中国古代科学家（Ancient Chinese scientists）

中国古代科学家（Ancient Chinese scientists） 中国古代科学家(Ancient Chinese scientists) Ancient Chinese scientists Official agriculture - the scientific achievements of Wang Zhen and Wang Zhen are mainly embodied in his book "Wang Zhennong". The "Wang Zhennong book" is the representative of Wang Zhen make painstaking efforts. The book has about more than 130 thousand words and more than 300 plates. It is divided into 36 volumes (22 volumes, each with the same characters). It is rich in content and coherent. It is a work of complete systematic exposition of agricultural production in ancient china. "Agricultural book" is divided into "agricultural sangthong tactic", "100 Valley", "agricultural spectrum map" is the three most. "Agricultural device atlas" "Map" is the key for agricultural "agricultural book" of the book, and most can show the essence of Wang Zhen technology thought. In the "Wang Zhennong book" before the discussion implements book of Lu Guimeng of the Tang Dynasty "by" the rake, the tools to Dongli River, and harrow, Li Ze several paddy farming tools, no map. For the Southern Song Dynasty had Zhijin agricultural spectrum "(the book has been lost) received tools, not only less than the number of Wang Zhen" agriculture is map ", and there is no map. An important agricultural book in the "Wang Zhennong book" later, such as "agricultural policy book", "timing tongkao", although there is agricultural map, but many of them copied from "Wang Zhen agricultural book", did not increase the number of new content. Thus it can be seen。 "The agricultural instrument map" in Wang Zhennong is a great creation of Wang Zhen in the ancient agricultural books. Turn on the land for agricultural implements, "map" is introduced, and the plough coulter rake Lao, the distinctive colter. Coulter is a very like sickle and back thicker tools, and can plow together, when the first cut the roots of cultivated land plough, plough the soil over, this can make farming more labor-saving and convenient. "Map" is the agricultural sowing implements the focus is connected to an animal drawn seed plough. In the Han Dynasty invented an animal drawn seed plough, the Yuan Dynasty has two important innovations: one is to add a fertilizer box, the seeding and fertilizing simultaneously; two is added to the MT car device, which can mask the soil immediately after sowing, can greatly improve the seed germination rate. For agricultural irrigation equipment, Wang Zhen on the one hand the keel for the innovation of traditional water hydraulic drive, greatly saves manpower and animal power, is the ancient rare automation machinery. Wang Zhen also created a "high irrigation machinery, able to turn cars" water up to 33 meters high ground for irrigation. Two cylinder cars are connected, can elevate the water 66 meters. This is a great creation in ancient times, but its structure is so simple, high water and low power for many areas plays a significant role. This simple car, either human or animal, with higher velocity and large water area can also be water. Agricultural products processing machinery, innovation and invention of Wang Zhen is the most famous "hydro three things". He improved the mechanism on the traditional plain hydraulic mill, enabling it to perform 3 functions: grinding, answering rice and milling rice. And "water turbine three things" the same purpose, is he invented "water transfer grinding."". This is based in the Jiangxi area on the tea mill to be updated and made, with a large vertical turbine, through a series of gears, and can make the 9 disc rotation, round men's water difficult, can be used for spring rice. It is said that this device installed on the water a day, but also can be used for field irrigation. These two innovations fully show that Wang Zhen's mastery of mechanical design has reached a fairly high level. At the same time, the understanding of water function is so comprehensive and profound. He used the "gate" section of the introduction of 14 kinds of hydraulic agricultural machinery, not including hydraulic irrigation machinery. Looked at these hydraulic agricultural machinery, he created "water turbine three things" and "water transfer even grinding" will not feel abrupt. From the "agricultural machinery and map is the map", we can obviously see Wang Zhen excellence both agriculturist, is an outstanding machinery manufacturing company. He has harnessed the ropes, gears, cranks, connecting rods, and so on. In many mechanical components as well as in the overall mechanical principle, it also shows that he does have profound research and high attainments. As many as three hundred illustrations in the atlas of agricultural implements are unique in the previous agricultural books. It was on these maps that many ancient agricultural machinery and tools were preserved in ancient china. The image and structure given by a picture is often replaced by hundreds or even thousands of words. Many agricultural books after Wang Zhen, such as "agricultural policy book", "timing" general "and" the integration of ancient and modern books are mostly used for agricultural map, Wang Zhen "agricultural book". It can be said that Wang Zhen's "agricultural book" is clearly recognized as the originator of the ancient Chinese agricultural atlas, and this is one of the signs and symbols of Wang Zhen's machine building. Luban Luban, the real name, name, Luguoren, Luban invented many inventions in his life. In "things," the original "Purple Pearl", "ancient history examination" and so many books have been recorded. Many tools and instruments used by carpenters were invented by him. As the carpenters square (also called moment), was created by Luban, so also known as lubanche. And as the ink fountain, a plane, drill, and chisels, shovels and other tools, the legend is also invented by Luban. According to the "world" on the record, was invented by Luban stone. Luban is not only a civil craftsman "founder", is a very clever mechanical inventor. The locks he made were not visible outside, and the organs were in it. They must be opened with the aid of a good key. In "Mo-tse Lu. Ask" there is such a record: "Gongshu Zi cut bamboo that magpie, and flying into the three day, not." That is to say, the wooden birds made by Luban can fly up high in the wind, and do not land for three days. According to legend, Luban also improved the structure of the motor vehicle, made of wooden horses. The wooden horses by - control, an organization, can automatically walk. Later there are many technology inventors, such as the Three Kingdoms when Ma Jun, Jin Dynasty, northern area of pure spirit of the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Ma Daifeng, Qing Huang Li Zhuang, is affected by the legend, have been explored in this direction. Now, it seems that wooden birds can fly for three days, wooden cars, Trojans can automatically run out of sight, it is too exaggerated, with a fairy color. But it also shows that Luban's technique was outstanding at that time. As for our future generations, in the dream to achieve the former, but also consider the actual capacity of the level of science and technology and their own, avoid being misled by some aeriality legend, delay your future. It is said that Luban has certain attainments in weapons. According to "Mo-tse". The real record, Luban had made Chu siege by the "ladder to" hook "and water with strong" (aka "hook refused"), Luban, a family of craftsmen from generation to generation, contributed much to architecture and sculpture. "Shu Yi Ji" said that Luban had a three-dimensional map of Kyushu stone engraving. "Liezi. New stories about Luban." who carved Phoenix, he is not afraid of ridicule, but also reflects the spirit of hard study. The story says, Luban want to carve a Phoenix, not carved, was ridiculed, but he did not stop working, but more efforts, finally carved out of the Phoenix look realistic, true to life. Those who had laughed at him, finally had to admire Luban's superb skills and indomitable spirit of efforts. Zhang Heng, a great scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty In the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is about more than 1800 years ago (117 AD), a large astronomical instrument using hydraulic drive, automatic operation of the "water globe" (connected to the Water Leakage science milepost in the Eastern Han Dynasty successfully turn armillary sphere) Kyoto Luoyang. A mere twenty years (AD 138 years), placed in another instrument - Kyoto Luoyang - "seismograph" accurately report the West thousands of miles of earthquake. This marks the beginning of a new era in which instruments can be used for the study of earthquakes. The inventor of these two famous instruments was Zhang Heng, a great scientist and litterateur of the Eastern Han Dynasty in china. Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to astronomy, seismology and mechanical mechanics in ancient china. Legend has it that he has also produced "guide car", "notebook", "drum car" and so on. Because of its high level of mechanical manufacture, he has been called "the king of China"". Zhang Heng: a biography Zhang Heng, word Hirako, Dijian chapter three years (AD 78 years), was born in Nanyang County, the stone bridge in West Hubei county town (now Nanyang city in Henan Province, fifty in the North) a dilapidated bureaucrat family. Grandfather Zhang Kan is the local officials, who Renshu and Yuyang prefecture (today's Hebei Province, Jixian County Prefecture area). Zhang Heng childhood, was already fading, sometimes rely on friends and relatives for financial aid. "Since ancient times, many elite poverty, great men have had bad times, it is the life of poverty has a good effect on the growth of his plays. At that time, Nanyang was a developed region with both economy and culture. It was called "Nandu". Under the influence of this environment, Zhang Heng, together with his hard work and good study, laid a good foundation for his later career in literature and science. Zhang Heng studied these three theories carefully according to his own understanding and observation of the laws of the heavenly bodies. He believed that the theory of the earth and the sky was more in line with the reality of observation. He inherited and developed the former huntian theory, on the basis of Western Han Dynasty Geng Shouchang invented the armillary sphere created an accurate performance in huntian thought time". He is proficient in astronomy, calendar, with the thought of reform is very strong, has written a "Lingxian", "Lingxian map", "legend" and other works of astronomy armillary sphere, become one of huntian theory representative of the mid Eastern Han dynasty. "Lingxian" Zhang Heng's astronomy works throughout his life, The most famous "Lingxian". This is an astronomical theoretical work on the creation of the universe, the sun, the moon and the stars, and their movements, representing the achievements of Zhang Heng's studies of astronomy. It summed up the astronomical knowledge of the time, although there were some mistakes, but still put forward many advanced scientific ideas and insights. For example, in explaining the huntian theory, though still retains the old ground concept, and put forward the "celestial diameter problem", but Zhang Heng still has further made clear space in the "celestial" outside. He said, "those who pass here do not know or know.". No man or the universe, that is. The tables of the universe are boundless, and the ends of the universe are infinite." That is to say, we are able to observe the space is limited, not observed where it is inexhaustible, lacking beginning and end of the universe. This passage clearly puts forward the idea that the universe is infinite in time and space, and it is very valuable. Zhang Heng in the "Lingxian" pointed out that the moon itself is not light, the moonlight is the reflection of the sun. He said: "husband, for example still water, fire, light, water contents. Therefore, the moonlight is born in the day, according to the sun in the day; in the same day, the light is full, and the day is light." The king is the shadow, and the soul refers to the part of the moon's deficit He vividly compared the sun and the moon to the fire and water, the fire can shine, the water reflects light, pointing out that the moonlight is due to sunlight, and sometimes can not see the moonlight, because the sun is blocked. His views were fresh and correct at the time. At the same time, Zhang Heng further explained why the lunar eclipse occurred. He said: "the day of the rush, the light is often inconsistent, and in the ground, is also called dark virtual.". In the star, the star is tiny, and the moon eats." This meaning is: "Moon", should be able to see the full moon, but sometimes can not see, this is because the sun was covered for the sake of the earth. He called the dark shadow of the earth shadow "dark emptiness", and the lunar eclipse through the "dark void", brilliantly expounded the principle of lunar eclipse. As for "in the star, then star micro" a sentence, said the stars hit the "dark virtual", hidden and disappeared. It now appears that this statement is incorrect. Since stars are very far away from the earth and are mostly luminous stars, they do not belong to planets like the moon, so none of them will go into the shadow of the earth and lose its light. That's Zhang Heng's weakness. This can also be seen that at that time, the ancient people's research can not be done perfect. The same is true of modern people, when doing anything, it is impossible to make things absolutely correct, but we must correctly reflect the objective reality to the greatest extent. In addition, Zhang Heng in the "Lingxian" also calculated the sun and moon angle diameter, recorded in the Central Plains of Luoyang observed stars two thousand and five hundred stars, and the modern astronomers are close. In another of his astronomical works "note" in Figure armillary determination of the earth around the sun one year time required is "one of the" three hundred and sixty-five degrees on Sunday and four degree, and the modern astronomers measure the time of three hundred and sixty-five days five hours forty-eight minutes and forty-six seconds the number is very close to that of astronomy has Zhang Heng to reach a higher level. Shen Kuo, a great scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty Shen Kuo: a biography In our country the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a very significant achievement, be a brilliant man of wide learning scientists, he is Shen Kuo, one of China's most outstanding scientists in history. He is proficient in astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, medicine and Agronomy; he was excellent engineers, excellent military strategist and diplomat and politician; at the same time, he learned the good, the other will Lvli, music, medicine, divination and so nothing is fine. With his "dream pool essays" detailed records of the working people of outstanding contribution in science and technology and his own research results, reflects China's ancient especially brilliant achievements of natural science to the Northern Song dynasty. "Meng Xi Bi Tan" is not only our country ancient academic treasure, but also has an important position in the history of world culture. Shen Kuo's dream in Xi Yuan summing up his life experiences and scientific activities, wrote the famous masterpiece of science and "forget" Meng Xi Bi Tan Lu "etc.. Song zhezong Shaosheng two years (AD 1095) died. He wrote dozens of species, but save up to now, in addition to "Meng Xi Bi Tan, the only comprehensive anthology" Changxingji "and" good "medical works and a few of the. Coordinate Chinese "dream pool essays" in history of science, Shen Kuo's life social and scientific summary of the activities, the content is extremely rich, including astronomy, calendar, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, geology, medicine, literature, history, archaeology, music, art, a total of more than 600. 200 of them belong to the scientific and technological aspects, recording many of his inventions, discoveries and insights. An outstanding astronomer Shen Kuo was also an outstanding astronomer. Xining five years (AD 1072), is responsible for the construction of Bian River in Shen Kuo, Shen Kuo is also responsible for leading companies in prison, during his tenure, he has dismissed six of the officer at birth have neither learning nor skill, proficient in astronomy, exceptional recommendation, origin of civilians who enter the South Park quasi companies supervision, important work the new revision. Shen Kuo and Wei Pu learning attitude, to the officer with the method of doing calculus been very dissatisfied, advocates from the astronomical observation of the experimental results as amended according to the calendar. To this end, Shen Kuo first astronomical instrument research and reform of the armillary sphere, and shadow float drain table style. It is the instrument for measuring azimuth. After the evolution, the development in the Song Dynasty, the armillary sphere structure has become very complex, the three rings are mutually staggered, very easy to use. To this end, Shen Kuo made the reform more of the armillary sphere. He cancelled a little ring confessed, the instrument is simplified and the division of labor, and then use mathematical tools to link the relationship between them ("save the Hou Yuezhi Ring Road, and dedicated to the calendar step"); on the other hand also proposed some changes in the position of the ring, so that they do not block the line of sight observation. These reform measures of Shen Kuo opened up a new way for the development of instrument. Later, Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan yuan thirteen years (AD 1276) the creation of the new astronomical instrument, Sr, is on this basis. Is the ancient clepsydra measuring time by means of several instruments, the container water ladder form, the lower side of each container has a hole, turn down a drop of water Water Leakage container. The bottom container has no holes, and the inside is equipped with a "arrow" with a time scale. As the drip water rises, the arrow slowly floats and reads time from the indicated scale. Shen Kuo also reformed the clepsydra. He took the song to do straight neck tube tube copper clepsydra Jade mouth, and it's position to the lower part of the kettle body. This way, the water is smoother and the pot mouth is much more durable. In addition, Shen Kuo also made to measure the shadow of the program, and to improve the measuring method. Shen Kuo in the "discussion", "floating leakage armillary sphere and" King table discussion "discussion" etc. the three paper presented his research results, a detailed description of the principle of the reform of the instrument, expounded their views on the role of astronomy, with China's history of astronomy. Physicist + chemist + mathematician Shen Kuo's achievements in physics are also very rich and precious. "The insights and results recorded in various fields relating to" red, mechanical, optical, magnetic, acoustic etc.. His research on magnetism, in particular, has been outstanding. Shen Kuo in the "Meng Xi Bi Tan clearly for the first time on the magnetic declination. In optics, Shen Kuo made a popular and lively discussion on small hole imaging, concave mirror imaging, magnifying and shrinking of concave convex mirror by observing the experiment in person. He came down to ancient China's so-called "light microscope" (see a positive pattern mirror on the back) have done some scientific explanation of the transparent reasons, to later on "light microscope" research. In addition, Shen Kuo also paper-cut people on the piano have done experiments to study the resonance phenomenon in acoustics. Shen Kuo has done great research in mathematics, too. From the actual calculation needs, he created the "gap art" and "will circle"". Shen Kuo through the research gap to pile up in the hotel jars and piled up pieces such as the volume of the heap, puts forward a correct method for their total number, this is the "product gap", which is two order arithmetical series summation method. Shen Kuo's research, the development of arithmetic progression since the "nine chapters of arithmetic" since, in the history of Chinese ancient mathematics opens up the study of high order arithmetical series of direction. In addition, Shen Kuo also from the field of calculation, to examine the relationship between arc, chord and bow in the sagittal circle, put forward the first of China's history of mathematics by the string and vector length for the arc length is relatively simple and practical approximate formula, this is the "circle of". The creation of this method, not only promote the development of plane geometry, but also in astronomical calculations also played an important role, and has made important contributions to the development of our country's spherics. Mo-tse and Mohist School Mo-tse was the founder of the Mohist school, a great thinker, statesman and an outstanding natural scientist in the early Warring States period. In the spring and Autumn period, a hundred schools of thought contend, and the philosophers say that the academic atmosphere is very active. Many thinkers and scientific schools have emerged. Mohist school is one of the most important schools. According to legend Mo-tse novice to Confucianism, but due to dissatisfaction with the Confucianism advocated "the ritual", so cumbersome in this new, created the Mohist school. Mo-tse's theory has great influence on the ideological circles, and was called "the school of confucianism", Mohist school is the main opposition of confucianism. Many disciples of Mo-tse, mostly from the lower strata of society. They formed a well-organized political group with strict discipline. These people can bear hardships and stand hard work, diligent in experiment, fight bravely, usually engaged in productive labor. Mo-tse and his people to do good, even at the expense of personal life at the cost of. Therefore, "Huainan Zi" said: "Mo-tse who served one hundred people, can make the fire dance to death also heel edge." And they don't deserve success, 765, lived a very simple and hard life. . "Mojing" The confluence of the works of the Mohist school is Mo-tse. "Mo-tse" had a total of seventy-one, but left today only fifty-three articles, including "the", "after", "after", "said by that" four articles together called "Mojing". These four, together with "big take" and "small take" two, called "ink debate". Some people put the six article called "Mojing". "Mojing" is the main part of "Mo-tse" in the book. It is a scientific work with rich contents and strict structure. The book is not only related to the broad content of epistemology, logic, economics and other social sciences category, a variety of knowledge also contains time, space, material structure, mechanics, optics and geometry of natural science, some problems of rigorous, thorough reasoning, set theory is accurate, has very important scientific value. "Mojing" is a rare treasure in the writings of classical philosophy and natural science, is a milepost of history of science development in China. "Mojing" in mechanics Mechanics is an important branch of modern physics, science of mechanical movement. "Mojing" describes the rich knowledge of mechanics. "Mojing" is put forward in the correct definition of mechanical movement: move, change of location". It means that the essence of mechanical motion is the movement of the object's position. This is exactly the same as the definition of modern mechanical motion. In Mojing further elaborated in the mechanical motion form of several translation, rotation and rolling different. "Definition of these forms of motion in Mojing" is very scientific, for example in the book will be defined as "natural and translation", meaning that all parts of an object to a full rest, we should move on all animals. "Mojing" wrote: "punishment (shape) in the shallow sink, said in the balance." That is to say, a large object sinks slightly in water because the weight of the object is balanced by the buoyancy of the water. These understandings show that Mohist not only qualitatively recognizes the balance between buoyancy and gravity, but also has quantitative concepts. This can be seen from the side that our people have realized the principle of buoyancy as early as the spring and autumn and Warring States period, and began to use it in production. "Mojing" discusses the lever balance problem. In "Mojing" will be called the "right", the weight of suspension is called "heavy weight". One side of the fulcrum is called "standard" (Li Bi), called "the other side" (boom). The lever must be horizontal if both sides are balanced. To balance one side of the balance, it will sag this side. At this time, if the balance between the two sides should be restored, the pivot should be moved so that the "Ben" is shortened and the label "lengthened". In the case of "Ben" short "superscript" long, if the two sides to increase the equivalent weight, then "superscript" this end is bound to sag. "Mojing" not only clearly described the various lever experimental results, more important is to do the correct interpretation of these experiments. For example, it explains experimental phenomena mentioned above the "standard" is considered to be due to sagging, joint action force and the weight is greater than the cause of the boom and heavy. This explanation not only considers the force or weight, but also takes into account the relation between distance and balance. Although there is no definite quantitative relation, the concept of moment in mechanics is put forward. So we can say that Mohist has found the principle of lever balance. "Mojing" in optics In "Mojing" recorded in the rich knowledge of geometrical optics. Mo-tse had known at that time that light travels in straight lines. Mo-tse and his students made the world's first "small hole imaging" experiment and gave a penetrating insight into the results of the experiment. In a dark hut, a small hole in the sun's wall. The man stood outside the small hole, and an inverted figure appeared on the opposite wall of the house. Why is that so? "Mojing" wrote: "the king of light if the person who shot Xu, into high, high income also." Because light travels like an arrow, it travels in a straight line. The lower part of the human body blocks the direct light from passing through the small hole. The shadow is on the top. The upper part of the body blocks the direct light from passing through the small hole, and the shadow is below, It becomes an upside down image. This is the first scientific explanation of the propagation of light in a straight line. "Mojing" in the use of linear propagation principle of light explains the relation between objects and projection. Mohist believed that light was produced by occlusion, and that projections of objects do not follow objects. The flying birds, its shadow as in flying, this is not the case. Mohist pointed out that birds covered the straight line of light, forming a shadow. After a moment, the birds move locations, the original light according to the place now, according to tradition, disappeared, and in the new place, the emergence of new shadow. That is to say, the bird is flying, and its shadow does not move, but the old and new projections are constantly updated. More than two thousand years ago, it was very difficult to study the nature of light in this way and to explain the dynamic and motionless relationship of the shadow. In a study of two mo after irradiation of a source object and the shadow phenomenon pointed out: an object has two kinds of projection, because it is affected by irradiation of two light sources sake; if only one of the light sources of an object, it will only produce a projection. These discourses and modern optics in "umbra", "penumbra" describes very well. The Mo-tse family is very understanding of the principle of virtual mirror students. "Mojing" records: "the scene of countless and is too smelly, therefore, in the body are still." It means that the shadow of an object is determined by the distance of the object from the distance of the mirror, and that any place can make a shadow, so there are countless shadows, but these shadows must pass through the focus, that is, "positive"". Of all the objects that can be imaged, the sun is the farthest, so it focuses on the image. The nearer the object is to the mirror, the farther away the image is; and if the object is as far away from the sun, the image is on the focus, so that the body is the same". The already know the concave mirror into reality, "Mojing" said: "the mirror stand, to the king." The reflection of an object through a concave mirror; the image is inverted; "to" means "inverted". The book gives an explanation of this phenomenon: "the foot of our foot under the light, and therefore into a king on; the first of our glazing, the king into the king."." From the "Mojing" in the records can be seen quite understand the nature of light and Mohist on concave convex mirror imaging phenomenon. Not difficult to speculate in the Mohist era, our country has been in a concave mirror and convex mirror. And Mo-tse and his disciples must have done many experiments, and these experiments have been carefully observed and thought to reach these conclusions. In our country the multitude classic works, "Mojing" is only a systematic exposition of the geometrical optics development of ancient Chinese books. Acoustics in Mo-tse At the time, an underground sound source detector was designed to defend the enemy from siege, according to Mo-tse. The concrete method is along the wall at intervals to dig a well dug underground water below about two feet, and then placed in the underground with a capacity of seventy or eighty liters of taoweng, urn covered leather, for underground sound box. Let the man fell in ear mouth urn listen carefully, when the enemy siege trenching Road, you can determine the direction of the enemy position according to the size of the taoweng sound, in order to meet. "Mojing" in Mathematics "Mojing" in mathematics, puts forward a definition of some geometry, it said China's budding in the Warring States period has created the theory of geometry. Such as: "Flat, same height, also."." What is said is the definition of flat, pointing out that the same level is flat. "Straight, coherent, too.". It's three here. The line between three points is straight. This is the definition of a straight line. The same length is the same as the positive." It is said that the two bodies are exactly the same length as they are. "In, the same long also."." The definition of the form is the definition of the center of gravity. "Circle, one in the same long also."." This is the definition of "circle of Mojing". This is exactly the same as the definition of the circle in modern mathematics, "the locus of the equidistant point of the center.". In addition, "Mojing" also proposed "the end" and "foot" and "area", "cave" concept, roughly equivalent to the modern geometry on the point, line, surface and body. The book reads: "the end, the body is not thick, and the former also."." "The end is eternal."." The word "end" means the tip of the plant at first, and the whole plant grows from it. It is used to describe the geometry by no thickness no gap, continuous "point", although this idea is also now seems not very accurate, but the degree of civilization of that time, was very valuable.