相对方承包特定义务人请求给付之法律关系～学说上以发包人为被告直接提起追索工程款的诉人支付了全部工程款～如果发包人已经向称之为债权之相对性。其次～本条已突破讼～通常只能依靠转包人或违法分包人来转包人支付了全部工程款～而转包人没有了合同相对性。实际施工人以发包人为被提起诉讼;实体上～即使发包人欠付工程向实际施工人付款～此时实际施工人就应告起诉的～人民法院可以追加转包人、违款～只要转包人、违法分包人不主张权利～当将转包人列为被告～而不应当向发包人法分包人为当事人。实际施工人与转包人、实际施工人就无法单独向发包人主张权利;提起诉讼。其次～实际施工人在行使诉权违法分包人之间存在转包、违法分包的无此外～个别转包人或违法分包人怠于主张时～应当按照相关的合同进行工程造价的效合同关系～他们之间是合同相对方～发权利的～还可能超过诉讼时效～导致实体结算。要了解和掌握发包人欠款的事实就生纠纷后互为被告向人民法院起诉不存在权利丧失。《司法解释》生效后～根据解应当与发包人结算工程款～核对收付款情突破合同相对性问题。只有在实际施工人释第26条～实际施工人可以直接以发包人况～确定已经支付的工程款和尚未支付的 3 工程款～以便明确债权、债务关系。如果的组合～其负责人即俗称的包工头;第三种实际施工人突破合同相对性～提起以发包难以与发包人进行工程款结算的～实际施是农民工个人。 人为被告的诉讼。但不允许实际施工人不工人可先与转包人结算工程款～并收集相分青红皂白地将发包人、转包人、违法分 关的付款凭证、往来函件以及涉及价款和包人作为共同被告提起诉讼。在实际施工3.实际施工人的特征:(1)无效合同经济签证等。为在法院主持下结算或司法人根据《解释》第26条第2款的规定～直的承包人;(2)违法承包人～特指转包、违审价鉴定时提供充分的依据。另外～实际接以发包人为被告提起诉讼后～法院根据法分包、借用资质的承包人;(3)实际与工施工人在提起诉讼前～要提供工程质量合查明的案件的具体情况～依职权追加转包程发包人之间不存在直接合同关系;(4)与格的依据。《司法解释》生效后～工程质人或违法分包人作为案件当事人。但不应上位承包人(非法转包、违法分包人)之间量是否合格成为支付工程款的关键依据。允许实际施工人在起诉后追加转包人或违是工程款结算关系而非雇佣关系。 《司法解释》第二条规定～施工合同无效～法分包人为案件当事人。 但建设工程竣工验收合格～承包人请求参4.农民工一般不是实际施工人 照合同约定支付工程款的～应予支持。《司3.关于‚欠付?的界定～《解释》第法解释》第三条规定～修复后的建设工程26条第2款的规定:发包人只在欠付工程经竣工验收不合格～承包人请求支付工程有观点认为《解释》第26条第2款价款范围内对实际施工人承担责任。所谓价款的～不予支持。由于多数实际施工人对农民工利益的保护是一种间接保护。笔发包人‚欠付?或‚拖欠支付?工程价款是通过转包获得工程的～转包合同是无效者同意此观点～虽然《解释》第26条第2在实践中通常表现为以下几种情况:(1)发的～那么是否能按无效合同结算工程款～款创设的目的是为了保护农民工的利益～包人与承包人之间已经按照合同约定进行就要看工程质量是否合格了。另外～如果但该条主要是通过缺乏建筑资质的建筑企完工程结算并确定好工程款～而且发包人工程质量不合格～实际施工人提起诉讼后～业或施工队的保护～进而达到维护农民工支付工程款的期限已经届满的。(2)承包人被发包人反诉质量问题的～实际施工人可利益的目的。原建设部在2001年10月25所施工工程已竣工～但因发包人或承包人能会承担不利后果。 日颁布的107号文件～即《建筑工程施工拖延进行工程结算等原因～工程结算在双发包与承包计价管理办法》～该办法规定:方合同中约定的结算期限内未能完成～但‚施工图预算、招标标底和投标报价由成(三)制定诉讼策略 根据承包人或实际施工人提交的结算报告本(直接费、间接费)、利润和税金构成。?金额与发包人已实际支付的金额之差为正按此定义～工程价款包括直接费、间接费、值的。(3)承包人所施工工程未能竣工(如是联合转包人或违法分包人～还是将利润和税金四个部分。而直接费的组成主因一方违约导致合同解除)～发包人与承包他们追加为第三人或共同被告。 实际施工要包括材料费和人工费(即工资～包括农民人在合同约定的时间(或一个合理的时间)人除了可依照《司法解释》以发包人为被工工资)两类。因而农民工的工资与实际施内未能完全已完工程的结算～但根据承包告提起诉讼外～还可直接以转包人或违法工人诉求的工程价款存在本质区别。只有人或实际施工人提交的已完工程结算报告分包人作为共同被告～或要求人民法院追符合上述法律特征的农民工才是实际施工金额与发包人已实际支付的金额之差为正加转包人或违法分包人为共同被告或第三人。 值的。而在上述几种情况外～如果不允许人。是否要将转包人列为诉讼当事人就应发包人据发包合同以抗辩～那么发包人显根据诉讼的需要或有利于实际施工人的利然承担了签约时不能预料的风险～负担了(二)实际施工人诉权的限制 益予以选择。如果实际施工人与转包人或合同以外的义务～这对发包人而言是不公违法分包人有着共同的利益或较好的合作平的～不能保障交易安全。容易造成承包关系～那么可以联合转包人或违法分包人～为弥补突破合同相对性带来的法理人与实际施工人相互串通或合谋～以‚实共同起诉发包人～以便获得更多的证据材上的缺陷～适用《解释》第26条第2款规际施工人?的名义直接起诉发包人～以达料并增加追讨工程欠款的力度。如果转包定必须受严格条件限制。 到尽快得到工程款的目的～甚至审判实践人或违法分包人怠于行使权利～而发包人中出现了实际施工人并不存在投诉无门的对拖欠的工程款无力支付的～实际施工人1.实际施工人直接起诉发包人的条情况～其合同相对人也具备支付工程款的可以考虑将转包人或违法分包人列为共同件。《解释》第26条第2款的立法目的是实力～而原告只是为向发包人索要超出合被告～要求其与发包人一起承担支付工程为了保护农民工的合法权益～但从其表述同约定的高额不法利益～甚至原告与其有款的连带责任。 上看～仅要求‚工程存在转包或违法分包合同关系的相对人恶意串通～或者说就是情形?～并未对其适用条件作其他任何限合谋借机向发包人或者总承包人敲诈勒三、具体实践中的运用 制。而根据最近最高人民法院相关业务庭索～恶意提起以发包人或总承包人为被告及法官的观点和意见～认为:第26条第2的诉讼。由于发包人与实际施工人之间并款的立法目的主要在于解决由农民工组成不存在合同关系～有的发包人对工程被转(一)实际施工人的界定 的实际施工人在与其有合同关系的相对包或被几经转包并不知情～对实际施工人人～因下落不明、破产、资信状况恶化等的工作情况不了解～对工程支出的实际费1.要解决这一问题～首先要明确《解原因导致其缺乏支付能力～实际施工人又用更是无从考证。此种情况下～以实际施释》第26规定的‚实际施工人?应如何界投诉无门的情况下～为实际施工人主张工工人名义提起诉讼的原告虚构事实～伪造定。《解释》共有四条规定提及实际施工程价款提供的特殊救济途径～即准许实际证据～将工程量做大～工程费用提高～向人～其中第1条第1项规定:‚没有资质施工人突破合同相对性～提起以发包人、发包人恶意主张高额工程款～企图通过恶的实际施工人借用有资质的建筑施工企业施工总承包人为被告的诉讼。然而～根据意诉讼索取不正当利益～其中～甚至有些名义的～应当根据合同法第52条第(五)项《解释》第26条第2款及对该款的相关解原告并未参与施工。由于发包人对转包、的规定～认定无效。?第四条规定:‚承读中均未对该款的适用条件作出上述限违法分包合同的履行情况并不知情～无法包人非法转包、违法分包建设工程或者没制～虽然～最高人民法院相关业务庭及法抗辩～诉讼结果极有可能损害发包人利益。有资质的实际施工人借用有资质的建筑施官对该款司法解释的重新解读有利实现对应当明确的是～此类诉讼不属于《解释》工企业名义与他人签订建设工程施工合同合同相对性的维护与在合同相对性突破问第26条规定的案件受理条件～尚未受理的～的行为无效。?第25条规定:‚因建设工题上的理性回归。但上述解读作出了《解应当裁定不予受理;已经受理的～应当裁定程质量发生争议的～发包人可以以总承包释》规定以外的其他限制条件～这必然会驳回起诉。 人、分包人和实际施工人为共同被告提起损害司法解释的权威性。 诉讼。?第26条规定:‚实际施工人以转四、结语 包人、违法分包人为被告起诉的～人民法2.被告的确定～原则上不准许实际施院应当依法受理。实际施工人以发包人为工人提起以不具备合同关系的发包人、总被告主张权利的～可以追加转包人或者违《解释》第26条第2款突破了合同承包人为被告的诉讼。实际施工人在维护法分包人为本案当事人。发包人只在欠付相对性原则对‚实际施工人?进行保护～自己的权益时～有二个方案可供选择。一工程价款范围内对实际施工人承担责任。? 但合同相对性的突破必须有必要的条件和是～根据《解释》第26条第1款的规定～限制。而且～实际施工人所在的关系是为起诉与其有合同关系转包人或者违法分包法律所否定的施工关系～所以《解释》对2.建筑市场中的实际施工人一般有人;二是～根据《解释》第26条第2款的实际施工人的保护是救济性的～是为保护三种:第一种是法人～即有劳务法定资质规定～在因下落不明、破产、资信状况恶农民工利益作出的补充规定。只有解决转的企业;第二种是包工头～它虽然不是一个化等原因导致其缺乏支付能力～实际施工包、违法分包的问题～才能从根本上解决企业～但是它是一个团队～往往是工种相人又投诉无门的情况下～为实际施工人主对实际施工人和农民工的保护。为此～我同的一个班组～或者不同工种的几个班组张工程价款提供的特殊救济途径～即准许们必须进一步规范劳务企业和劳动关系。 4 原建设部《建筑企业资质管理管理规定》担连带给付工程款的责任,后者认为层层转包人或者违法分包人只在欠付工程价款和《房屋建筑和市政基础设施工程施工分转包人、非法分包人仅在其欠付工程款范范围内对实际施工人承担责任?。我们没包合同管理办法》对建设工程劳务分包企围内对实际施工人承担补充责任:本代理有理由不相信最高院的智慧～这充分说明业和劳动分包等方面作出了相关规定～相人支持前者观点～这与最高院和江苏高院此时的‚发包人?与‚转包人?、‚分包关行政主管部门应当引导、监督相关市场有关建设工程的司法解释内容和精神相一人?存在本质的区别: 的建筑企业、劳务分包企业、劳动合同以致～而后者的观点～颠覆了我们江苏法院,四,众所周知～最高院司法解释于2005及劳务合同的签订情况～只有这样～才能过去的惯例～没有任何法律依据: 年1月1日施行～江苏高院在四年后的2008将规定落到实处。杜绝损害农民工合法权后者认为仅在未付工程款范围内承担补充年12月21日再次出台《关于审理建设工益的事情的再次发生。同时加强对农民工责任的理由大致包括:,1,最高院制定建程施工合同纠纷案件若干问题的意见》～的法律宣传力度～避免农民工盲目跟随包设工程施工合同司法解释第26条内容时～说明省高院的解释是对最高院的解释的细工头务工～逐步规范劳务市场。进一步完未考虑到建设工程施工实践中存在复杂的化和适用～我们没有理由怀疑江苏高院竟善建筑市场的担保支付机制～保障施工企多层转包、非法分包情况～第26条仅仅是在后来出具与最高院相抵触的规范性文业及时得到工程款或劳务报酬。配套建立针对第一层意义上的转包、非法分包的情件～除非省高院自行撤回～否则～江苏各农民工工资支付保障体系～考虑适用简易况,,2,司法解释中～发包人、转包人、级法院应当遵照执行。 程序解决拖欠工资纠纷。逐步实现和谐的非法分包人的概念不明确～可以把发包人,五,省高院司法解释第23条第二款规定:建筑市场秩序～践行《解释》体现的民事理解为业主～也可以理解成施工合同的甲‚建设工程因转包、违法分包导致建设工审判工作以科学发展观为指针～为构建和方～因而～转包人、非法分包人相对实际程施工合同无效的～实际施工人要求转包谐社会和解决民生服务的社会主义法治理施工人而言也是发包人,,3,转包人、非人、违法分包人和发包人对工程欠款承担念。总之～《司法解释》具有新的创意～法分包人作为发包人也应当在未付工程款连带责任的～人民法院应予支持～但发包具有重大现实意义～建设施工合同各方当范围内承担给付责任～转包人、非法分包人只在欠付工程款范围内承担连带责任?。事人应充分理解其立法本意～运用《司法人与发包人,业主,地位是平等的,,4,由此可见:,1,坚持转包人、违法分包人解释》切实维护自身的合法权益 所有给付工程款的责任都属于补充责任～只在欠付工程款范围内承担补充责任的观不适用连带责任～如果要求转包人、非法点与省高院司法解释完全相悖,,2,如果分包人承担其欠付工程款以外的连带责立法者认为转包人、违法分包人只在欠付尊敬的熊毅、纪阿林、冯毅院长及许飞庭任～那么～对转包人、非法分包人责任要工程价款范围内承担给付责任～那么～就长: 求太苛刻～显失公平:,5,生活中有关追不存在规定中‚连带责任?～所谓连带责讨农民工工资时～要求发包人、总承包人、任就是可能会超出自己应当承担的给付责目前～泰州中院兴起一个新的观点:就是转包人、非法分包人不管是否欠付工程款～任～是一种特别严厉的法律后果～简言之～在建设工程层层转包、违法分包纠纷中～都必须无条件支付农民工工资的行为没有就是自己给付了工程款～但仍然可能面临实际施工人起诉转包人、违法分包人以及法律依据～这是行政行为～不是司法行为～再次给付工程款的法律后果～当然可以行发包人追索工程款时～按照最高院和省高不能成为法院裁判依据,,6,省高院的建使追偿权,,3,同时～‚连带责任?的前院的规定～转包人、违法分包人应当承担设工程施工合同司法解释存在争议～不能提必然是层层转包、违法分包的情况～如连带给付工程款的责任～发包人在欠付工适用。 果只存在一层转包或者违法分包的情况程款范围内承担连带责任。但是～贵院有我们认为:,一,根据最高院司法解释第,即一对一的关系,～那么～作为实际施不少人认为转包人、违法分包人也应当在25条内容～明确了‚发包人?、‚总承包工人的相对人～即‚转包人和违法分包人?其欠付工程款范围内承担补充责任:并且人?、‚分包人?、‚实际施工人?四个应当承担按实给付工程款的责任～自然也认为最高院2005年出台的司法解释没有考名词～说明这四个名词是相互独立的概念～不存在‚连带责任?严厉后果,,4,条款虑到建设工程中复杂的转包、分包关系～至少不可以把‚分包人?理解成‚发包人?‚但书?强调‚发包人只在欠付工程价款而且～对发包人的理解也不一致～转包人、或者‚总承包人?。从这个意义上～可以范围内承担连带责任?～严格区分发包人违法分包人也可以当做发包人来看待～同证明该条款涵括三层建设工程承包关系～与转包人和违法分包人的界限～同样也是时认为省高院2008年出台的的解释存在争第一～发包人,业主,与总承包人之间的连带责任～只不过对发包人规定只在欠付议～不能适用。我们甚至发现贵院今年作承包关系～总承包人与转包人、非法分包工程款范围内付款:但转包人、违法分包出一份此类生效判决～完全颠覆了过去的人之间的非法分包关系、转包人、非法分人依然应当对全部工程款承担连带责任: 惯例和认识。 包人与实际施工人之间的非法承包关系。,六,如果坚持转包人、非法分包人仅在可见～立法者已经考虑到建设工程复杂的本人欠付工程款范围内承担补充责任的 多层转包、非法分包关系。《最高院建设话～那么～案件的审理范围无限的扩大～为此～不得不向各位领导报告～请求慎重工程施工合同司法解释的理解与适用》,以不仅要查明尚欠实际施工人的工程价款～研究后告知广大司法工作者～不至于让我下简称《理解与适用》,第216页第二段还必须要查明层层转包、非法分包各个环们以讹传讹～无法对当事人交代。 对此作出精辟论断。 节之间工程付款情况～转包人、非法分包,二,且不论司法解释第25条对这些名词人有垫资的～也有不垫资的～甚至还有‚跑同时请求贵院主动启动审判监督程序～要作出界定～再说最高院司法解释第26条规路?的～这就需要厘清每个转包人、非法么对过去判决转包人、违法分包人对实际定～同样出现‚发包人?、‚转包人?、分包人的工程量和付款情况～否则～就可施工人工程款承担全部连带责任的生效判‚违法分包人?、‚实际施工人?四个名能冤枉了其中的转包人、非法分包人:倘决书启动再审～要么对判决转包人、违法词～从的基本常识而言～这四个名词若这些事实不查清楚～人民法院就无从作分包人仅在其欠付工程款范围内承担补充也是相互独立的概念～倘若在本条款中可出裁判～即使裁判了～也是错案。显然～责任的生效判决书启动再审: 以把‚转包人?、‚分包人?理解为‚发这类案件将永远无法结案: 包人?的话～那么～这就不是最高院的司,七,发包人,业主,与转包人、违法分为了说明本人观点特别呈上一篇《关于建法解释了～可能连生的作文都不如:包人承担的法律后果不同～是因为发包人设工程层层转包、非法分包过程中转包人、事实上～《理解与适用》第26条解释的内与中标承建单位签订的施工合同是有效非法分包人承担连带责任的代理意见》文容里～至少找到6处直接在‚发包人?后的～发包人尽到了一定注意义务～但其在章～敬请参考。 面用括号特别注明‚,业主,?～分别在施工过程中应当知晓实际施工的人员与中第224页倒数第5行、第226页倒数第1标承建单位的非法承包关系～存在一定过行、第228页倒数第4行、第229页第14错～违法了相关的法律规定～因此～法律 关于建设行、第15行、第24行。其中第224页第要求发包人在未付工程款范围内直接对实工程层层转包、非法分包过程中转包人、15-27行～特别强调:‚转包、层层转包就际施工人承担连带责任是恰当的～实体上非法分包人承担连带责任的代理意见 是转包人收取转包利润后～将其承担的全并没有加重发包人的给付责任～仅仅是给 部建设工程转由他人承包的行为…在一定付对象不同而已。 尊敬的审判长、审判员: 条件下可以向发包人,业主,主张权利…?。,八,但是～转包人、违法分包人就完全 在建设工程施工合同层层转包、非法说明司法解释考虑到了‚层层转包?的法不同～他们明知实际施工人没有资质、资分包法律关系中～实际施工人起诉发包人律关系～而且发包人专指‚业主?: 质较低或者借用资质、挂靠、甚至是自然和多个转包人、非法分包人追讨工程款时～,三,就字面理解上～最高院司法解释第人等情况～仍然签订无效施工合同～并且如何认定转包人、非法分包人给付工程款26条～强调:‚发包人只在欠付工程价款非法收取管理费、下浮率等费用～臵法律的责任,目前有二种对立的观点困扰着司范围内对实际施工人承担责任?。显然～规定以及工程质量于不顾～存在严重过错～法实践～前者认为层层转包、非法分包的转包人和违法分包人就应当承担全部责属于违法行为～理当受到法律否定性评价:转包人、非法分包人对实际施工人应当承任～否则～司法解释应当改为:‚发包人、既然转包人、违法分包人拿了管理费等额 5 外好处～就必然承担额外的连带责任:参承担连带责任～而且～最终的执行程序中～ 照我国其他法律规定～对于类似挂靠等非同样是香山公司给付的全部工程款: 我国合同法第73条规定:‚因债务人法行为的当事人一般均课以‚连带责任?～泰州中院的上述大量案例充分证明层层转怠于行使其到期债权～对债权人造成损害法律是一贯的～公平的: 包、非法分包人必须连带承担给付责任:的～债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的,九,最高院和省高院的立法目的是保护哪怕其中的转包人、非法分包人并不欠付名义代位行使债务人的债权～但该债权专实际施工人的基本利益～这里饱含着大量工程款～均一律判决承担连带给付责任:属于债务人自身的除外。代位权的行使范农民工工资～突破合同相对性原则～而按所谓的北林公司、香山公司再喊‚冤枉?围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使代位照转包人、违法分包人可同样在欠付工程也没有用: 权的必要费用～由债务人负担。?《最高款范围内承担补充责任的话～那么～实际综上～根据最高院和省高院的司法解释～人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国合同施工人的工程款可能追索无门:转包人、无论是程序上还是实体上～在建设工程施法>若干问题的解释,一,》,法释“1999”违法分包人只要以本人不欠工程款为名拒工合同纠纷案件中～针对多层转包、非法19号～以下简称‚合同法解释一?,中对付就行了～如果有人民法院此类裁判作靠分包～应当确认施工合同无效～转包人、代位权诉讼的提起条件、管辖法院等作出山～转包人、违法分包人凭什么听命于行非法分包人均应当对实际施工人承担连带了非常细致、明确的规定。根据合同法司政部门～再行支付农民工工资呢,我们的责任。 法解释一第11条的规定～债权人依据合同行政部门真的会不顾法律强迫别人支付农 法第73条的规定提起代位权诉讼～应当符民工工资,最高院和省高院的立法目的有 发包人对承包人享有的抗辩权可以对合下列条件:1、债权人对债务人的债权合何在呢,。 抗实际施工人 法,2、债务人怠于行使其到期债权～对债,十,法律以及司法解释应当具有社会引权人造成损害,3、债务人的债权已到期,导功能～防范不诚信之人达到其非法利益～4、债务人的债权不是专属于债务人自身的最高人民法院关于审理建设工程施工合同如果转包人、违法分包人只在欠付工程款债权。对实际施工人来说～转包人或违法纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》,法释范围内承担补充责任的话～那么～必然引分包人为其债务人～而发包人是其债务人“2004”14号～以下简称‚《解释》?,导那些不诚信之人将建设工程转包给自己,即转包人或违法分包人,的债务人～即第26条第2款规定:‚实际施工人以发包安排的人～再由该人将工程转包、违法分发包人是实际施工人的次债务人～实际施人为被告主张权利的～人民法院可以追加包给实际施工人～不诚信之人与这位自己工人依据《解释》26条第2款规定直接以转包人或者违法分包人为本案当事人。发安排的人达成虚假的结清工程款协议～那发包人为被告主张权利～实质上是实际施包人只在欠付工程价款范围内对实际施工么～不诚信之人可以获得巨额非法利益而工人作为债权人向作为其次债务人的发包人承担责任。?该款规定允许实际施工人高枕无忧。显然这样的法律规范属于恶法人提起的代位权诉讼: 可以突破合同相对性原则直接以发包人为范畴:必然遭到唾弃。 被告主张权利～但由于该款规定较为简单、,十一,泰州中院以往的案例进一步证明原则～导致全国各地法院在实际适用时出 首先～实际施工人,债权人,对层层转包人、非法分包人对实际施工人应现不一致～如对实际施工人依据该款规定承包人,债务人,的债权合法。需要注意当承担连带给付工程款责任。其中,2013,要求发包人承担责任时～发包人对承包人的是～所谓债权合法是指该债权本身是否泰中民终字第0046号《民事判决书》第3享有的抗辩权,如质量、工期等违约责任合法～即该债权是否应得到法律的保护～页最后一段认为:‚北林公司将其中标的以及诉讼管辖地约定抗辩等,能否对抗实而不是指产生该债权的基础法律关系是否工程分包给柏泰公司江阴分公司施工～柏际施工人的问题～理论和实务界至今仍无合法或有效。实际施工人与承包人,指转泰公司江阴分公司又将从北林公司承包工定论。本文通过对《解释》26条第2款法包人或违法分包人～下同,所签订的合同程再次分包给陆卫国～因柏泰公司江阴分律依据和法理基础的分析～对实际施工人因违反法律的强制性规定而被认定无效公司及陆卫国均不具备相应的施工资质～要求发包人承担责任时～发包人对承包人后～实际施工人仍享有请求承包人折价补陆卫国与柏泰公司江阴分公司以及柏泰公享有的抗辩权能否对抗实际施工人的问题偿或赔偿损失的权利～该权利本身是应当司江阴分公司与北林公司之间的分包合同进行探讨。 得到法律的保护的～转包合同或分包合同均为无效～则柏泰公司江阴分公司、北林的无效并不影响该权利的合法性。 其公司对于所欠陆卫国的工程款应承担连带次～承包人,债务人,怠于行使其对发包 一、《解释》26条第2款规定实际施责任～高教园区公司作为业主在欠付工程人,次债务人,的到期债权～对实际施工工人以发包人为被告主张权利的法律依据款范围内承担责任。?泰州中院在查明北人,债权人,造成损害。合同法司法解释和法理基础 林公司已经付清柏泰公司江阴分公司的工一第13条规定:‚合同法第七十三条规定程款项后,省高院卷宗材料,～仍然判决的‘债务人怠于行使其到期债权～对债权维持柏泰公司、柏泰公司江阴分公司、北 因理论和实务界已对《解释》26人造成损害的’～是指债务人不履行其对林公司对陆卫国工程款承担连带给付责条第2款的规定突破了合同相对性原则达债权人的到期债务～又不以诉讼或者仲裁任～高教园区公司在欠付工程款范围内承成共识～故本文不再对此进行分析～而是方式向其债务人主张其享有的具有金钱给担责任。在执行中～也是北林公司支付的对《解释》26条第2款规定实际施工人可付内容的到期债权～致使债权人的到期债全部工程款: 以突破合同相对性原则直接以发包人为被权未能实现。次债务人,即债务人的债务另外～泰州中院于2013年4月16日作出告主张权利的法律依据和法理基础进行分人,不认为债务人有怠于行使其到期债权判决的4个案例～分别为,2012,泰中民析和研究。 情况的～应当承担举证责任。?《解释》终字第0657号、第0679号、第0680号、26条第2款本身未对实际施工人以发包人第0682号～根据第0680号《民事判决书》为被告主张权利设臵任何条件或限制～但 司法解释是最高人民法院对法院审第9页最后一段～‚本院认为:姚思言无最高人民法院相关负责人和审判业务庭对判工作中具体应用法律法规问题的解释～建筑施工资质～从其与香山公司所签订的《解释》26条第2款的立法目的和适用条属于法律解释的一种～作为法律解释～其施工合作协议内容及履行来看～实系姚思件有明确阐述。最高人民法院相关负责人本身不应也不能脱离现有法律所设定的权言借用香山公司资质～该协议应认定为无在《解释》发布之际就《解释》答记者问利范围而增设一项全新的权利～否则会引效。姚思言将部分工程转包给无建筑施工时明确讲到:‚按照合同相对性来讲～实起司法解释‚立法化?的质疑而影响司法资质的卢荣亮～双方间内部承包协议亦应际施工人应当向与其有合同关系的承包人解释自身的合法性和正当性。而合同相对认定为无效。……香山公司上述提出的‚一主张权利～而不应当向发包人主张权利。性原则是合同规则和赖以建立并存在审不应判决香山公司承担连带责任?的意但是从实际情况看～有的承包人将工程转的前提和基础～属于整个合同规则和制度见～本院不予采信?。最终仍然维持判决:包收取一定的管理费用后～没有进行工程中最重要、最基础的原则～因此～对合同姚思言、香山公司对实际施工人卢荣亮的结算或者对工程结算不主张权利～由于实相对性原则的突破～应当在法律中作出规工程款承担连带给付责任～发包人文广局际施工人与发包人没有合同关系～这样导定～在法律没有作出规定时～不应在司法在欠付工程款范围内承担连带责任。需要致实际施工人没有办法取得工程款～而实解释中‚创设?突破合同相对性原则的规特别说明的是～上述四份《民事判决书》际施工人不能得到工程款则直接影响到农则。那就应从我国现有法律规定中寻找《解是在南通中院就姚思言诉文广局、香山公民工工资的发放。因此～如果不允许实际释》26条第2款突破合同相对性原则的法司建设工程施工合同纠纷一案作出,2011,施工人向发包人主张权利～不利于对农民律依据和法理基础:我国合同法中就规定通中民初字第0032号《民事判决书》后做工利益的保护。?以冯小光法官名义,代了突破合同相对性原则的债权保全制度～出的～已经查明的案件事实同样能够反映表最高人民法院民一庭的观点和意见,发包括债权人代位权诉讼制度和债权人撤销香山公司并不欠付姚思言工程款:尽管是表的系列文章中更是直接依据上述负责人权诉讼制度～《解释》26条第2款突破合姚思言直接欠付卢荣亮等人的工程款～但的讲话精神～将《解释》26条第2款的立同相对性原则的法律依据和法理基础就是是～泰州中院依然判令香山公司与姚思言法目的和适用条件表述为:‚《解释》第其中的债权人代位权诉讼制度。 6 26条第2款的立法目的主要在于解决由农条所规定的债权人代位权诉讼制度在建设‚不自觉?中按照债权人代位权诉讼制度民工组成的实际施工人在与其有合同关系工程施工合同中的具体应用而已～《解释》在《解释》第26条中设定了如下的制度安的相对人～因下落不明、破产、资信状况26条第2款并非是脱离我国现有法律所设排～即实际施工人在提起诉讼索要工程款恶化等原因导致其缺乏支付能力～实际施定的权利范围而给实际施工人增设的一项时～有如下两种途径和方式可供选择: 工人又投诉无门的情况下～为实际施工人全新的权利。 主张工程价款提供的特殊救济途径～即准 第一～依据《解释》26条第1款的规许实际施工人突破合同相对性～提起以发 二、 发包人对承包人享有的抗辩权定～根据合同相对性原则～向其合同相对包人、施工总承包人为被告的诉讼。?‚原能否对抗实际施工人问题的分析 方即转包人或违法分包人提起诉讼～此时则上不准许实际施工人提起以不具备合同转包人或违法分包人为被告,该类诉讼的关系的发包人、总承包人为被告的诉讼,性质为债权人对债务人提起诉讼。实际施 在明确《解释》26条第2款规定实际只有在实际施工人的合同相对方破产、下工人选择依据《解释》26条第1款规定以施工人可以突破合同相对性原则直接以发落不明等实际施工人不提起以发包人或者转包人或违法分包人为被告提起诉讼之包人为被告主张权利的法律依据和法理基总承包人为被告的诉讼就难以保障权利实后～不允许实际施工人再追加发包人为案础为债权人代位权诉讼制度之后～关于实现的情形下～才准许实际施工人提起以发件当事人,共同被告或第三人,～法院也际施工人要求发包人承担责任时～发包人包人或总承包人等没有合同关系的当事人不应追加发包人为案件当事人。《解释》对承包人享有的抗辩权能否对抗实际施工为被告的诉讼。? 26条第1款及合同法司法解释一也均未规人的问题～就迎刃而解了。 定该类诉讼可追加发包人,次债务人,为 案件当事人。 ,一,发包人基于其与承包人所签订 再次～承包人,债务人,的债权已到的施工合同所享有的抗辩权可以对抗实际期。《解释》26条第2款中规定实际施工 第二～依据《解释》26条第2款的规施工人 人可直接以发包人为被告主张权利～但同定～突破合同相对性原则～向作为其次债时也明确规定‚发包人只在欠付工程价款务人的发包人提起诉讼～此时发包人为被范围内对实际施工人承担责任?。其中‚欠 合同法司法解释一第18条规定:‚在告,该类诉讼的性质为债权人对次债务人付?应理解为‚拖欠支付?～只有发包人代位权诉讼中～次债务人对债务人的抗辩～提起代位权诉讼。实际施工人选择依据《解拖欠承包人工程价款时～发包人才‚在欠可以向债权人主张。债务人在代位权诉讼释》26条第2款规定直接以发包人为被告付工程价款范围内对实际施工人承担责中对债权人的债权提出异议～经审查异议提起诉讼之后～是否追加转包人或违法分任?～其中包含着‚发包人向承包人所负成立的～人民法院应当裁定驳回债权人的包人为案件当事人,注:如追加～应追加的支付工程款的债务已到期?的要求～因起诉。?因实际施工人依据《解释》26条为第三人～而不能追加为共同被告,～应为如果发包人向承包人所负的支付工程款第2款规定直接以发包人为被告主张权利～由法院根据案件具体情况,主要应限于查的债务尚未到期～则发包人并不拖欠工程实质是实际施工人作为债权人向作为其次明案件事实的需要,依职权确定～而不允价款,即并不‚欠付工程价款?,～也就债务人的发包人提起代位权诉讼～则发包许实际施工人在起诉时直接将转包人或违无需在‚欠付工程价款范围内对实际施工人作为次债务人～其对作为债务人的承包法分包人列为共同被告,但可列为第三人承担责任?。 人所享有的抗辩～可以向作为债权人的实人,～更不允许实际施工人在起诉后再追际施工人主张。即发包人基于其与承包人加转包人或违法分包人为共同被告,但可所签订的施工合同所享有的抗辩权～包括 追加为第三人,。 质量、工期等违约责任方面的抗辩～可以 最后～承包人,债务人,的债权不是对抗实际施工人。此外～在实际施工人依专属于承包人自身的债权。合同法司法解 上述两种途径和方式之间是一种平行据《解释》26条第2款规定直接以发包人释一第12条规定:‚合同法第七十三条第的并列关系,或‚非此即彼?的关系,～为被告主张权利的诉讼中～如承包人参加一款规定的专属于债务人自身的债权～是即实际施工人在提起索要工程款之诉时～该诉讼～则承包人还可以在该诉讼中对实指基于扶养关系、抚养关系、赡养关系、应从中进行选择～或者分别以承包人、发际施工人的债权提出异议,包括承包人不继承关系产生的给付请求权和劳动报酬、包人为被告提起不同性质的诉讼,见合同对实际施工人负有债务～承包人对实际施退休金、养老金、抚恤金、安臵费、人寿法司法解释一第15条的规定,～而不允许工人所负债务尚未到期～承包人对实际施保险、人身伤害赔偿请求权等权利。?承实际施工人在提起索要工程款之诉时不分工人所负债务已过诉讼时效等,～经审查包人对发包人的债权系基于合同关系而产青红皂白地将发包人、转包人或违法分包承包人的异议成立的～法院应当裁定驳回生～显然不是专属于承包人自身的债权。 人等均作为同一案件的被告。 实际施工人的起诉。 《解释》26条第2款虽然允许实际施 综上所述～《解释》26条第2款中规 综上所述～实际施工人依据《解释》工人突破合同相对性原则直接以发包人为定实际施工人可突破合同相对性原则直接26条第2款规定以发包人为被告主张权被告主张权利～但实际施工人对合同相对以发包人为被告主张权利～其法律依据和利～根据合同法司法解释一第18条的规定～性的突破不应影响发包人依据其与承包人法理基础就是我国合同法第73条所规定的发包人基于其与承包人签订的施工合同所签订的施工合同所享有的合法权益,包括债权人代位权诉讼制度～其实质是实际施享有的抗辩权,如质量、工期等违约责任,依法所享有的抗辩权在内,。 工人作为债权人向作为其次债务人的发包可以对抗实际施工人,根据合同法司法解人提起代位权诉讼。但由于《解释》26条释一第14条、第15条的规定～实际施工第2款本身的规定较为简单、原则～最高 ,二,发包人对承包人享有的诉讼管人,债权人,以发包人,次债务人,为被人民法院相关负责人和审判业务庭在对辖地约定抗辩能否对抗实际施工人 告主张权利的～应当向发包人,次债务人,《解释》的相关解读中也均未明确表述《解住所地人民法院提起诉讼。该规定是明确释》26条第2款突破合同相对性原则的法的～实际施工人不能向其他人民法院提起 因实际施工人依据《解释》26条第2律依据和法理基础为债权人代位权诉讼制诉讼～而发包人也不能以其对承包人享有款规定直接以发包人为被告主张权利～其度～导致目前理论和实务界仍未对《解释》的诉讼管辖地约定来对抗实际施工人 实质是实际施工人向发包人提起代位权诉26条第2款的法律依据和法理基础就是债讼～故应按照代位权诉讼来确定管辖法院。权人代位权诉讼制度达成共识～由此导致合同法司法解释一第14条规定:‚债权人实际施工人追索工程款诉讼中若干问题探《解释》26条第2款在颁布实施后所产生依照合同法第七十三条的规定提起代位权析 的一系列理论和实务问题迟迟无法得到彻诉讼的～由被告住所地人民法院管辖。?底解决。根据最高人民法院相关负责人及因此～实际施工人依据《解释》26条第2审判业务庭对《解释》26条第2款立法目最高人民法院《关于审理建设工程施款规定直接以发包人为被告主张权利的～的和适用条件的阐述和解读～最高人民法工合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》第应向发包人住所地人民法院提起诉讼。 院在制定和解读《解释》时～实际上已经二十六条第二款规定:‚实际施工人以发在‚不自觉?地按照合同法第73条所规定包人为被告主张权利的～人民法院可以追的债权人代位权诉讼制度来设定和解读 加转包人或者违法分包人为本案当事人。《解释》26条第2款的规定。也就是说～ 结合合同法司法解释一第15条、第16发包人只在欠付工程价款范围内对实际施《解释》26条第2款中规定实际施工人可条的规定～仔细分析和研究《解释》第26工人承担责任。?该规定对于实际施工人以突破合同相对性原则直接以发包人为被条第1款和第2款～我们可以看出最高人在追索工程款诉讼中扩大被告对象范围～告主张权利～实质上仅是我国合同法第73民法院在制定《解释》时～实际上已经在 7 促使诉讼成功实现实际施工人权利方面具工义务的承包人～没有资质借用或挂靠有包人或者总承包人与实际施工人的合同无有极其重要的意义。但是～在实际诉讼操资质的建筑施工企业的名义与他人签订建效～弱化了发包人、总承包人与承包人、作中～对于如何准确选定被告对象范围～设工程合同的承担实际施工义务的承包人承包人与实际施工人之间合同的相对性。如何确定发包人、总承包人对转包人或者等。他们均实际参加建设工程施工～是直考虑到实际施工人的实际施工行为使得他违法分包人是否存在欠付工程款～以及举接参与一线施工的经营主体。 与承包人以及发包人存在事实上的法律关证责任的分配、均衡保护发包人的合法权系。再者～考虑建设工程施工过程中的特利等等问题～均有进一步探析的必要。本殊情况～有限度的突破合同的相对性～允二、在本司法解释实施前实际施工人行使文试着对上述问题作一分析探究。 许实际施工人以发包人为被告直接提起诉诉权的困难和无奈。 讼～对于保护实际施工人利益～确保社会 安定具有现实意义: 一、明确转包人、违法分包人、发包人、 为规范我国的建筑市场～法律对于建总承包人和实际施工人的概念。 筑业实行准入制且准入门槛较高～承包人,一,、对保护实际施工人的合法权利提必须有相应资质才能与建设单位签订《建供了有力的法律依据。 1、转包人 设工程施工合同》～承包相应工程～建设 工程施工合同的效力才不会被否定。由于建筑业属于劳动密集型行业～随着建筑业 根据合同法的有关规定～因为实际施 《建设工程质量管理条例》第七十八发展～大量农民工被吸收就业～并成为一工人与发包人、或者总承包人之间没有直条规定:‚本条例所称转包是指承包单位个个经营团队。他们为了生存与发展～他接的合同关系～这就在程序制约着实际施承包建设工程后, 不履行合同约定的责任们虽没有资质或资质等级较低～但他们往工人以发包人、或者总承包人为被告或者和义务～将其承包的全部建设工程转给他往会想方设法挂靠一些有相应资质的企业为共同被告提起追索工程款的诉讼。实际人或者将其承包的全部建设工程肢解以后去承揽工程～获得工程后～他们实际施工～施工人只能要求转包人或违法分包人对发以分包的名义分别转给其他单位承包的行然后以他们的名义与建设单位去结算等。包人或者总承包人提起诉讼。只要转包人、为。?转包主要有以下几种表现形式: 另外～也正因为存在大量的不具有法定资违法分包人不主张权利～实际施工人就无 质的‚实际施工人?～一些资质等级高、法单独向发包人主张权利。如果转包人或 一是将全部工程转包,二是将全部工信誉好的企业承揽工程相对较多～有时难违法分包人怠于及时主张权利的～还可能程肢解后以分包的名义转包,三是总承包以按合同约定的工期完成施工任务～于是超过诉讼时效～导致实体权利丧失～增加人违反分包合同约定～将工程的主要部分将工程整体转包～或者部分转包～或违法了实际施工人实现自己权利的风险。另外～或者群体工程中大部分的单位工程转给其分包给一些没有资质的实际施工人。甚至即使转包人或者违法分包人实现了自己的他单位施工的,四是分包单位违反分包规存在一些资质等级高、信誉好的企业以此权利～因为该工程款项不是直接支付给实定～将承包的工程再次包给其他施工单位为经营主业～专门收取挂靠管理费～而以际施工人的～所以～这个中间环节也增加施工的。实施上述转包行为的饿承包单位上述方式将建设工程交给实际施工人施了实际施工人的风险。 即为转包人。 工。长期以来～在建筑市场上这样的转包、 违法分包现象大量长期存在着。 司法解释生效后～实际施工人可以根2、违法分包人 据该司法解释直接以发包人、或者总承包 转包或违法分包一般具备如下特点～人为被告追讨工程欠款～而不必依赖于转转包人或违法分包人收取转包利益后～就包人或违法分包人的意志～这就有力地保 《建设工程质量管理条例》第七十八将全部或部分建筑工程转包给实际施工护了实际施工人的合法权利。 条规定:‚本条例所称违法分包人是指下人。《建设工程施工合同》则往往由发包列行为:(一) 总承包单位将建设工程分包人或者总承包人和有资质的转包人或违法给不具有相应资质条件的单位的,(二) 建,二,、加强建筑市场追讨拖欠工程款的分包人之间签订的～实际施工人与发包人设工程总承包合同中未有约定～又未经建力度～维护正常建筑市场经济秩序。 或者总承包人没有直接的合同关系。如果设单位认可～承包单位将其承包的部分建发包人或者总承包人拖欠工程款～实际施设工程交由其他单位完成的,(三) 施工总 司法解释赋予实际施工人可以发包工人只能通过转包人来行使权利～这样～承包单位将建设工程主体结构的施工发包人、或者总承包人为被告提起诉讼～由于实际施工人在追索工程款实现自己权利存给其他单位的,(四) 分包单位将其承包的拖欠的工程款直接关系到实际施工人的切在如下问题:转包人或者违法分包人即使建设工程再分包的。? 身利益～实际施工人就会更为主动地运用支持实际施工人追讨工程欠款～但因为缺法律武器来维护自身利益～这就进一步加乏法律依据～实际施工人无法直接向发包3、发包人 强了建筑市场追讨工程欠款的力度。 人提起诉讼,转包人或者违法分包人因为与发包人有某种特殊关系而不愿意以诉讼 《合同法》第二百六十九条规定:建方式来追讨工程欠款～而导致工程欠款问,三,、对发包人、总承包人等不讲诚信设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设～发包题久拖不决,由于转包人或者违法分包人逃避债务的违法行为给予有力的回击。 人支付价款的合同。发包人就是建设工程的利益仅占发包人或者总承包人拖欠工程 施工合同中具有支付价款义务的一方合同款比例很小～或者已经实现了转包利益等 司法解释生效后～发包人或者总承包当事人～一般地～建设单位就是发包人。 原因～使得实际施工人主动起诉发包人或人将不能以其与实际施工人没有合同关系者总承包人～以及将转包人或者违法分包为由～抗拒将其列为被告～迫使其直接面人一并列为被告追索工程款均困难重重。 4、总承包人 对实际施工人对他的诉讼。发包人、总承包人不讲诚信、逃避债务的目的就无法实三、上述司法解释第二十六条第二款的规现。 一般地～对于大型施工项目～建设单定对合同相对性理论予以一定程度的突位将建设项目发包给具有法定资质的施工破～对于保护实际施工人的合法权利有着单位～该施工单位按照合同约定或者违反四、实际施工人要求支付工程价款诉讼中～极其重大的现实意义。 合同约定～将该施工项目中的部分内容分准确选定被告对象范围的几种情况以及依包给具有相应资质或者不具备相应资质的据。 单位或者个人施工。从建设单位获得建设 我们知道～根据建筑法第二十八条明项目的施工单位即为总承包人。他的一项文规定～禁止承包人将主体建设工程转包 《司法解释》第二十六条第一款规定:或者多项分包行为或许合法、或许违法。 他人～也禁止承包人将工程肢解后以分包‚实际施工人以转包人、违法分包人为被的名义分别转包给他人。在上述两种情况告起诉的～人民法院应当依法受理。?该下～转包人以及违法分包人只在发包人或5、实际施工人 款规定立法本意是要求实际施工人首先考者总承包人与实际施工人之间起到一个牵虑起诉与他有着最近法律关系的转包人和线搭桥的中间人作用。建设工程施工义务违法分包人。实际施工人的施工行为是按 考虑最高人民法院该司法解释中出现都是由实际施工人履行的。实际施工人与照他与转包人或者违法分包人的合同约定‚实际施工人?条文意义～以及该司法解发包人或者总承包人已经全面实际履行了进行的～他对转包人或者违法分包人负责。释的出台背景等～本律师认为‚实际施工发包人与承包人之间的合同并形成了事实在合同中也明确转包人或者违法分包人有人?是指转包合同中承担实际施工义务的上的权利义务关系。或者说～因为承包人支付工程价款的义务。在实际施工中～一承包人～以及违法分包合同中承担实际施的违法转包行为或者违法分包行为使得承 8 般的～上述合同相对人业已支付了部分工付工程款。 实际施工人将转包人、违到信誉好、责任心强的优秀施工单位～有程款项～转包人或者违法分包人也会对其法分包人以及发包人、总承包人列为共同利于项目的顺利完工。 支付工程款内容作出承诺。所以～在转包被告～他们均到庭参加诉讼～对于‚欠付 人或者违法分包人实际具有支付工程款能工程价款?金额～如果包括实际施工人在六、实际施工人与施工单位在从事经营活力～也具备履行合同条件时应当直接起诉内的全体诉讼主体对该金额均不持异议～动以及诉讼中应当注意的若干问题 转包人或者违法分包人～而不应当列总承那么～发包人或者总承包人应当在该‚欠 包人或者发包人也为被告～加重自身的举付工程价款?范围内对实际施工人承担支1、由于司法解释赋予实际施工人直接起诉证义务～不利于自身的诉讼行为。也在无付义务。 发包人、总承包人的权利～如果发包人、意中加大诉讼的司法成本～对于人民法院总承包人拖欠工程款～而转包人或违法分简化法律关系～清晰本案基本事实～尽快 在司法实践中～实际的情况往往不是包人又不愿起诉发包人的～实际施工人要作出判决明显不利。 在司法实践中～如此～对该‚欠付工程价款?金额各方无及时提起诉讼～否则可能会失去其应有的当实际施工人查明他的前手～即转包人或法达成一致意见～那么～人民法院必须考权利。合同法第286条规定了承包人对建者违法分包人不具有履行合同能力～也不虑庭审的举证情况以及我们民事诉讼法关设工程有优先于抵押权和其他债权的优先及时向总承包人或者发包人主张权利～总于举证责任的分配原则～依法确认是否存受偿权～但法律又规定～‚建设工程承包承包人或者发包人确有一部分工程款项未在‚欠付工程价款?以及‚欠付工程价款?人行使优先权的期限为六个月～自建设工支付给转包人或者违法分包人时～实际施的具体金额。本律师认为～具体确认情况程竣工之日或者建设工程合同约定的竣工工人应当列总承包人或者发包人为共同被可以按照下列原则进行。 之日起计算?。实际施工人如果也想利用告。 优先受偿权来追讨工程款～那就必须在法1、转包人、违法分包人以及发包人、总承定期限内提起诉讼。 实际施工人提起 司法解释第二十六条第二款规定:‚实包人均到庭参加诉讼～他们关于‚欠付工诉讼前～应当简单了解发包人、总承包人际施工人以发包人为被告主张权利的～人程价款?达成一致意见～实际施工人虽然是否已经向转包人、违法分包人支付了全民法院可以追加转包人或者违法分包人为表示异议～但无任何证据否定或者虽有证部工程款～如果发包人、总承包人已经向本案当事人。发包人只在欠付工程价款范据但不足以否定该‚欠付工程价款?事实转包人、违法分包人支付了全部工程款～围内对实际施工人承担责任。?该规定明的～依法确认该‚欠付工程价款?金额～而转包人没有向实际施工人付款～此时实确‚实际施工人可以发包人为被告直接起判令发包人、总承包人在该‚欠付工程价际施工人就应当只将转包人、违法分包人诉?。实践中～承包人与发包人订立建设款?金额范围内对实际施工人承担责任。 列为被告为妥。即使将发包人、总承包人工程施工合同后～往往再将建设工程转包列为被告也可能得不到人民法院实体上的或违法分包给实际施工人。按照合同的相支持。 2、转包人、违法分包人以及发包人、总承对性原则～实际施工人应当向其有合同关包人均到庭参加诉讼～他们关于‚欠付工系的转包人或违法分包人主张权利～而没程价款?不能达成一致意见。他们或者关2、实际施工人在提起诉讼要提供工程质量有法律依据向发包人主张权利。但是～考于工程量发生争议～或者关于施工方是否合格的证据。工程质量合格是支付工程款虑我国法律不允许建设工程的转包与违法恰当履行合同、是否应当承担违约责任发的前提和依据。司法解释规定～施工合同分包～转包和违法分包合同违反我国法律生争议～这时关于‚欠付工程价款?就不无效～但建设工程竣工验收合格～承包人的强制性规定～是无效的。再根据处理无能达成一致意见。 请求参照合同约定支付工程款的～应予支效合同的法律原则～合同双方应当恢复原持。修复后的建设工程经竣工验收不合格～状、返还财产。事实上～实际的建设施工承包人请求支付工程价款的～不予支持。项目以及将发包人或者总承包人～以及转 本律师认为～发包人、总承包人对于由于多数实际施工人通过转包或者违法分包人、违法分包人、实际施工人三者紧密施工方未能恰当履行合同、主张违约金从包获得的～多数合同无效。那么～能否要联系在一起了。既然实际施工人已经为发工程款中扣除后对本案负责的观点没有法求支付工程款～就要看工程质量是否合格包人完成了一定量的建设工程～发包人对律依据～应当不予支持。因为对该司法解了。 2、发包人或者总承包人选择承包人实际施工人付出的劳动就应当付出对等的释中提到的‚欠付工程价款?应当作狭义时要特别慎重～以避免承包人将工程随意劳动价值。这也符合我国民法通则‚平等、的理解～是指单纯的‚工程量意义下的工转包给他人或者违法分包给他人～而对工公平和等价有偿?原则。另外～由于转包程价款?～而非扣除施工方违约金后的‚工程施工本身认真关注不够。实际施工人人或违法分包合同是无效的～无效合同的相程价款?。这是二种不同法律意义下款项～数众多～其中不乏存在实际施工人将自己对性已经弱化～在程序上人民法院可以视发包人或者总承包人对此提出主张应当通列为被告～使自己不得不涉入诉讼之中。 不同情况允许实际施工人以发包人为被告过反诉或者另案诉讼处理。所以～本律师主张权利。因此～实际施工人直接以发包认为～该条文中的‚欠付工程价款?应当人为被告既合乎情理～也符合我国民法基理解为单纯意义下的‚工程款项?。 关3、选择信誉度较好的承包人可以在自己被本理论。 对于实际施工人直接以发包于对于‚欠付工程价款?的举证责任。当涉入诉讼过程中～尊重事实说明自己的工人或者总承包人为被告提起诉讼的～人民转包人、违法分包人与发包人、总承包人程款付款情况～能在自己却已付清工程款法院可以追加转包人或违法分包人为本案对此发生严重分歧时～转包人、违法分包的情况下从实体上确认自己不对实际施工当事人。这主要考虑到案件的审理涉及两人到庭的情况下～转包人、违法分包人应人承担付款责任。至少不要碰上放弃出庭个合同关系～如果转包人或违法分包人不当承担举证责任。这是因为转包人、违法机会的承包人～使得自己无法向法庭说明参加到诉讼的过程中来～许多案件的事实分包人对自己完成的工作总量最为熟悉～清楚已经完成付款的事实～从而被法庭确难以查清～法律责任难界定。所以～法律也最为关心～所以他会认真收集这方面的认因无法说清付款完成的事实而承担连带赋予人民法院可以根据案件的实际情况追凭证～并据此向发包人或者总承包人主张付款责任。 4、作为建设单位～应当与施加转包人或违法分包人为共同被告或案件工程款。据此～我们认为～转包人、违法工单位或者总承包人签订《建设工程施工的第三人～实际施工人也可以发包人、承分包人承担主要的举证责任。 3、如果转合同》～明确建设项目具体工程量以及工包人为共同被告主张权利。这样操作～既包人、违法分包人并未到庭的情况下～发程量发生变化时的确认程序。在实际施工方便人民法院查清案件的事实～分清当事包人或者总承包人对他们主张的已经付清中应当时时按照《建设工程施工合同》的人的责任～也有利于有效保护实际施工人工程款应当承担举证责任。因为在转包人、约定确认工程量～当发生工程量变化时～的合法权利。 五、发包人、总承包人只在违法分包人未到庭的情况下～发包人或者严格要求各方依据合同约定和建筑法律的拖欠工程款的范围内对实际施工人承担责总承包人对工程量的发生情况最为熟悉～规定确认新增或者减少的工程量。对于工任～‚欠付工程价款?的模糊性及其举证也最容易收集到这方面的证据。实际施工程量进度款的付款过程也要时时确认～特责任分配。 人对于转包人、违法分包人的总工程量无别是经过第三方付款时更应当如此。这样～法知悉～故要求他承担主要的举证责任明在发生实际施工人起诉自己时就能清晰的 显强人所难～也不符合我国民事诉讼法关证明自己‚是否欠付工程价款?以及欠付 司法解释第二十六条第二款同时对实于举证责任方面的有关规定。 价款的多少了。 体问题进行规定～即发包人只在欠付工程价款范围内对实际施工人承担责任。也就是说～如果发包人或者总承包人已经将工 还有～在转包人、违法分包人未到庭 总之～司法解释对于我们办理建设工程价款全部支付给承包人的～发包人或者的情况下加重发包人或者总承包人的举证程施工合同纠纷具有重大现实意义～建设总承包人就不应当再承担支付工程价款的责任～可以促使发包人或者总承包人加强施工合同各方当事人应充分理解其立法本责任～在此情况下～实际施工人只能要求责任心～在选择建设项目承包人时能选择意～运用该司法解释规定切实维护自己的收到工程价款的转包人或者违法分包人支合法权利。 9 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 10 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 11 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 12 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 13 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 14 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 15 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 16 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 17 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 18 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 19 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 20 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 21 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 22 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 23 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 24 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 25 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 26 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 27 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 28 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 29 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 30 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 31 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 32 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 33 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 34 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 35 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 36 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 37 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 38 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 39 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 40 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 41 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 42 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 43 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 44 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 45 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 46