英语词汇学复习-题。。。。

Keytochapter11.Whatisaword?1.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsinalanguage.Inotherwords,vocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3.Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheircollectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(树)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguages,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeanings,e.g./rait/canmeanright,rite,andwrite.4.EnumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofenglishwordsTherearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.⑴TherearemorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme.⑵Thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling.⑶Influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingofwordsand⑷borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.5.GiveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonenglishspellingEarlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6.WhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstockWordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.7.choosethestandardmeaningformfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleftAtartloosewomanb.blokefellowc.gatpistold.swellgreate.chickencowardF.bluefightg.smokypolicehfulldrunki.damewomanj.beavergirl8.giventhemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwordshaply=perhapsalbeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstomeeke=alsobade=bidsmooth=truthmorn=morningtroth=pledgeere=beforequoth=saidhallowed=holybillow=wave/thesea9.ExplainneologismswithexamplesNeologismsrefertonewly-coinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(欧元),e-book(电子),SARS(非典),netizen(网民),arenewly-coinedwords.Wordslikemouse(鼠标),web(网络),spaceshuttle(航天飞机)etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.10.WhatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentandfunctionalwordsBynotion,wordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals,whichhaveclearnotions;whereasfunctionalwordsarevoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshavemuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.11.Howdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinenglishinrelationtoloanwords?NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.12.Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,alienstranslationloansandsemanticloansDenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloanskettleconfrerechopsticksdreamdiepropatriablackhumourskirtparvenulongtimenoseewallWunderkindtyphoonhusbandMikadoKeytochapter21.WhyshouldstudentsofenglishlexicologystudytheIn-Europeanlanguagefamily?TheIndo-EuropeLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.2.makeatreediagramtoshowthefamilyrelationsofthemodernlanguagegivenbelowIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyBalto-SlavicLithuanianPrussianPolishSlavenianRussianBulgarianIndo-IranianHindiPerianCelticBretonScottishIrishItalicSpanishFrenchItalianPortugueseRoumanianHellenicGreekGermanicEnglishSwedishGermanIcelangicDanishDutch3.Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthevocabulariesofthe3periodsofdevelopment?Doyouthinkwecandividethehistoricaldevelopmentinotherways?Defendyourargument.Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanther.OldEnglishhas(1)asmallvocabulary(50000—60000),(2)asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand(3)thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary,(2)atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand(3)wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas(1)ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,(2)tremendousborrowingsand(3)wordswithlostendings.Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentsinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066,thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationoftheethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.4.whatcharacteristicsofenglishmaketheenglishlanguageheterogeneous?itisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossibleforEnglishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothattheEnglishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.5.Accountforthepopularityofenglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.6coursehumaneventsnecessarypeopledissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowersseparateequalstationnatureentitledecentrespectopinionsrequiresdeclarecausesimpelseparationFromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatweleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.7.Giveabriefaccountofthe4phasesofLatinborrowingwith2or3examplesforeachperiod.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:(1)Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,(2)OldEnglishperiod,(3)middleEnglishperiodand(4)ModernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;Wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandintheforthperiodWordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.8.tellthedifferenceelementsthatmakeupthefollowinghybrids.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+LatinFalsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]Saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]Josshouse[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]9.putthefollowingFrenchloanwordinto2groups,onebeingearlyborrowingsandtheotherlateones.amateur(late)finace(late)Empire(late)peace(early)Courage(early)garage(late)Judgement(early)chair(early)Chaise(late)grace(early)Servant(early)routine(late)Jealous(early)savate(late)Genre(late)gender(early)Debut(late)morale(late)State(early)chez(late)Ballet(late)10.CommentonJespersen'sremarkonScandinavianelementinenglish"AnenglishmancannotthriveorbeillordiewithoutScandinavianwords,theyaretothelanguagewhatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.11.MatchtheItalianmusicaltermswiththeproperdefinitionsallegrof.轻快Altoi.女低音Andantej行板Crescendob.渐强Diminuendog.渐弱Fortee.强Largod.缓慢Pianoh.轻Pianofortea.轻转慢Sopranoc.女高音12.Lookupthesewordsinadictionarytodeterminethelanguagefromwhicheachhasbeenborrowedcherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(AmericanIndian)Chocolate(Mexican)coolie(Hindi)Cotton(Arabic)jubilee(Greek)Lasso(Spanish)loot(Hindi)Sabbath(Hebrew)shampoo(Hindi)Snorkel(German)ttamale(Mexican)Tepee(American)tulip(Turkish)Voodoo(African)kibitz(German)Wok(Chinese)sauerbraten(German)13.Hereisamenuofloanwordsfromvarioussources.Chooseawordtofillineachspace.a.alligatorb.Lococ.rodeod..Bonanzae.igloof.Blitzkriegg.wigwamh.Canoei.hurricanej.Boomerangk.poncho14.Describethecharacteristicsofcontemporaryvocabularythecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:(1)thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;(2)ithastremendousborrowingsfromallothermajorlanguagesoftheworld;(3)thewordshavelosttheirendings;(4)itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.15.Whatarethemajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentincontemporaryenglish?themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatisbymeansofword-formation;semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;borrowingwordsfromotherlanguageandrevivalofold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.Keytochapter31.writethetermsintheblanksaccordingtothedefinitionsa.morphemeb.allomorphc.boundmorphemed.freemorphemee.affixf.inflectionalaffixg.derivationalaffixh.rooti.stemj.base2.Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalandlexicalmorphemes,andinflectionalandderivationalmorphemes.giveexamplestoillustratetheirrelationshipsInflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas–s(-es),-ed,-ingand–est(toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)whereasderivationalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includinginflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords(prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs),forexample,but,the,doandWas;lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes3.Analysethewordsintermsofroot,stem,baseIndividualisticindividualist+ic[stem,base]individual+ist[stem,base]individu+al[stem,base]in+dividu[root,stem,base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem,base]desir+able[root,stem,base]4.Organizethefollowingtermsinatreediagramtoshowtheirlogicalrelationshipsmorphemefreemorpheme=freerootboundmorphemeBoundrootaffixinflectionalaffixderivationalaffixprefixsuffixKeytochapter4EnumeratethethreeimportantmeansofwordformationandexplaintheirrespectiveroleintheexpansionofEnglishvocabulary.Thethreemeansofwordformationareaffixation,whichcreates30%to40%ofthetotalnumberofnewwords;compounding,whichbrings28%to30%ofallthenewwords;andconversion,whichprovidesEnglishwith26%ofthenewwords.Affixation1.Whatisaffixation?Whatisitsalternativename?Affixation,alsocalledderivation,istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestostems.AffixationIncludesprefixationandsuffixationaccordingtothetypesofAffixesusedtoformsnewwords.2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?Prefixationistocreatenewwordsbyaddingprefixestobasewhilesuffixationmakesnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobase.3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofprefixesandsuffixes?Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangepartofspeechofbasebutonlymodifytheirmeaningwhereassuffixesdochangepartofspeechbutseldommodifythemeaningofbases.4.Whatisthebestwaytoclassifyprefixes?Why?Thebestwaytoclassifyprefixesisonthebasisofmeaningbecauseprefixesonlychangethemeaningofbasesingeneral.5.Formnegativeswitheachoffollowingwordsbyusingoneoftheseprefixesdis~,il~.im~,in~,ir~,non~,un~,non-smokerincapableimpracticaldisobeyinsecurityirrelevantimmatureinability/disabilityunofficiallyunwillingnessillegaldisagreementillogicaldisloyalinconvenientnon-athletic6.hardenhorrifymodernizememorizefalsifyapologizedeepenglorifysterilizelengthenintensifybeautifyfattensympathizea.apologizeb.beautifyc.lengtheningd.sympathizede.tofattenf.falsify/hardeng.memorizingh.Sterilize7.a.employeeb.politicianc.participantd.waitresse.conductorf.teacherg.pianisth.examinee/examiner8.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldmono-=one:monorail,monoculturesuper-=over,above:superstructure,supernaturalauto-=self:autobiography,automobilesub-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionmini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarpre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmerCompounding1.Whyarethecriteriabywhichtodifferentiatecompoundsfromfreephrases?Whatdoyouthinkofthesecriteria?Thethreecriteriaare(1)stresspattern,thatis,stressinacompoundfallsonthefirstelementbutonthesecondinafreephrase,e.g.'--(compound),-'-(freephrase);(2)meaning,thatis,themeaningsofacompoundisusuallynotthecombinationofthemeaningofthecomponentparts,butthefreephraseis,e.g.hotline(compound:busyline),hotpotato(freephrase:potatowhichishot);(3)grammaticalunity,thatis,thedifferentelementsformagrammaticalunit,whichdoesnotallowinternalchange,e.g.easychair(compound:aspecialarmchair),easierchair(freephrase:alesseasychair).However,everyrulehasexpectations.Thesameistrueofthecriteria.Threeareexamplesagainsteachofthethreerules.2.heartbeat[S+V]brainwashing[V+O]movie-goer[place+V.-er]bakingpowder[adv+n.]far-reaching[Adv+v.-ing]dog-tired[adv+adj]lion-hearted[adv+n.-ed]love-sick[adv+adj]boyfriend[S+complement]peace-loving[V+O]snapdecision[V+O]easychair[adj+n]on-coming[adv+v]tax-free[adv+adj]light-blue[adj+adj]goings-on[V+adv]Whereasconversationisthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,suchassingle(adj.)→single(v.）.3.Whataretheusualmethodstoformcompoundwords?Giveexamples.Therearetwowaystoformverbcompounds.Forexample,firstname(v.fromfirstname)andhoneymoon(v.fromhoneymoon)arewordscreatedbymeansofconversion:wordssuchasproofread(v.fromproofreading)andchain-smoke(v.fromchainsmoker)areformedbymeansofbackformation.4.well-bred有教养的well-behaved守规矩的culture-bound含文化的homebound回家的needlework针织品homework家庭作业praiseworthy值得扬的respectworthy值得尊敬的bar-woman吧女sportswoman女运动员nationwide全国的college-wide全校的clear-minded头脑清晰的strong-minded意志坚强的military-style军事风格的newstyle新款self-control自制self-respect自尊budget-related有预算的politics-related与政治相关的water-proof防水fire-proof防火once-fashionable曾经流行的once-powerful曾经强大的news-film新闻片news-letter时事通讯mock-attack演习mock-sadness假悲伤sister-in-law嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law岳父/公公home-baked自家烤的home-produced自制的half-way半途的/半路的half-done半生不熟的ever-lasting永久的ever-green常青的age-conscious年龄敏感的status-conscious身份敏感的campus-based以校园为基地的market-based基于市场的Conversion1.Whatisconversion?Whatdoyouthinkofthealternativesfunctionalshiftandzero-derivation?Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofanotherpartofspeech,Thetermfunctionalshiftrevealstheactualfunctionofconversion,i.e.changeofthefunctionsofwords.thetermzero-derivationapproachesconversionfromtheperspectiveofderivationbecauseitisawayofderivingnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,hencezeroderivation.2.Inwhatwayisconversiondifferentfromsuffixation?Althoughbotharecalledderivation,suffixationisthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases,suchassimple(adj.)→simplify（v.)3whatcausesofwordsaremostfrequentlyconverted?Theclassesmostfrequentlyinvolvedinconversationarenounsandverbs.4inwhatwayareverbsconvertedfromnounssemanticallyrelatedtooriginalnounsandviceversa?Verbsconvertedtonounsusuallyarerelatedtotheoriginalverbsinsixdifferentways.Thenewnounsconvertedfromverbsreferto（1）stateofmindorsensation,e.g.desire(stateofdesiring);(2)eventoractivity,e.g.swim(theactivityofswimming);(3)resultoftheaction,e.g.buy(theresultofbuying);(4)doeroftheaction,e.g.bore(thepersonwhombores);(5)toolorinstrument,e,g,paper(doingsomethingwithpaper)and(6)place,e.g.turn(theplaceofturning).Nounsconvertedtoverbsaregenerallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinseverdifferentways.Thenewverbsusuallymean(1)toputinoronthenoun,e.g.peel(toremovethepeelfrom);(4)todowiththenoun,e.g.Shoulder(todosomethingwithshoulder);(5)tobeoractasthenoun,e.g.tutor(tobethetutor);(6)tomakeorchangeintothenoun,e.g.cash(7)tosendorgobythenoun,e.g.ship(tosendbyship).5.ExplainpartialconversionandfullconversionwithexamplesWhenadjectivesareconvertedintonouns,somearecompletelychanged,thusknownasfullconversation,andothersarepartiallychanged,thusknownaspartialconversion.Adjectiveswhicharefullyconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus,i.e.havingallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Thatmeanstheycantakea/anshorts,finals.Adjectiveswhicharepartiallyconvertedstillkeepadjectivefeatures.Theyshouldalwaysbeusedwiththe,andtheycannottake-s/-estoshowpluralforms.Moreover,thewordscanhavecomparativeorsuperlativedegrees:thepoor,thepoorer,theyoung,theveryunfortunate.6.Whatchangesareoccasionallyinvolvedintheprocessofconversion?Thechangesoccasionallyinvolvedare(1)changeofspellingaccompaniedbypronunciation,e.G.Life/laIf/→live/liv/,breath/breɚ/→breathe/bri:ỏ/andblood/blʌd/→bleed/bli:d/;(2)changeofpronunciationandstress,e.g.use.n/ju:s/→usev./ju:z/andpermitn./'p:mit/→v./p'mit/andsoon.7.a.stomach[n.→v.]b.Room[n.→v.]c.wolf[n→v]d.come/go[v→n]e.familiar[a→n]f.innocent[a→n]g.flat[a→n]h.ah/ouch[int→v]i.warm[a→n]j.has-been/might-have-been[finitev→n]k.Hamlet[propern→v]l.buy[v→n]m.smooth[a→v]Blendingmotelmotor+hotel)汽车旅馆humint(human+intelligence)情报advertisetics(advertisement+statistics)广告统计学psywarrior(psychologicalwarrior)心理战专家hoverport(hovercraft+port气垫船码头chunnel(channel+tunnel)海峡隧道hi-fi(high+fidelity)高保真音响cinemactress(cinema+actress)电影演员Clippingcopter(helicopter)frontclippingdorm(dormitory)backclippinglab(laboratory)backclippingprefab(prefabricatedhouse)phraseclippinggas(gasoline)backclippingprof(professor)backclippingscope(telescope)frontclippingchamp(champion)backclippingsarge(sergeant)backclippingmike(microphone)backclippingad(advertisement)backclippingtec(detective)rontandbackclippingAcronymy1.bothinitialismsandacronymsareformedtoacertainextentfrominitialletters.Isthereanydifferencebetweenthem?IllustrateyourpointwithexamplesYes,thereisadifferencebetweenthem.Thedifferenceliesintheformationandpronunciation.Initialismsareformationspronouncedletterbyletter,e.g.UFO(unidentifiedflyingobject),BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation),VIP(veryimportantperson)andacronymsareformedtoconformtotheruleofspellingandpronunciation,thatis,thewordslookandsoundlikeordinarywords,e.g.AIDS/eidz/(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome),MAD(mutuallyassureddestruction),radar(radiodetectingandranging).2.whatdotheshortformsstandfor?kg=kilogramft=footcf=confercm=centimeter$=dollaribid=ibideetc.=etceteraVIP=veryimportantpersonOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesTOEFL=testofEnglishasaforeignlanguage3.a.SALTb.radarc.AIDSd.BASICe.Laserf.WHOg.sonarh.G-manBackformation1.Bothback-formationandback-clippingarewaysofmakingwordsbyremovingtheendingsofwords.Howyouaccountforcoexistenceofthe2?canyouillustratethedifference?Itistruethatbotharemeansofmakingnewwordsbyremovingtheendpartofthewords.Buttheyhavedifferences.Foraback-formedword,whatisremovedisthesupposedsuffix,e.g.auth------author,donate------donation,loaf-----loafer,theforms–-or,--ion,--ercoincidewiththetheirsuffixes.Forbackclipping,however,whatisremovedisusuallydifferentfromtheexistingsuffixes,e.g.ad------advertisement,gas-------gasoline,exam------examination,etc.2.Civetheoriginalwordsfromwhichthefollowingwordsareback-formedLase(laser)escalate(escalator)Babysit(babysitter)peeve(peevish)Orate(orator)commute(commuter)Communizationofpropernamesa.Tantalize-------Tantalus:toteaseortormentbykeepingsth.wantedoutofreachb.bArgus-eyed--------Argus:tobeextremelywatchfula.narcissim--------Narcissus:excessiveadmirationofoneselforone’sappearanceb.sabotage-------Sabots:(1)todestroyordamagedeliberately(2)deliberatedamageordestructione.martinet--------Martinet:strict/stern(military)trainerf.yahoo-------Yahoo:aloutorruffiang.Shylock--------Shylock:aruthlessmoneylenderh.hovering-------Hoover:cleaningbyusingavacuumcleanerKeytoChapter51.Whatisreference?Referenceistheconnectionbetweenthewordformandwhattheformreferstointheworld.(or:Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.)2.Whatisconcept?Conceptisanotionoridea,formedinthemindasaresultofcognition,whichreflectstheobjectiveworld.3.Whatissense?Thesenseofawordshowsitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherwordsint