大学英语语法 第二十三讲 强调doc

大学英语语法 第二十三讲 强调doc 大学英语语法 第二十三讲 强调 第二十三讲 强 调 在说话或写文章时, 我们有时候要突出或强调某个词、词组或句子, 这时就要用强调结 构。 下面探讨的是各类强调句型、强调词汇及强调方式。 一、结构强调 1 . It is (was) + 状 语+ that + 句子 这种结构用来强调状语, 表示状语成分的可以是单词、词组或句子。句子 可以是主语从 句、宾语从句或状语从句。强调的如果是原因状语从句, 从句只能由 because 引导, 不能 由 since、as 或 why 引导。例如: I t was last summer that I graduated from the university . 我是去年夏天从那所大学毕业 的。(时间状语) I t was at an evening party that I first saw her . 我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。 (地点状语) I t is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health . 人们生病了才知道健康的 价 值。(时间状语从句) I t was because(不用 since、why 或 as) the water had risen that they could not cross the river . 正是因为水涨了, 他们没有渡过河去。(原因状语从句) I t is what you will do that is essential . 重要的是你的行动。(主语从句) 2 . It is(was) + 代词(名词, 形容词) + that(who, whom, which,whose) + 句子 这种结构强调名词或代词, 这个名词或代词可以是后面句子的主语、宾语或宾语补足语, 如果是主语, 则直接用 that + 谓语。这时, 句中的 that 可用 who, whom, which 等代替。 例如: It is Prof essor Wu that (who) sent me the letter . 给我寄信的是吴教授。(主语) It is I that am (或 is) to go in her place . 代她去的是我。(主语) It is you that are (或 is) to blame . 该受责 备的是你。(主语) It is this novel that( which) they talked about last week . 他们 上周讨论的就是这部小 说。(宾语) It was Doctor James that (whom) we invited to give us a lecture . 被邀请给我们作报告 的是詹姆士博士。(宾语) It was chairman of the committee that we elected her . (宾语补足语) It is red that he has painted the door . (宾语补足语) .. 注意下面句子的差异: I suppose it is I who am responsible . (不用 is) I suppose it is me who is responsible . (不用 am) I suppose it is he ( she) who is responsible . I suppose it is we ( they) who are responsible . It is him whom you met at the station . (强调结构, 不用 he) That is he whom you met at the station . ( that is . . .结构, 不用 him) Note: 值得注意的是, 有三类句子成分不可以进行强调, 即 表语、谓语动词和 though, al 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 816 第二十三讲 强 调 though, whereas 等引导的让步状语 从句或对比状语从句。例如: The picture is wonderful . (表语) It is wonder ful the picture is . (误) Alice teaches music at a middle school . (谓语动词) It is teaches that Alice music at a middle school . (误) Although he is young, he knows a lot about the world . (让步状语从句) It is though he is youngthat he knows a lot about the world . (误) I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs . (对比状语从句) It is whereas he pre f ers pop songs that I like classical music . (误) 3 . 句尾的强调 英语句子 的句尾是突出的位置, 要强调某个部分, 可以把它放在句尾, 而把不重要的部分 放在句子 中间。例如: Karl saw in Inga strength, determination, a vigorous and vivacious girl , the kind of woman he needed . The war would soon break out in the Middle East , we were told . (弱) The war , we were told, would soon break out in the Middle East . (强)据说, 中东不 久就要爆发战争了。 Team A will win the match, in all probability . (弱) Team A will , in all probability, win the match . (强) A 队很可能赢得这场比 赛。 The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways . (弱) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization . (强) 4 . 倒装结构和句首的强调 倒装结构和句首位置可以强调表语、宾语、定语、状语、 主语等。例如: Never will they give up the struggle for f reedom and peace . (状语) Under no circumstances can visitors be allowed to walk on the grass . (状语) Most bitterly did she complain to her father . Never a cent did he earn in the whole month . Not in the least would he care about it . Seldom have I seen her recently . Hardly does she understand what he wants . Hardly a slice o f bread did they waste . No one else shall I live with . Only yesterday did I hear of the news . Across the river lies a newly built bridge . Very little care does he take of the children . He was a famous singer, I..ve heard . (宾语从句) Enclosed is a cheque for 300 yuan . (谓 语) A terrible mess you..ve made of the work . (宾语) War we are not afraid of, but war we are opposed to . (介词宾语) Alice, he proposed to . (介词宾语) Keener and keener she became on painting . (表 语) A f lying saucer it cer tainly was . (表语) A scandal people called the whole matter . (宾补) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 817 一、结构强调 In China she was born, and in China she would die . (状语) Lonely she lived in a shabby house by the river . (状语) Child as he is , he knows a lot about the world . (让步从句) Much as he liked her , he had to leave for a long period of time . (让步从句) He would much like to see her again . Much would he like to see her again . (状语起首) A man..s early education is very important in his later life . Very important is a man..s early education in his later life . (表语起首) They will go different ways , but will reach the same destination . Di f f erent ways they will go, but the same destination they will reach . (宾语起首) Note: ?下面的“主要动词+ 主语+ 助动词”结构也是表示强调。 例如: If I must die, die I must . If I should do it , do it I will . He did not fail . Succeed he did . Shewanted to leave and leave she did . Surrender he would not till he was killed . Die he would not because he was optimistic . While I may travel around the world, travel I will . ?如果名词、形容词或副词不位于句首, as 相当于 since 或 because, 引导原因状语从 句, 不作 though 解。例如: As he was ill , he stayed home for a rest . 他因病在家休息。(原因) Ill as he was, he worked the whole day . 他虽然生 病, 但仍然工作了一天。(让步) .. 但有时候, as 倒装结构可能表示原因状语, 也可能表示 让步状语, 视上下文而定。 参阅有关章节。例如: Young as he was , he did not know much about the world . 他由于年轻, 对世事 了解甚少。(原因) Young as he was , he knew a lot about the world . 他虽然年轻, 但却很懂人情世 故。(让步) .. 考察下面两句: , Jane is not prettier than her younger sister . A . Pretty though is she B . Pretty as is she C . As she is pretty D . Pretty as she is(D 项正确) , the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction . A . All the activities B . The activities C . Of all the activities D . It is the activities(C 项正确) ?在强调句中, that 作直 接宾语或间接宾语时可以省略。例如: Was it her ( that) you were talking about ? It is not I (who) to blame . It was a new dictionary ( that) Father sent to me . ?如果强调的是时间状语或地点状语, that 有时可以省略。例如: It was in that bookstore ( that) I came across the book . It was only yesterday ( that) we first met . 只 是在昨天我们才第一次会面。 Was it last year ( that) you got the degree ? 你是在去 年获得学位的吗? 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 818 第二十三讲 强 调 5 .“特殊疑问词+ is(was) + it + that + 句子”结构的强调 如果强调的是特殊疑问句, 要用“特殊疑问词+ is( was) + it + that + 句子”结构, that 有时 可省, 表示“究竟在哪里.., 到底是谁..” 等。例如: Where was it ( that) you saw the man ? 你到底在哪里看见那个人的? Who was it ( that ) you want to see ? 你究竟想见谁? How is it ( that ) your answer differs f rom his ? Which is it that you want ? When was it that you ever said so ? Why is it that you want to change your idea ? What is it that you want me to say ? Note: 有时, 这类强调结构可用作表语或宾语。例如: The question is who it is that we can trust . He asked which picture it is that we should send the president as a present . It rests on what measure it is that is most effective . 二、其他类型的强调 1 . do 如果句子 中没有助动词, 在肯定句中可以用 do 表示强调, 一般译为“务必, 一定, 确实” 等。例如: Do come early . 一定早点来。 She did send you a letter last week . 她上周确实给你 寄过一封信。 “You are quite wrong—she does like you .” “你大错特错了———她 的的确确喜欢你!” 2 .utter, sheer,very 和 ever very 表示强调时, 前面常有 the, this , that 或 my, their 等, 后跟名词, 也可在名词前插入 first , same, own 等词, 相当于 exactly, real, t rue, genuine, actual, mere, itself and no other , just , none other than, even 等。ever 表示强调时, 多构成 ever so, ever such, as . . .as ever 词组; 也 可放在 what , who, where, when , which , why, how 后, 书写时同这些词分开写 (分开 写时, 其意义不同于 whatever, whoever 等) , 意为“究竟, 到底” 。例如: At that very moment he came . The very sight of snake makes the girl shiver . He escaped under their very nose . I..ll go this very minute . This is the very lowest price . 这 是最最低的价。 You may keep the book for your very own . 你可以保留这本书, 仅为自己用。 Who ever said so ?这到底是谁说的? What ever do you mean by saying that ? 你说那话到底什么 意思? (不可用 whatever ) She is ever such a nice girl . He is as great a poet as ever lived . 从来没有比他更伟大的诗人。 What he said was utter nonsense . 他说的是一派 胡言。 She won by sheer luck . 她完全凭侥幸获胜。 Note: ?as + 形容词(副词) + as ever (before)意为“跟从前同样的”;more . . .than ever 意 为 “比从前更..” 。例如: She is as diligent as ever . 她跟从前一样勤奋。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 819 二、其他类型的强调 He is more diligent than ever . 他比从前更勤奋。 ?whatever 和 whatsoever 在否定句或疑问句中放在名词后表示强调。例如: There can be no doubt whatever about it . 这件事是毫无疑问的。 That..s nothing whatsoever to do with me . 那件事同我一点关系没有。 3 . at all 这种用法的 at all 意为“根本, 究竟, 毕竟” 。 例如: If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all . Do you know it at all ? 你究竟知道不知道? 4 . the last the last 加名词可以表示强烈的否定意义, 注意译法。 例如: He would be the last person in the world to deny this . 他决不会否认这一点。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 我万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。 Not to keep his promise will be the last thing for him to do . 他绝不会不守承诺的。 He is the last man to do it . 他决不会干那事。 He should be the last (man) to blame . 怎么也不该怪他。 She is the last person for such a job . 她最不配做这个工作。 He is the last man to consult . 根本不宜找他商量。 5 . on earth, in the world, in heaven, earthly 和 under the sun 这些短语或单词用于肯定句意为“究竟”, 用于否定句意为“全 然, 一点也..” 。也可加 强最高级的语气, 意为“最最” 。例如: Where under the sun did you put the book ? 你到底把书放到哪里去了? She had not a penny in the world . 她 身无分文。 That is the most ridiculous thing on earth . 那是最可笑的事情了。What earthly thing are you doing now ?你这会儿到底在干什么? 6 . the devil, the hell, the deuce, the blazes, in (the)hell, the plague,a plague, the mischief 和 the dickens 这几个词同 what , who, where 连用, 意为“到底, 究竟”, 有时是粗话。例如: Who the dickens is she ? 她到底是谁? What the deuce is the matter ? 究竟是怎么回事? What the blazes is he ?他到底是干什么的? What in hell is she doing ? 她究竟在干什么? Where the devil did he go ? 他妈的他 到哪里去了? When the plague will you pay me ? 你他妈的到底什么时候还我钱? Why the blazes did you do like that ? 你他妈的究竟为什么那样做? What a plague does he want to do ? 他妈的他到底想干什么? Note: ?in heaven..s name, in the name of wonder, in the name of fortune, in the name of reason, in the name of common sense, in thunder , in the creation 等也用来表示强 调, 意为“到底, 究竟。例如: Which in the name o f wonder do you decide to choose ? 你究竟决定选哪一个? What in thunder have you done ? 你他妈的究竟干了些什么? ?下面句中的 the devil 另有含义: The devil he should wor ry . 他才不当回事呢。 A: Is he an expert ? 他是专家吗? 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 820 第 二十三讲 强 调 B: The devil he is . 他绝对不是。 7 . I..ll be hanged if . . .和 I..ll be damned if I . . . I..ll be hanged if . . .表示“ 决不, 决不会”, I..ll be (或 I am) damned if I . . .表示“要是我 .., 我就不是人!” 。例如: I..ll be damned i f it is true . 那决不是真的。 I..ll be damned i f I do it . 我决不做那件事。 I..ll be hanged i f I go there . 我死也不去那里。 8 .not for the world, not on your life 和 not for worlds 这几个词组表示强烈的否定。例如: Not f or worlds would she surrender . 她决 不会屈服的。 I wouldn..t let her go out alone f or the world . 我决不会让她一个人 单独出去的。 9 . anything like 和 anything near 这两个词组用于否定句。例如: The film isn..t anything like as interesting as we expected . 这部电影根本没有我们想象 的 那样有趣。 She never came anywhere near to knowing what it was . 她根本不懂得这是 什么。 10 . far, much, by far, still, a great(good) deal 和 all the + 比较级 这几 个词或词组用来修饰形容词或副词比较级, 以加强语气。例如: The path through the forest is by far more pleasant than that across the field . Opening the window made it all the hotter . 打开窗户反而更热。 That is all the faster she can run . 她最多只能跑 这么快。 Note: ?by far 要放在带 the 的比较级前, 但如果比较级前无 the, by far 放 在比较级前后 均可。例如: It is by f ar the longer river of the two . This t ree is thicker by far than that one . This t ree is by far thicker than that one . ?by far 要放在最高级前。例如: He is by f ar the best student in the class . It is by f ar the brightest star . 11 . if a 说明数量或某人的身高、年龄, 意为“准有, 无 论如何有” 。例如: She is forty, i f a day . 她一定有 40 岁了。 He is six feet high , i f he is an inch . 他准有六英尺高。 We..ve covered twenty miles , i f a yard . 我 们一定走了 20 里了。 12 . if ever, if any, if anything 和 if at all 这几个词组一 般单独作状语, if ever 和 if any 也可引导状语从句, 有时含有让步的意思。 例如: He is a musician i f ever there was one . ( = if anyone was = if there was one at all) 世界 上没有音乐家则已, 如有就是他。 He has little, i f any ink . 墨水他即使有也很 少。 I f anything , the writing is a little neater . 若说区别的话, 这篇文章只是整 洁一点。 13 . and that 和 and . . .at that that 是代词, 代替前面整句的内容, and that 一般译为“而且” 。例如: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 821 二、其他类型的 强调 She only speaks French, and that not very well . 她只会讲法语, 而且讲得不大 好。 She offered a suggestion, and a good one at that . 她提了一个建议, 而且是一 个好建议。 .. 有时候, at that 相当于 after all, anyway, in spite of all。例如: The job was hard to do, but at that he liked it . 这项工作很难做, 但他还是喜欢它。 14 . 形容词后置 The living body, animal or human, is a storehouse of electricity . A scientist is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective . 科学家善于观察事 物, 准确、耐心、客观。 15 .nothing if not 意为“非常, 极”(very, extremely)。例如: The boy was nothing i f not clever . 这男孩绝顶聪明。 = The boy was nothing if he was not clever . = The boy was very clever . 16 . anything but 意为“决不, 决不是” 。 例如: He is anything but honest . 他极不诚实。 = He is not honest at all . = He is far from being honest . = He is by no means honest . 17 . none 表示的强调 This is none of your business . 这与你没有丝毫关系。 He is none of my friends . 他决不是 我的朋友。( = He is by no means one of my friends . ) You can do none o f this . 这 个你决不可做。 He shall be none of my son . 他决不是我的儿子。 I shall give her none of my money . 我一分钱也不会给她。 He is none of the richest . 他很穷。( = very poor) The film is none of the best . 这部电影一点也不好。 She is none o f the happiest . 她极不幸福。 ( = very unhappy) 18 . not an ounce of 等表示的强调 There is not an ounce of justice . 没有一点公道。 He has not a f licker o f courage . 他没有丝毫勇气。 There is not a suggestion o f wind . 一丝风也没有。 There is not a hint (或 glimmer ) o f hope . 一丝希望也没有。 Not a morsel of food was left . 一片面包也没留下。 Not a drop of rain has fallen . 一滴雨也没下。 He does not know a word of English . 他一个英语 单词也不认识。 He has no ghost o f an idea about the matter . 他对那件事一点也不 知道。 19 . not a rop 等表示的强调 He did not regret a rop (或 a rush, a tittle) . 他一点也不后悔。 He did not care a straw (或 a bean, a fig, a jot , a button) . 他 一点也不介意。 He did not wor ry a pin (或 a scrap) . 他一点也不担心。 It is not worth a cent (或 a damn , a curse, two hoots) . 它一文钱也不值。 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛 / 书 822 第二十三讲 强 调 The man did not flinch a hair . 那人一点也不畏缩。 Not a single customer came . 连一个顾客也没来。 She took not the least notice of your remarks . 她一点也不注意你的话。 He had not the smallest doubt . 他一点也不怀疑。 She paid not the slightest attention to him . 她对他一点也不注意。 He uttered not a single syllable . 他一声都没吭。 It mattered not a bit . 这一点关系没有。 He hesitated not a moment . 他一点也没迟疑。 20 . 用重复法进行强调 She told me that she would never, never forget her college years . Like Lincoln, he was tall, raw-boned, st rong and homely . Like Lincoln, he was obedient , responsible, and hard-working. Like Lincoln, he thirsted for knowledge and . . . . They can..t do it , can..t those boys (或 those boys can..t ) . They will make trouble, those villains . He must be angry, my brother . It is a good place for old men , that park . 21 . 用层进法进 行强调 Her way of life was expensive, pointless, and utterly ruthless . To win victory, many people shed their blood, gave up their personal interests and laid down their lives . 22 . by God, by George, for God..s sake, damn, for goodness..sake 和 for pity..s sake The picture is not worth a damn . 这幅画毫无价值。 He is damn tired . By God, I don..t know it . For pity..s sake, do help up a little . 23 .whistle, whisper 和 bubble 拟 声词可以表示强调, 形象而生动。常用的这类词有 crash, murmur , roar , whisper , crack , clap, clink, cluck, thump , splash, bang, titter , twitter , howl , clash 等。例 如: He banged the door open . 他砰的一声打开了门。 The water is bubbling down the rocks . 水哗哗地从岩石上流下来。 The twigs cracked under pressure . 树枝在压力下 咔喳一声断了。 The rain tinkled on the window . 雨水丁当地敲打着窗户。 He whispered the word in her ear . 他同她咬耳朵。(窃窃耳语) They clapped their hands when the two leaders clinked glasses . 两位领导人碰杯时, 他 们鼓起掌来。 24 . shall 用于第二、 三人称 You shall be there in two hours . (命令) Children shall not see the film . (规定) He shall gain his aim . (决心) 25 . 从 He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in poetry . 的歧义看重音强调 在一个句子中, 若要对某个词或词组进行强调, 可以重读该词或词组。由于强调的对象 不同, 同一个句子可能有多种意义,比如上面这个句 子就可以有两种意思: He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in..poetry . (重音落在 poetry 上, 对它 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版) 823 二、其他类型的 强调 进行强调, 意为 He didn..t buy the book, because it had nothing to do with poetry, and it is poet ry that he was interested in . )他没有买那本书, 因为它同诗歌没有关 系。(他本 人对诗歌感兴趣) He didn..t buy the..book because he was interested in poetry . (重音落在 book 上, 意为 He bought the book, but it wasn..t because he was interested in poetry . )他买了那本 书, 并不是因为他对诗歌感兴趣。(那本书是有关诗 歌的) 比较: Father..didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . (Perhaps Father forgot to take Jack to swim in the pool today . ) Father didn..t take..Jack to swim today . ( It was Tom that Father took to swim in the pool today . ) Father didn..t take Jack to..swim in the pool today . ( Father took Jack to the pool today just to see it . ) Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the..pool today . ( Father took Jack to swim at the seaside, not in the pool . ) Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool..today . ( It was yesterday that Father took Jack to swim in the pool . ) ..Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . ( It was Mother who took Jack to swim in the pool today . ) 比较: He..s a..mad doctor . 他是精神病科的医生。 He..s a..mad..doctor . 他是患有精神病的医生。 She is an..English student . 她是英国学生。 (也可以是: 她是学英语的学生。) She is an..English..student . 她是英国学生。 I..beg your pardon . 我没听清楚, 请你再说一遍。 I..beg your..pardon . 对不起。(表示道歉) I..will speak to her . 我一定要同她谈谈。(强调要这样做) I will..speak to her . 我 将同她谈谈。(But I won..t write to her ) I will speak to..her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t speak to others) He..can read . 他能读。(不是不能读) He can..read . 他能 读。(But he can..t write) 26 . There are books and books . 的含义 把同一个名词或 动词等用 and 连接进行重复, 是一种强调方法, 以使语义突出, 表达生动。 这类重复可以 表示“不同的类型”, 也可以表示“许多的, 大量的” 。例如: There are books and books . 既有好书, 也有坏书。 There are doctors and doctors . 既有良医, 也有庸医。 You will find artists and artists . 既有优秀的艺术家, 也有蹩脚的艺人。 There are ants and ants and ants on the ground . 地上到处都是蚂蚁。 She thought and thought and thought and couldn..t go to sleep . 她思来想去, 难以成眠。 They received twenty and twenty suggestions . 他们收到了许许多多的建议。 Note: ?下列惯用短语也可表示强调: again and again, on and on, out and out , over and over, up and up, more and more, through and through, around and around 等。例如: He is an out and out scoundrel . 他是一 个十足的恶棍。 新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书 824 第二十三讲 强 调 The birds were flying around and around the house . 鸟绕着房屋飞来飞去。 He is an honest man through and through . 他为人极诚实。 The soldiers walked on and on . 士兵们马不停蹄地行进。 He read the poem over and over . 他把那首诗读了一篇又一遍。 He is a tyrant out and out . 他是个地地道道的暴君。 He is a London of Londoners . 他是地地道道的伦敦人。 ?表语同主语重复往往表示“究竟, 到底, 该是这样”等含义。例如: I shall pay for it . Business is business . 钱由我付, 生意毕竟是生意。 You are quite right . Lawyer is lawyer . 你说得很对, 法官到底还是法官。 Boys will be boys . 孩子总是孩子嘛。 测试 练习(二十三) 选择填空 1 . the train had departed she left the station for home . A . It is only then . . .that B . It is only when . . .what C . It was only that . . .when D . It was only when . . .that 2 . It is during his stay in the count ryside he began to learn English . A . when B . that C . which D . what 3 . It was the information that he accumulated there gave him great help . A . was B . what C . that D . later 4 . His uncle told her that it is that she was brought up after her mother..s death . A . a retired old professor B . from a retired old professor C . with a retired old professor D . by a retired old professor 5 . that should be given priority to . A . It is the government has decided B . It is only the government has decided C . It is what the government has decided D . It is what has the government decided 6 . It is from the earliest time men began to study the natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies . A . when B . where C . that D . how 7 .“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident ?” “No, only the two passengers who got hurt .” A . it was B . there is C . it were D . there was 8 . She said she would go and she go . A . didn..t B . did C . would D . will 9 . It was to the saving-boat he owed his life . A . what B . which C . that D . why 10 . they met each other and became fast friends . A . It was in the lake area in the north of the country where B . Being in the lake area in the nor th of the country C . It was in the lake area in the nor th of the country when D . It was in the lake area in the north of the country that