构词法(用root stem base部分) (课堂PPT)

Chapter3(构词法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding复合构词法3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀3.4Conversion词类转换法*Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.*undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.*2)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalize*desirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)*3.2Compounding复合构词法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?*Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentback*Therelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.E.g.flowerpotSolid:flowerpotHyphenated:flower-potOpen:flowerpot*2.Phonologicalcriterion:Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottle*3.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.*E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsback*Theclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主谓关系verbandadverbial动宾关系verbandadverbial谓状关系restrictiverelation限制关系coordinatingrelationship并列关系……*thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.*Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming：C*风蚀岩石weather-beatenrocks日晒的健康肤色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人afault-findingperson破纪录的速度arecord-breakingspeed免税的tax-free无忧无虑的care-free防火的fire-proof隔音的sound-proof滴水不漏的water-tight密封的，不漏气的air-tight没膝深的knee-deep齐肩高的shoulder-high终身的lifelong晶莹剔透的Crycle-clear苦乐参半的bittersweet谈论的话talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事made-upstory24小时看守round-the-clockwatch作现场勘查makeanonthesopinspection*3.3Derivation派生构词法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.back*Derivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erback*Acombiningform[构词成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanicstelevisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephone*Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.back*3.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebase*Classificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-back*SomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-/anti-Anti-JapaneseWar抗日战争抗体antibodyant-/anti-:against非正统艺术anti-art非传统英雄anti-heroant-/anti-:unliketradition2.aster-,astr-,astro-astronautaster-,astr-,astro-:star占星家astrologer小行星asteroid3.aut-,autoautobiographyaut-,auto-:self独裁者autocrat自治权autonomy*4.bio-bio-:life生物学biology传记biography5.chron-,chronochron-,chrono:time编年史chronicle在时间上一致synchronize时代错误anachronism6.dem-,demo-dem-,demo-:people民主政治的democratic流行的epidemic7.derm-,dermato-derm-,dermato:skin真皮dermis皮epidermis皮下的hypodermic*8.geo-地质学geologygeo-:earth几何学geometry9.gen-,genea-gen-,genea-:race家系，谱系genealogy起源，发生genesis庞杂的，异类的heterogeneousheteromorphy[生]异态性heteronomy他治，不自治heterosexual10.meter-,metr-meter-,metr-:measure计时器chronometer体温计thermometer十进制metrication11.onym-,onomatro-onym-,onomatro-:word匿名的anonymous笔名，假名pseudonym同义词synonym受支配词hyponym*12.ortho-ortho-:correctorthography正字法正统的orthodox整形外科医生orthopedist13.pan-,panto-pan,panto-:complete泛美洲Pan-America宽屏幕电视/电影panavision全景panorama万灵药panacea14.prot-,proto-prot-,proto-:first原型prototype原始形式protomorph15.therm-,thermo-therm-,thermo-:heat体温计thermometer热核thermonuclear热的，温泉的thermal*Someproductiveprefixes1.a-,an-+表述性v.a-,an-:1）处于某状态2）缺乏alive不讲道德amoral无政府anarchy2.co-,con-,col-,cor-+n./v.co-,con-,col-,cor-:1)结合，联合，共同2)相互的关系合作cooperate同时发生concur符合，相称correspond同事colleague*3.counter-+v./抽象n.counter-:与……相反，反反击counterattack对应一方counterpart反主流文化分子counterculturist4.dis-+adj./v.dis-:与…相反，不不诚实dishonest不遵守disobey5.eco-+adj./n.eco-:生态生态危机ecocrisisecocide生态灭绝6.fore-+n.fore-:1)前部2)先前额forehead预言forecast首要的foremost*7.in-+adj./v./n.in-:1)不，与相反2)向内不完全incomplete不礼貌impolite不合逻辑illogical雕刻inscribe移入immigrate8.inter-+v./n./adj.inter-:在之间政府间的intergovernmental调停者intermediary州际的interstate*9.mini-+n.P46mini-:1)小，微2）短暂超短裙miniskirt微型汽车minibus短暂危机minicrisis10.mis-+v./分词/抽象名词mis-:错误，歧途误解misunderstanding引入歧途mislead不幸mislead*11.out-+n./v.out-:超过活得比长outlive以智取胜outwit12.over-+v./adj./n.over-:1）过于，过分2）上方过分自信overconfident溢出overflow高估overestimate13.post-+n./adj.post-:在…之后附言postscript博士后post-doctor14.pre-+n./adj.pre:在…之前预习preview史前prehistory*15.sub-+adj./n.sub:下、次小标题subtitle低于正常subnormal16.trans-+n.trans-:跨越，穿过运输transport移植transplant变形transform17.super-+adj./n.super:1）超，极2）顶级3）在…之上超级明星superstar上层建筑superstructure18.under-+n./v./ved.under:在之下；不足下划线underline公共设施不足under-serviced*NumberPrefixes1.oneone:mon(o)-(G)uni-(L)独白Monologue一夫一妻制Monogamy不分性别的Unisex独一无二的unique2.twotwo:di-(G)/bi-(L)对话dialogue二氧化物dioxide双语bilingual双边bilateral*3.doubledouble:amphi-(G)ambi-(L)两栖amphibian模棱两可amphibology歧义ambiguity4.threethree:tri-(L)三角形triangle三轮车tricycle5.fourfour:quadri-(L)四边形quadrangle6.fivefive:pent(a)-(G)quint-(L)五角大楼pentagon五重奏quintet*7.sixsix:hexa-(G)/sex-(L)六角形hexagon六重奏sextet7.Ninenine:enne-(G)non-(L)九边形enneagon/nonagon九重奏nonet8.tenten:deca-(G)/deci-(L)十年Decade十进制Decimalism9.halfhalf:hemi-(G)/semi-(L)半球Hemisphere半圆Hemicycle/semicircle半殖民地semicolonial*10.manymany:poly-(G)/multi-(L)多元的polycentric多民族的multi-racial11.hundredhundred:hecto-(G)/cent-(L)百米hectometer厘米centimeter蜈蚣centipedeback*3.3.2Suffixation加后缀Questions:1.Whatissuffixation?2.Theclassificationofderivation.3.Someproductivesuffixes.*ProductivesuffixesonP501.ablechangeable,variable,knowledgeablechangeable=beabletobechangedvt.+ableadj.Variable=abletovaryvi.+ableadj.knowledgeable=knowalotn.+ableadj.havingthestatedqualityorcondition*2.–er他教书教得很好。Heteachesverywell.Heisagoodteacher.*3.ride-in,swim-inv.-in:protestingagainstracialdiscriminationpublicdemonstrationsit-in,lie-in,work-inbe-in,drop-in,sing-in,socialgatheringdrive-in*4.–yrisky,dirtyn.-yadj.fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…Sleepyv.-yadj.havingatrendyto,inclinedto…*harmful,wonderful,useful,meaningful,joyfulhandful,mouthful,spoonful1.n.+-ful=adj.-ful=befullofahelpsuggestion=asuggestionisfullofhelparesentfullook=alookisfullofresentaeventfullife=alifeisfullofevents2.n.+-ful=n.-ful=所容的量ahandfulofnuts*postal,sensational,tropical,philosophicaln.+-al=adj.-al=about*ambitious,desirous,dangerousn.+-ous=adj.-ous=befullof*同根近义词(P54)continuance,continuation,continuityContinuance=continue+ancethestateofcontinuingContinuation=continue+actiontheactofcontinuingContinuity=continue+itythequalityofbeingcontionuous*sensible/sensitiveA. Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.  No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.*Sensitive/sensibleSensitive=sense+tivebefullofsense(n.)e.g.asensitiveskin=theskinisfullofsense1)敏感的besensitivetoridiculebesensitiveaboutone’sappearance2)灵敏的；神经过敏的；容易生气的Sensible=sense+able=canbesensed(vt.)e.g.asensibleerror1)感觉得到的，明显的Iamsensibleofyourkindness.2)知道的3)明智的asensible*3.–ish/-likeN.→Adj.e.g.childish/childlike-ish:derogatory*1.Thetalkshadbeen___butmuchremainedtobedone.A.fruitfulB.effectiveC.advantageousD.validfruitful:producinggoodresults富有成效的，收效很多的effective:havingapleasingeffect有效的E.g.takeeffectivemeasures答案：A*2.Thecomingoftherailwaysinthe1830s___oursocietyandeconomiclife.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmittedHehopedthefirmwould_____himtotheParisbranch.A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove答案：CSomediseasesare_____bycertainwateranimals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted答案：DAmericanfootballandbaseballarebecomingknowtotheBritishpublicthroughtelevised_____fromtheUnitedStates.A.transferB.deliveriesC.transportationD.transmissions答案：D*Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_____period;andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe_____fromfalltowinter.A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer答案：ＣHeattendstothe_____ofimportantbusinesshimself.A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡItwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial_____willbeconductedbycomputer.A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations答案：Ａ*transform:tochangecompletelyinform,appearance,ornaturee.g.transformheatintopowertransport:tocarry(goods,people,etc.)fromoneplacetoanother.*transfer:1.tomovefromoneplace,job,position,toanother;2.tomovefromonevehicletoanotherinthecoursee.g.transferproductionofthenewspapertoitsnewplanttransferthatfootballplayertoanotherteamtransferfromthetraintoabustransmit:1.tosendout(electricsignals,messages,etc.)byradio;2.tosendorpassfromoneperson,place,orthingtoanothere.g.Thisinfectionistransmittedbymosquitoes.Theinformationistransmittedfromonecomputertoanotherthroughatelephoneline.*1.variety/variationA.Therearewideregional____inhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawide____ofcolors.2.incredible/incredulousA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely____story.B. Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher___smile.C.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.*3.imaginary/imaginativeA. ____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.B. Itisonlyan____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.4.sensible/sensitiveA. Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.  No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisavery_____person.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.*6.subtle/delicateA. Thereisavery_____differencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B. Thisisa_____situation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedvery______,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA. Icanfixit.Butitisn’t_____.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.  Hiseffortwas_____ofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbe_______?back*–al/–ation/-mentV.→N.-al:theactionof某行为E.g.arrival,approval-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作导致的状态或机构E.g.education,interpretation,organization-ment:动作的过程E.g.arrangement,development,movement(选讲该页)*–ity/-nessAdj.→N.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例e.g.diversity,equalitywithgreatregularity=regularlySuchstupidities=stupidactionsorremarks-ness:thecondition,quality,ordegreeofbeing状态、品质、程度e.g.carelessness,frankness,selfishness(选讲该页)*1.variety/variationA. Therearewideregionalvariationsinhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawidevarietyofcolors.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品质或实例variety:anumberorcollectionofdifferentsortsofthesamegeneraltype种类-ation:theact,state,orresultof动作导致的状态或机构variation:(adegreeof)thefactofvarying差异，变动程度back*2.incredible/incredulouscred(it):believeincredible=can’tbebelievedincredulous=befullofunbelief=showingdisbeliefA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely_____story.incredibleB. Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher_____smile.incredulousC.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.incredulousback*3.imaginary/imaginativeA._____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.imaginativeB.Itisonlyan_____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.imaginarycustomary-ary:concerning;aboutback*4.sensible/sensitiveA. Ithinkitisaverysensiblethingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoosensitive.P33back*5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisaveryexcitableperson.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.Excitable:(ofapersonoranimal)easilyexcitedExcited:fullofstrongfeelingsofexpectationandhappiness;nitcalme.g.TheexcitedchildrenwereopeningtheirChristmaspresents.back*6.subtle/delicateA.Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.back*Subtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplaindifficulttounderstand难理解→微妙的e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙的e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemindback*Delicate:adj.a.needingcarefulhandling,esp.becauseeasilybrokenordamagede.g.Becarefulwiththosewineglassesthey’reverydelicate.b.needingcarefultreatmentinordertoavoidfailureortroublee.g.adelicatesituationThenegotiationsareataverydelicatestage.c.easilymadeille.g.adelicatechildd.finelymadeinawaythatshowsgreatskille.gadelicatepieceofworkmanshipe.(ofataste,smell,etc.)pleasingbutnotstrongandperhapsnoteasytorecognize.e.g.adelicateflavour/smellback* 7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA. Icanfixit.Butitisn’tworthwhile.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B. Hiseffortwasworthyofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbeworth?back*worth:prep.(esp.afterbe)havingthestatedvaluee.g.It’sworthmuchmorethanIpaidforit.Thispieceoflandisworth$44,500.Howmuchisyoucarworth.worthy:adj.1.[A(attributive)]deservingrespectorseriousconsideratione.g.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.2.[+of/to-v]deservinge.g.aperformanceworthytoberememberedworthyofadmirationworthwhile:adj.deservingtheeffortneededthetimeormoneyspent,etc.e.g.Wehadalongwait,butitwasworthwhilebecausewegotthetickets.back*3.4Conversion词类转换法Questions:1.Whatis“conversion”?Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?2.Thetypesofconversion*词类转换法conversionfunctionalshiftderivationbyzerosuffixfunctionalshift:concernedwithusageonlynotwithword-formationderivationbyzerosuffix:longandcumbersome;clarifyonlysomethingminor,notcrucial*P703.illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.”*Thetypesofconversionnoun→verbconversion(themostproductive)verb→nounconversionadj.→verbconversionadj.→nounconversionotherconversions*noun→verbconversionWhyistheconversionfromnountoverbthemostproductiveprocessofconversion?1)apreponderanceofnounsoververbs2)thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglish*Majortypesundern.→v.conversionTheworkerscannedapples.putapplesincansThisroomwasflooredwithtitles.cagebirdsThequestioncertainlycorneredme.Hepocketedhiswallet.(a)toputin/onN.*Theyshelteredtheorphans.givesheltertotheorphanspillscoatedwithsugarsugaredpillsThebottleislabeledpoison.Thechildrosefromthegroundplasteredoverwithyellowclay.(b)togive/provideN.*Billweededthegarden.cutoffweedsinthegardencoreanapplepeelanorangedustacap(c)toremoveN.*Johnbrakedthecar.stoppedthecarwithabrakescrewthetwopiecestogetherelbowone’swaythroughthecrowd(d)todosth.withN.*Shemotheredtheorphan.(humann.)lookedaftertheorphanlikeamotherTomparrotedwhatthebosshadsaid.(animaln.)repeatsth.likeaparrotThepoliceshadowedthesuspectedspy.(inanimaten.)followthespycloselylikeashadow(e)toactasN.*Pleasecashthischequeforme.changethischequeintocashWecangroupanimalsintoseveraltypes.Shewasorphanedwhenherparentsdiedinaplanecrash.(f)tomake/changesth.intoN.*Willyourpleasemailtheparcel?senttheparcelbymailWebicycledtotheSummerPalace.wenttothePalacebybicycle(g)tosendsth./gobyN.*(h)WesummeredinQingdao.spentsummerinQingdaotospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN.back*Majortypesunderv.→n.conversion(a)Hehadadesiretobeascientist.desiredtobea…stateofmind/sensation(b)Hisusualmorningcommutetoworkanactofcommutingevent/activitydynamicverbsThiskindofnounsusuallyoccurfollowingverbslikegive,have,make,ortake,andareprecededbytheindefinitearticle.*(c)Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.sth.found,esp.sth.valuableorpleasingobjectorresultofv.(d)Heisagreatbore.Heisapersonwhoboreseveryone.agentofv.(e)Theclothisagoodcoverforthetable.Icoveredthetablewithacloth.instrumentofv.*(f)Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.Thisistheplacewherethetworiversdivide.PlaceofV.(g)Thoseofphrasalverbsintonouns仅仅两周后他就从大学辍学了。Hedroppedoutofcollegeafteronlytwoweeks.做了坏事侥幸逃脱getawaywithit[口]逃走makeone’sget-away使交通停顿holdupthetrafficback*Majortypesunderadj.→v.conversion(a)pale,slim,sourtobecometheadj.(b)free,warm,smoothtocausesb./sth.tobecometheadj.back*adj.→n.conversionWhatispartialconversation?Whatiscompleteconversion?Partialconversation:someadjectivesareusedasnounswhenprecededbythedefinitearticle.特点：takeononlysomeofthefeaturesofthenoundonottakepluralandgenitiveinflectionsnotbeprecededbydeterminerslikea,this,myetc.*Majortypesunderadj.→n.conversion(a)PartialconversionthepoortheScotch/theJapanesetheroughthelatest/hisbesttheaccused(b)CompleteconversionHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars.back*