初始化数据确认

美国能源之星出台LED射灯标准出台 美国能源之星出台LED射灯标准出台 LED作为新一代革命性光源，自诞生起就受到广泛关注，近年来技术研发更是突飞猛进，不论是光效、显色性，还是节电能力都有了显著的提高。到目前为止，LED光效已远远超过白炽灯，并且已经把荧光灯、卤素灯甩到身后。由此LED在各个领域的应用已势不可挡，LED在室外道路、隧道照明中的应用已经如火如荼，虽然还有一些问题需要继续改进或提高，但是其节能的潜力已是不争的事实。在此基础上，因LED室内照明市场展现出临界爆发的迹象，同时受到国外在室内照明中应用的影响，国内LED相关厂家纷纷推出LED室内照明产品，其中作为定向性照明的LED射灯因良好的照明和节能效果已在一些新改建的楼堂馆所被采用。但是由于此新生事物的标准和规范尚不完善，一时间国内LED室内照明市场，包括LED射灯市场乱象丛生，不论是生产厂家还是用户都产生了无所适从的感觉。针对此番情形，国内外相关机构都在积极制定标准规范，以期规范产品引导消费。 美国能源之星对LED射灯的规定 美国能源部(DOE)也认为SSL(固态照明)技术正处于飞速发展时期，产品的多元化使得产品性能也不尽相同，而且作为新兴技术和新兴产业，使用的材料、驱动、系统形态、控制和光度特性等不同于传统光源，但由于未形成完善的行业标准，造成在产品评估和流通等方面的一系列问题，因此需要建立新的试验过程和工业标准。在经过了3次的草案发布后，美国能源部对LED光源灯具的能源之星标准发布了最后的确认版本，将于2010年8月31日生效。能源之星标准对整体式LED灯提出了光效、光通、光强、色温、显示性、包装、噪音、光通维持率等多方面要求，还要求对整体式LED灯进行快速循环压力测试。 表1 能源之星标准对所有灯都有的具体要求 所有灯的要求 灯必须包含下列指定的相关色温(根据 ANSI C78.377-2008)中的 一种，且范围落在附件中定义的七阶色度四边形内。 标称相关色温 相关色温(K) 相关色温 2700K 2725 ± 145 3000K 3045 ± 175 3500K 3465 ± 245 4000K 3985 ± 275 产品寿命期间(6000小时)的色度变化在CIE 1976 (u’,v’)色度图颜色维持 上在0.007之内。 显色指数 最低显色指数(CRI)为80 可以是可调光的，也可以是不可调光的。产品包装上必须表明是否调光 可调 担保 从购买之日起必须为灯提供至少3年担保，包括修理或更换 流明维护 运行25000小时时，灯应该至少能输出初始流明量的70, 允许灯头 必须是在ANSI_ANSLG标准C81.61-2007中列出的灯座 功率因素 ? 0.70 ，对于功率小于等于5W以及低压灯无最低功率因素要求 最低工作温度 电源的最低工作温度为-20?或更低 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 输出工作频率 ? 150 Hz 电磁和无线电频率制造商为住宅应用指定的电源必须符合FCC消费者使用要求(FC(射频)干扰 C 47 CFR Part 18 消费者辐射限制)。 噪音 电源的声音等级应为A级 瞬时电流保护 电源应符合IEEE C.62.41-1991中A类操作。 工作电压 灯可在110到130伏特范围内运行 针对射灯等定向灯能源之星标准又提出了专门的要求。就光效规定当灯直径小于或等于20/8英寸时最低为40lm/W，当灯直径大于20/8英寸时最低为45lm/W;最低的光输出(BR\ER\K\R)要等于被替换灯功率的10倍;光通维持率则要求25000小时大于或等于70,。 国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟对LED射灯的规定 国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟为了指导国内反射型自镇流LED照明产品(以下简称射灯)设计、生产和使用，规范和引导射灯产品的应用与发展，也制定了专门的推荐性技术规范，目前该技术规范正在征求意见中。该技术规范主要针对射灯类LED 照明产品，规定了MR和PAR系列LED 照明产品的技术要求，其中包括产品的规格分类、初始光通量、初始光效和光通维持率等基本光学性能指标，电气等安全要求及无线电骚扰特性等，适用于额定电压220VAC50Hz，灯头符合E14、E27的MR16， PAR20，PAR30，PAR38等产品。 根据该技术规范的要求，射灯产品的初始光通量应不低于额定光通量的90,，不高于额定光通量的120,。3000小时的光通维持率不低于96,，6000小时的光通维持率不低于92,，10000小时的光通维持率不低于86,。初始光效在额定色温小于或等于3500K时不小于55lm/W，额定色温大于3500K而小于或等于6500K时不小于60lm/W。显色指数的平均值不应低于85，单只反射型自镇流LED照明产品的初始显色指数不应低于82。3000小时的显色指数相对于初始显色指数的衰减不应超过3，单只反射型自镇流LED照明产品的3000小时的显色指数相对于初始显色指数的衰减不应高于5。功率因数则规定MR16、PAR20必须大于或等于0.50，PAR30和PAR38则必须大于或等于0.70，并且实测功率因数不低于宣称值0.05。 部分LED射灯产品的实际检测结果 国家电光源质量监督检验中心(北京)近期也对部分射灯样品进行了实测。在灯具燃点1000小时后，按照GB/T9468-2008，CIE127对19盏MR16样灯、13盏PAR20样灯进行测试，其中包括光通量、光效、相关色温、显色指数、功率因数等测试项目。以MR16为例，测试结果表明燃点1000小时后有12盏样灯的显色指数达到或超过80，所占比例超过60,(如图1)。 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 图1 MR16灯具色温、显色指数和光效对应测试结果 同样条件下对光效的测试并不尽人意。其中色温低于3500K时，没有一盏样灯的光效 达到或超过40lm/W，而色温在3500K-6500K时，也仅有4盏样灯光效超过或达到50lm/ W，所占比例仅为21,(如图2)。对功率因数的测试结果有7盏样灯达到或超过0.5，所 占比例为36.8,(如图3)(更多测试报告请登录中国半导体照明网) 图2 MR16灯具光效和色温对应测试结果 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 图3 MR16灯具功率因数和瓦数对应测试结果 业界的反映 记者在采访中了解到，不论是工程公司的采购，还是终端用户的零买，用户在选择LED灯具时，所关注的并不仅仅是以上国内外标准规范中涉及到的参数指标。根据不同的应用场合，用户的关注并不完全一样。仍以LED射灯为例，在超市的生鲜售卖区，要求有较高的显色性以使食品看起来更新鲜诱人;而在高档服装卖场，需要最大程度还原商品本身的色彩和质感，因此LED光源灯具不仅需要较高的显色性，而且需要较好的光色一致性，从而增强对顾客的吸引力;在其他一些普通的公共场所，可能显色性和光色一致性并不是最重要的，而光源及灯具的寿命和可靠性则成为客户挑选灯具时首要考虑的技术性能因素。同时在各种性能指标因素之上，价格成为目前LED灯具能否被采用的第一要素。总体来说，由于还没有成熟的相关标准，同时不论是LED射灯还是其他LED灯具都是相对新兴的事物，因此目前LED光源灯具市场上，不论是生产商, 采购商还是终端客户，都不够专业, 大多数还只是凭经验或者外观等主观臆断来判断产品质量的好坏，在产品外观雷同的情况下，价格起主导作用。 据了解，目前MR16 LED射灯的价格从20多元到200多元不等，基本上是传统光源射灯的5至10倍。价格的差异主要来自两方面的原因: 首先是LED光源的来源和质量。据雷士照明上海研发中心的陈伟经理介绍，目前市场上的很多一整套的适配LED射灯灯杯的灯具(含电子变压器)价格一般在40多元，但它的LED射灯灯杯可能是来自于国内或台湾的LED灯杯厂家。适配同样的灯具，采用国际知名大厂芯片及封装的一套MR16 LED射灯灯杯价格比一般LED射灯灯杯则要高很多。浙江聚光科技总经理于志文也证实了这种情况。据于志文经理介绍，聚光科技的MR16 LED射灯灯杯的市场售价是50多元，采用国产较高品质的芯片封装。有部分厂家生产的同类型LED射灯灯杯市场售价甚至不到20元，其中一个重要的原因就是采用了价格较便宜的芯片。当然，这些价格较低的光源灯具品质也就可能大打折扣了。 造成LED射灯价格差异的另一个重要原因就是产品的品牌及销售服务体系。对于有着良好品牌信誉及完善销售服务体系企业来说，其产品的售价通常会高一些，原因就在于附加在产品上的品牌及产品售前售后的服务价值。这样的产品不论是从质量来看，还是从产品初to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides 次购入和后期维护更换都有着比较可靠的保障。与此相反，一些小厂家省略或没有完善的服务体系，虽然有效降低了产品成本，但是用户也就享受不到良好的产品保障服务了。因此陈伟认为要想让LED灯具最终走进寻常百姓家，在建立良好品牌信誉和完善服务体系的前提下，将销售到消费者手中的产品价格降到老百姓可接受的范围才是最重要的，同时使用投资回报期在1~3年以内，才能使LED灯具在较短的时间内导入市场，广泛使用。 目前国内很多传统照明企业, 如雷士、欧普、亚明等都已陆续切入LED光源灯具的生产，并都有LED射灯投向市场。传统照明企业利用已有的品牌和渠道优势已在终端零售市场占据了一定份额;与此同时纯粹的LED应用企业，如江苏史福特、深圳雷曼、深圳市邦贝尔、四川九洲等都推出了大功率LED射灯，但是这些企业的客户中工程公司占有很大的比例。从产品形成的方式看，LED射灯的生产企业有些是自行设计和开发产品，推广自己的品牌，有些是生产通用的产品，使用通用的模具。但是如何提高产品性能，保证产品可靠性， 降低产品价格，是所有LED光源灯具企业需要面对和解决的首要问题。目前来说，LED光源灯具企业都有其生存空间，但是长远来看，在各种标准规范完善之后，必然是优胜劣汰，品牌竞争的局面。 共同的呼唤 各种标准的陆续发布，使产业对LED照明产品以及LED射灯的稳定性、光输出品质有所遵循，也进一步增强了消费者信心，并让LED照明秩序获得适度维护。但是产品方面，照明级LED的效率、品质必须要符合照明规范与标准，这却是需要各个厂商一起努力来提升和实现的。只有厂商和用户都走出了“乱花渐欲迷人眼”的困境，LED照明的普及节能减排的目标才能尽早实现 to West rear, to County Shen Liqun report guerrillas breakout Hou of action situation, boat via Zhejiang wuxing daughter town Shi, six people has a NI surname "spies" (enemy) midway tuogu landing tipsters, away from small town three in Xu, was day Elves Li Taishan Department captured, five people all killed, broken corpse sank Yu River in the. On January 18, 1943, when the Japanese army militiamen arrested 53 people in Wuzhen, transferred to the tomb of the former Japanese military police command (in the "Tai" Jiang Yuan), the 28th in Shenyang North of jade bang massacred them. Hu Maosheng knife wounds woke up in the middle of them, crawling out from the dead, in the tomb of Gao Changhai residents, saved by bing. Such as Hu Maosheng, Gao Changhai is a witness to this tragedy. (B) in memory of "massacre" Xu Youyong yan tomb is the copper law. Copper originally was called Luo yan Tomb, because Eastern Han dynasty distinguished prose poems my father yan Tan bogey was buried in the town's water. Has a long history here, cultural atmosphere, and there are many old houses, and left many people with lofty ideals. Business flourished here, is the hub of four townships of agricultural and sideline products, wine culture has a long history. The outskirts of the town has left, "Huang Chi", originally Yue water hides