语法对英文的阅读理解水平起着至关重要的作用

语法对英文的阅读理解水平起着至关重要的作用 概要:英语中有许多冗长且复杂的句子。理解这样的英语句子的行之有效的方式是逐部分的和联系的理解或者采用先缩略再扩展的方式来理解，本不只是试图说明英语语法对英文的阅读理解水平起着至关重要的作用，同时也试图为英语学习者发现一个英语阅读理解的科学和正确的方法。 关键词:语法，句子分析，句子成分，缩句，联系 语法也叫“文法”，就是语言的结构规律，包括词法和句法。语法是人类思维长期抽象化的工作成果，是思维的巨大成就的标志，当然也是对一种语言的研究的最高层次。一种语言的语法具有一定的民族特点和相当的稳定性。英语语法对英语的阅读理解起到至关重要的作用。语法的就是构词和遣词造句的法则。对于一个外国人来说，英文的阅读理解就是对英文所达的意思的翻译和推测。 在语言中，主语通常由表达人事物的词，短语或从句充当的，是动词所表示动作的发出者(在被动句中，主语则是动作的受动者)或陈述的对象。宾语也通常是由表达人事物的词，短语或从句充当的，是动词所表示动作的对象。动词是主语所表示的人事物所发出的动作的名称或者说是对主语发出的动作或其状态的陈述或说明，系动词也是动词，没有词义，用来标示主语和表语的关系的，系动词，不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的. 主要有形容词此外还有名词，代词，数词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词，定语从句或相当于形容词的词，短语或句子都可以作定语。状语是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在不同的语言中“状语”有不同的作用.中文状语是动词或形容词前面的连带成分,用来修饰、限制动词或形容词,表示动作的状态,方式,时间,处所或程度等;德语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子;英语状语修饰动词,形容词,副词等的句子成分.补语说明主语或宾语的结果,程度,趋向,可能,状态,数量等的成分,通常由形容词，动词不定式，现在分词，动词的被动式甚至名词来充当. 表语should be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not >8%, diameter >760mm, not >6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where interface is required, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, install the bridge ... 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficient expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell-wall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corrosion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fair-faced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughness and 是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后. 影响阅读理解的因素包括词汇量，语法水平，知识，经验和阅读技巧。其中语法水平是至关重要的。也就是说当一个读者的语法水平很低(可以通过写作和习题来测量语法水平)，他不可能真正理解英文，尤其是复杂和深奥的英文。一个人在阅读或倾听的时候，会本能的区分句子成分和确立句子成分之间的关系，然后再构建自己的理解。中国人要想正确的和全面的理解英语，必须能区分句子成分和确立它们之间的关系，然后再逐步的理解各个句子成分并最终形成一个整体的意义。英语的书面语言比如文学，新闻报道，商务文件和科技论文等通常具有句子长，语法成分多，句式多样，复杂的特征。很显然，这是由于表达的需要形成的，这样的表达才能抽象，彻底，准确和流畅。一个未掌握英语语法的学习者是很难彻底准确的理解英语的，尤其是书面英语。 单句是指由一个句子构成(不含分句)的句子。复句是指含有两个或两个以上的句子的句(通常含有一个主句，但也有可能由并列的分句构成)。英语泛读教程第一册中第五单元的文学类的Cheating中的一句较复杂的句子来解释说明一个英语学习者应当怎样理解英文的句子。 My mother’s one of those people who tells you everything you’ve done wrong for thirty years like you do it everyday. 这个句子由My mother’s，one，of those people who tells you everything you’ve done wrong for thirty years like you do it everyday三部分构成(当然，这只是我个人的划分，但至少这种划分可以帮我理解这句话，很显然，我是按照主语，系动词，表语和定语的语法成分来划分的)。实际上，一个人划分句子成分通常是根据停顿，标点和语法来划分的。这个句子的主语是My mother(我的母亲)系动词为is (是)用来说明主语My mother(我的母亲)的性质的， 而表演是个名词 one (一个人)，这个表语带有一个作定语的介词短语，of those people (那些人中的)，而这个介词短语中的people(人们)则带有一个定语从句who tells you everything you’ve done wrong for thirty years like you do it everyday(who在这里是个关系代词没有实际的意义，但不能省略，因为有语法作用， s. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairdelamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirement be no rosion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection shouldbrush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corible sh. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and vistemperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a primer (red paint) and fini wall temperature of environment-nt expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell, install the bridge ... 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficieed oute sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carrie interface is required, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 servicg wheripe diameter ? 60mm, not >8%, diameter >760mm, not >6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growining, bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pw bendhrough the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not alloh side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables tshould be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should be one on eacughness andood toction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, gearance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construfaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure app-2 可以用来区分句子成分)(告诉你你干的每件事都错了，好想你天天都这么干似的)限定人们的。而且这个定语从句中，还有一个表示方式的状语从句like you do it everyday(好想你每天都这么做)。因此，逐部分的和联系的看完或听完这句话后，一个读者就会得到这句话的的意思: 我的母亲是这样的一种人:她会告诉你你做的事都错了，而且好像你天天都这样作似的。这个还不算长的的句子也体现了英语语法的复杂性，也说明了语法对英文的阅读理解水平起着至关重要的作用。 再举个例子来说明先缩句再扩展的英文理解方式，英语泛读教程第一册中，第一单元的文学类的课文Little House in the Big Woods中有这样的一句话: She went to the door and pulled the leather latch-string through its hole in the door, so that nobody could get in from outside unless she lifted the latch. 这是一个由主句和结果状语从句构成的复句。主句的主干是She went to the door and pulled the leather latch-string而从句的主干就是nobody could get in。因此这句话的主要意思就是She went to the door and pulled the leather latch-string，so that nobody could get in.汉语的意思为:她来到了门前把皮链锁拉上了，这样没有人能进来了。这句话的主句还有一个表方式的状语through its hole(通过了它的孔)，而且hole还有一个介词短语充当的定语说明hole的位置，in the door(在门上)。而结果状语从句中也有一个表方位的介词短语作状语from outside (从外面)，同时结果状语从句中也有一个条件状语从句unless she lifted the latch.(除非她拉起了门链锁)。整合一下对各部分的理解，一个读者就可能会产生了对这个句子的这样的理解:她走到了门前，把皮锁链划上了门上的门链锁的孔里，这样没有人能从外面进来，除非她抬起了皮锁链。 科技类英语的难点不只在于晦涩难懂的术语，更在于复杂冗长的句子，对于英语学习者较难理解。英语泛读教程第一册中第4单元的科技类课文Migrotory Birds中的一句话 While technified coffee may mean benefits to producers in terms of total crop output-a condition ould r should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corrosion, external appearance shuniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlaye st a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance colorwall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at lea-7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell tions.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficient expansion gap in hot situang. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, install the bridge ... 7.8.oundistraight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good gr ter >760mm, not >6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where interface is required, onlydiame should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not >8%,ng use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius re binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube makishould be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wis follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughness andto display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction technology requirements are afaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able -ement process. 1 faire placmogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structurnever show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, ho3 which may not hold true over the long run, and already proven false in some areas where sun coffee is being grown-the relentless push of agribusiness to produce more coffe per unit area may have serious environmental and social consequences. 这个句子虽然在科技类文章中不算最长的，但这样长的句子是常见的，原因是像我前面说的那样:表达的需要。在这种情况下，有必要引用主句的概念。主句毫无疑问就是主要的句子，相对于从句而言，是主要表达的意思。缩句就是将一句复杂冗长的句子，在保留原意的前提下进行缩减的过程，通常就是保留主句或单句中的主谓宾或主系表的原始成分，去除定语，状语，补语和表语等成分。在英语阅读过程中，运用缩句的策略不只有利于教学，而且也容易帮助读者对句子的理解，即在对句子主干的理解基础上，再联系其它的过多的和冗长的句子成分，来形成对该句子的完整的，正确的理解。上文的句子主干就是 The push may have consequences，然后再联系句子中的其他成分来理解这个句子，the push 有三个定语分别为形容词relentless，一个介词短语作定语of agribusiness 和 一个带宾语的不定式to produce more coffe per unit area作定语。这三个定语说明了the push:即残酷的，种植单位面积产量更高的咖啡，农产品行业的推进。may have 为情态动词+动词的结构表示推测，意思为可能带来。而consequences 则是may have 的宾语，即may have 的对象，有带来后果的意思。Consequences 则有三个形容词serious environmental and social做定语，说明后果的，即严重的环境和社会后果的。联系的，逐部的理解句子的主句的意思后，一个读者就会从这个主句中获得了这样的信息:残酷的，种植单位面积产量更高的咖啡，农产品行业的推进可能带来严重的环境和社会后果的。这个句子中的分句也较长和复杂，而且这个分句也含有另一个分句，所以也可以通过缩句的方法来讲解和理解这个分句。这个分句的主干为coffee may mean benefits，汉语的意思为咖啡种植可能意味着利润。联系句子中的其它成分理解这句话:技术化的咖啡种植对于种植者可能意味着高产的利润。分句中破折号后的a conditin(一种情况)还有另外一个定语从句描述这种情况的(即技术术化的咖啡种植对于种植者可能意味着高产的利润)。这个定语从句也可以通过缩句和联系的方式来理解，毋庸讳言，这个定语从句的主语是由指代a condition的 关系代词which来充当的，意思为不可能长期保持正确并且在一些已经开展阳栽咖啡的区域证实错误的情况。在从主句到从句逐部的理解这个句子之后，一个读者便会形成一个对这个句子的总的理解:尽管技术术化的咖啡种植对于种植者可能意味着高产的利润-这可能不会长期保持正确并且在一些已经开展阳栽咖啡的区域证实错误了-残酷的，种植单位面积产量更高的咖啡，农产品行业的推进可能带来严重的环境和社 -s. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairdelamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirement be no rosion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection shouldbrush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corible sh. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and vistemperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a primer (red paint) and fini wall temperature of environment-nt expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell, install the bridge ... 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficieed oute sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carrie interface is required, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 servicg wheripe diameter ? 60mm, not >8%, diameter >760mm, not >6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growining, bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pw bendhrough the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not alloh side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables tshould be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should be one on eacughness andood toction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, gearance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construfaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure app4 会后果的。这个对英语的理解过程:句子成分分析-确立句子成分关系-总的理解，是对一个英语为母语的受过一定教育的美国人或英国人的理解过程的仿生，或者说对于自然的英语理解过程的归纳和概括。 一个智慧的语言，比如汉语并不是由词语的堆砌构成的，任何一种语言都有其自己的语法，支配着其词汇的形式和位置。汉语的语法简单而实用，这也是普通话很容易学习的原因。英语的语法复杂，因而难学。在对英语的理解的过程中，对一个中国的英语学习者来说，英语语法对英文的阅读理解水平起着至关重要的作用。 作者:刘永强(1975- )， 男， 辽宁鞍山人， 鞍山师范学院外语系讲师，硕士主要从事英语阅读理解的教学和研究 完稿日期:2011-11-2 电子邮件:924010468@qq.com st a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance colorwall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at lea-7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell tions.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficient expansion gap in hot situang. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, install the bridge ... 7.8.oundistraight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good gr ter >760mm, not >6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where interface is required, onlydiame should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not >8%,ng use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius re binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube makishould be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wis follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughness andto display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction technology requirements are afaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able -ement process. 1 faire placmogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structurnever show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, hoould r should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corrosion, external appearance shuniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlaye 5