Unit5TheRealTruthAboutLies课文翻译综合教案三

Unit5TheRealTruthAboutLies课文翻译综合学习三Unit5TheRealTruthAboutLies课文翻译综合学习教学设计三PAGE/NUMPAGESUnit5TheRealTruthAboutLies课文翻译综合学习教学设计三Unit5TheRealTruthaboutLiesRandyFitzgeraldAttheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,psychologyprofessorBellaDePaulogot77studentsand70townspeopletovolunteerforanunusualproject.Allkeptdiariesforaweek,recordingthenumbersanddetailsoftheliestheytold.OnestudentandsixCharlottesvilleresidentsprofessedtohavetoldnofalsehoods.Theother140participantstold1,535.Theliesweremostoftennotwhatmostofuswouldcallearth-shattering.Someonewouldpretendtobemorepositiveorsupportiveofaspouseorfriendthanheorshereallywas,orfeignagreementwitharelative'sopinion.AccordingtoDePaulo,womenintheirinteractionswithotherwomenliedmostlytosparetheother'sfeelings.Menliedtoothermengenerallyforself-promotingreasons.Moststrikingly,thesetellers-of-a-thousand-liesreportedthattheirdeceptionscausedthem"littlepreoccupationorregret".Mightthat,too,bealiePerhaps.Butthereisevidencethatthisattitudetowardcasualuseofprevaricationiscommon.Forexample,20,000middle-andhigh-schoolersweresurveyedbytheJosephsonInstituteofEthics--anonprofitorganizationinMarinadelRey,California,devotedtocharactereducation.Ninety-twopercentoftheteenagersadmittedhavingliedtotheirparentsinthepreviousyear,and73percentcharacterizedthemselvesas"serialliars",meaningtheytoldliesweekly.Despitetheseadmissions,91percentofallrespondentssaidtheywere"satisfiedwithmyownethicsandcharacter".Thinkhowoftenweheartheexpressions"I'llcallyou"or"Thecheckisinthemail”or"I'msorry,buthesteppedout".Andthenthereareprofessions--lawyers,pundits,PRconsultants--whosemembersseemtospecializeinshapingorspinningthetruthtosuitclients'needs.Littlewhitelieshavebecomeubiquitous,andthereasonswegiveeachotherfortellingfibsarefamiliar.Consider,forexample,aSouthernCaliforniacorporateexecutivewhomI'llcallTom.Hegoeswithhiswifeandsontohismother-in-law'shomeforThanksgivingdinnereveryyear.Tomdislikesher“special”pumpkinpieintensely.Invariablyhetellsherhowwonderfulitis,toavoidhurtingherfeelings."What'swrongwiththat"TomaskedMichaelJosephson,presidentoftheJosephsonInstitute.It'saquestionwemightallask.JosephsonrepliedbyaskingTomtoconsidertheliefromhismother-in-law'spointofview.SupposethatonedayTom'schildblurtsoutthetruth,andshediscoversthedeceit.Willshetellherson-in-law,"Thankyouforcaringsomuch"Orisshemorelikelytofeelhurtandsay,"HowcouldyouhavemisledmealltheseyearsAndwhatelsehaveyouliedtomeabout"AndwhatmightTom'smother-in-lawnowsuspectaboutherowndaughterAndwillTom'sboylietohisparentsandyetbesatisfiedwithhisowncharacterHowoftendowecomplimentpeopleonhowwelltheylook,orexpressourappreciationforgifts,whenwedon'treallymeanitSurely,these"nice"liesareharmlessandwellintended,anecessarysociallubricant.But,likeTom,weshouldrememberthewordsofEnglishnovelistSirWalterScott,whowrote,"Whatatangledwebweweave,whenfirstwepracticetodeceive."Evenseeminglyharmlessfalsehoodscanhaveunforeseenconsequences.PhilosopherSisselaBokwarnsusthattheycanputusonaslipperyslope."Afterthefirstlies,otherscancomemoreeasily,”shewroteinherbookLying:MoralChoiceinPublicandPrivateLife.“Psychologicalbarriersweardown;theabilitytomakemoredistinctionscancoarsen;theliar'sperceptionofhischancesofbeingcaughtmaywarp."Takethepumpkinpielies.Inthefirstplace,itwasn'tjustthathewantedhismother-in-lawtofeelgood.Whetherherealizeditornot,hereallywantedhertothinkhighlyofhim.Andaftertheinitialdeceitheneededtotellmoreliestocoverupthefirstone.Whobelievesitanymorewhenthey'retoldthatthepersontheywanttoreachbyphoneis"inameeting"Byitself,thatkindoflieisofnogreatconsequence.Still,theendlessproliferationoftheselittleprevaricationsdoesmatter.Oncethey'vebecomecommonenough,eventhesmalluntruthsthatarenotmeanttohurtencourageacertaincynicismandlossoftrust."When(trust)isdamaged,”warnsBok,“thecommunityasawholesuffers;andwhenitisdestroyed,societiesfalterandcollapse."AreallwhiteliestobeavoidedatallcostsNotnecessarily.Themostunderstandableandforgivableliesareanexchangeofwhatethicistsrefertoastheprincipleoftrustfortheprincipleofcaring,"liketellingchildrenaboutthetoothfairy,ordeceivingsomeonetosetthemupforasurpriseparty,"Josephsonsays."Still,wemustaskourselvesifwearewillingtogiveourfriendsandassociatestheauthoritytolietouswhenevertheythinkitisforourowngood."Josephsonsuggestsasimpletest.Ifsomeoneyoulietofindsoutthetruth,willhethankyouforcaringOrwillhefeelhislong-termtrustinyouhasbeenunder-minedAndifyou'renotsure,MarkTwainhasgivenusagoodruleofthumb."Whenindoubt,tellthetruth.Itwillconfoundyourenemiesandastoundyourfriends."谎言的实情兰迪·菲茨杰拉德1.在夏洛特斯维尔的弗吉尼亚大学里，心理学教授贝拉·德保罗组织了77名学生和70名市民志愿参加一个特其余项目。全部参加者写了一周的日志，记录下自己说谎的次数和细节。2.1名学生和6名夏洛特斯维尔的居民宣称没有撒过谎。其余140名参加者合计说谎1535次。3.他们说的谎言里绝大部分在大众眼中都不属震天动地的那一类。另一半或朋友示一定或支持，或对某位亲戚的看法佯装赞成。此中有人假装对自己的依德保罗之见，女性在互相交往中谎话主假如为了不伤对方感情，而男性间说谎则多半属于自吹自擂。最惊人的是，这些撒了成百上千谎言的人宣称，欺诈行为并无让他们十分“纠结或愧疚”。这会不会也是谎言有可能。可是，确有凭证表示，这类说谎也不眨眼的态度是很常有的。比如，加州马里纳-戴尔雷有一个致力于性格教育的非营利性组织——约瑟夫森伦理道德研究所曾对两万名初、高中学生进行过检查。92％的青少年认可在过去一年中对父亲母亲撒过谎，73%将自己描绘为“连续说谎的人”，意即每礼拜都说谎。只管这样，91％的参加者称“对自己的道德和人格仍是感觉满意”。想一想我们是多么常常地听到这些话：“我会打电话给你”、“支票已寄出”、“对不起，他不在。”还有一些职业——律师、专家和公关咨询师——其成员仿佛特意扭曲或假造事实以知足客户的需要。无伤大雅的小谎言无处不在，而我们说谎的原因也迥然不同。看看这个例子，是对于一个企业经理的，我就叫他汤姆吧。他每年都和妻儿到岳母家参加圣诞晚宴。汤姆特别不喜爱岳母做的“特点”南瓜馅饼。可是，他每次老是对岳母说南瓜馅饼多么好吃，省得伤了她的心。8.“这有什么不对”汤姆问约瑟夫森研究所所长迈克尔·约瑟夫森。这个问我们都有可能会问。9.约瑟夫森的回答是要汤姆站在岳母的立场上考虑一下他的谎言。假定有一天，汤姆的孩子一不当心说漏了嘴，使她认识了实情。她是会对女婿说“感谢你考虑得这么周祥”呢仍是更有可能地，感觉受了损害，说“你怎么能骗我这么多年你还对我撒过哪些谎”10.汤姆的岳母此刻对她自己的女儿又会起些什么怀疑呢汤姆的儿子会不会也对父亲母亲说谎的同时满意于自己的品德呢我们违愿地奉承他人怎样美丽，对收到的礼品表示感谢，这类状况能否是早已习以为常毫无疑问，这些“好心的谎言”于他人无害且初衷优秀，是不行缺乏的交际润滑剂。可是，像汤姆同样，我们应当记着英国小说家沃尔特·司各特爵士曾写下的句子：“一朝张口编谎言，今生平和便无缘。”12.即便一些看似无害的谎言也会致使没法料想的结果。哲学家希塞拉·博克警示我们，言会使我们一误再误，没法罢手。“撒过头几次谎后，后边的谎言就会来得更简单了，在《说谎——民众场合和个人生活中的道德选择》一书中写道，“心理阻碍逐渐战胜；谎”她分辨是非黑白的能力会变得愚钝；说谎人对谎言可能被揭示这一知识的认知也会扭曲。”再以南瓜馅饼的谎言为例。第一，汤姆说谎不只是是想让岳母感觉优秀。不论自己能否意识到，汤姆实际上是希望岳母对他有好感。撒了第一个谎以后，他需要用更多的谎言来掩饰第一个谎言。14.此刻有谁还相信他们打电话要找的人“在开会”就其自己而言，那种谎言无伤大雅。然而，这类小谎言无休无止地扩散确实会惹起严重的问题。15.谎言一旦泛滥，即便并无歹意的谎言也会令人们变得多罕有些消极思疑，不再相互相信。博克劝告说：“一旦相信被损坏，整个社区就会受害；一旦相信被摧毁，社会就会摇动并崩溃。”16.那能否是连好心的谎言都不可以说，哪怕要付出极大的代价那倒未必。那些最能令人体谅的谎言是将道德学家们所谓的相信原则替代为关心原则，“比方给孩子们讲牙仙女的故事，或是瞒骗某人以便给他一个欣喜聚会。”约瑟夫森说，“即便这样，我们也一定抚躬自问，能否愿意给朋友和同事向我们谎话的权益，只需他们自己以为是为我们好就能够”17.约瑟夫森介绍了一个简单的测试。假如他人发现你对他说谎，他是会感谢你为他着想呢，仍是会感觉长久以来他对你的相信受到了损坏呢假如你没有掌握，马克·吐温给过我们一条经验法例：“拿禁止的时候，就真话实说。真话会诱惑仇敌，震撼朋友。”