物流专业英语第二单元 包装

UNITIIPackaging第二单元包装[Para1]Packagingpreparesgoodsfortransport,distribution,storage,sale,anduse.Thankstopackagingitispossibleforproductstobeavailableanytime;anywherethatgivestheconsumeragreatfreedomofchoice.Oneofitsbasicpurposesofpackingistoprotectthecontents.Thisisimportantbecausetheitemmayhavetowithstandalotofhandlingbetweenthefactoryandtheconsumer.Asecondpurposeistomakeitemlookappealingtothebuyer,especiallythroughtheuseofappealingcolors.Inrecentyears,thesignificanceofpackinghasbeenincreasinglyrecognized,andtodaythewidespreaduseofpackingistrulyamajorcompetitiveforceinthestruggleformarkets.Soundpackingwillhelppromotethesales,whilebadorinsufficientpackingaffectssales.Inpractice,peopleareoftenconfusedwiththesewords:package,packagingandpacking.包装为货物运输、分配、储藏、销售和使用做准备。正是因为包装，使产品随时可得成为可能；无论在何处都给消费者自由的选择。包装的基本目的之一是保护产品。因为产品必须能抵抗工厂和消费者之间的许多处理，所以这很重要。第二个目是使物品对买主有吸引力，尤其使用吸引人的颜色。近几年来，包装的重要性已经逐渐地被认识到，而且今天包装的使用广泛真正成为在市场竞争中的一个主要竞争力量。合理包装将会促进销售，而坏的或者不够的包装影响销售。在实际中，人们经常混淆这些单词：包裹、包装和打包。[Para2]Package.Aprimarypackageprovidesmeansofprotectionandhandlingtoaproduct.Generaltermforthetotalofthemeansandproceduresisappliedbythepackagingeconomytofulfillthetaskofpackaging.Manyterms:i.e.acknowledgedpackage;set-up-package;permanentpackage;one-waypackage;exportpackage;customarypackage;consumerpackage;storagepackage;multi-waypackage;multiusepackage;standardpackage;seaworthypackage;deep-coolpackage;transportpackage.包。包裹提供保护和处理产品的。在所有的方法和程序中这个术语应用于实现包装的工作的包装经济。许多术语：例如，也就是公认包装；结构包装；永久包装；单一包装；出口包装；习惯包装；消费包装；存储包装；复合包装；多用途包装；标准包装；深度包装；运输包装。[Para3]Packaging.Packagingisthetechniqueofpreparinggoodsfordistribution.Creationofapackorapackagingunit(i.e.receptacleandanyothercomponentsormaterialsnecessarytoperformit’scontainmentfunction)bycombinationofproductwiththepackage,applyingmethodsofpackagingusingpackagingmachinesordevicesbyhand.包装。包装是货物配送前的准备技术。利用包装机械或手工机械应用包装技术形成包裹或一个包装单位(例如，用容器或其他必须的履行它的包装功能)。[Para4]Packing.Theselectionorconstructionoftheshippingcontainerandtheassemblingofitemsorpackagestherein,includinganynecessaryblocking,bracing,orcushioning,weatherproofing,exteriorstrapping,andmarkingofshippingcontainerforidentificationofcontents.包装。选择或运送容器和项目的集合工程或包裹在其中,包括任何的必需阻断、支撑,或缓冲剂,防晒防雨,为的确认运送容器的外部皮绳或皮带的材料、和印记。PARTⅠPackagingMaterials第一部分包装材料[Para5]Ourmodernlifestyledemandspackagingmaterialfornearlyeverythingwebuytoprotectandpreservethegoods.Themajorgroupsofpackagingmaterialsarepaper,glass,metal,andplastic.我们的现代生活方式需要包装材料来保护和保存我们买的每件货物。主要包装材料是纸、玻璃、金属和塑料。一、plasticmaterials[Para6]Plasticsareusedbecausetheyare:·Easytoshapeandcolor·Cheap·Flexible·Goodinsulatorsofheat·Lightweight·Strong(highstrength-to-densityratios)·Hygienic·Non-rusting·Goodresistancetoacids,alkalis,andsolvents一、塑料使用塑料是因为：·容易定形和上色·便宜·柔软·良好的绝热性·份量轻·牢固（高密度比）·卫生·抗蚀的·良好的抗酸、碱和抗溶解性[Para7]Therearemanydifferenttypesofplastic,dependingonthekindofmonomer,thelengthofpolymerchains,andotheraddedcompounds.根据单体的种类，聚合体链的长度和其他的附加成分的不同，塑料有许多不同类型。1．[Para8]PolyethyleneTerephthalate(PET)PETislight,clearortransparentwithhighgloss(sparkling'crystalclear'),hardandwear-resistant.Itisalsoagoodbarriertogases.Applications:fizzydrinksbottles;mouth-washbottlesovenreadyfoodtraysroastingbagssaladdressingcontainersduvetandanorakfillings.Disposal:PETcanberecycledandre-polymerizedintoclothingsuchasties,shirts,underwear,orfleece(26lemonadebottlesmakeafleece).Ifnoplasticbottlebankisavailable,theonlyalternativeisthedustbin.1．聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯质地轻，表面透明具有光泽，且坚硬耐磨。同时能有效防止气体挥发。应用：泡沫饮料瓶漱口瓶准备食物的烤盘烤袋装沙拉的容器棉被与大衣的填充物处置：聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯能被使再循环并重新聚合成衣物，如领带、衬衫、内衣裤或羊毛大衣(26支柠檬水瓶子制成一件羊毛大衣)。如果没有可利用的塑料瓶回收箱，唯一的替代选择是垃圾箱。2．[Para9]Polyethylene(Polythene)issynthesizedfromethylene.Itisamongthemostimportantandversatileofthehundredsofcommercialplastics.Polyethyleneisusuallytranslucent,toughandunaffectedbywaterandalargerangeofchemicals.Itisusedinawidevarietyofapplications,becauseitcanbeproducedinmanydifferentforms.2．聚乙烯是乙烯综合成的。它是上百种商业塑料中最重要而且应用最广泛的材料。聚乙烯通常是半透明的、强硬、不受水影响的，是很大规模的化学药品。因为它能被制成各种不同形式，所以它有各种用途。[Para10]Thethreegeneralclassificationsofthisplasticarelowdensity,mediumandhigh-densitypolyethylene.聚乙烯一般分三类，分别是低密度、中密度和高密度聚乙烯。[Para11]HDPE(High-DensityPolyethylene)isrelativelyrigid,milkytranslucent,andhasahardfinish(whicheasilycanbescratched).HDPEisusedformostconsumerandindustrialblow-mouldedcontainers,andwhenstrengthisrequired.Applications:plastictubingbottles(milk,waterandfruitjuice)washingupbottlesfabricsoftenerthincarrierbagswastebagsbucketsbowlsqualitykitchenwarecableinsulation.AnegativepointisthattoxicfumesareproducedwhenHDPEisburnt.Disposal:Recyclingcollectionwherepossible.Otherwisethedustbin.HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)是相对地硬的、乳状的半透明的、而且难以抛光。(容易被擦)。在生活和工业中当需要一定强度容器时，用高密度聚乙烯来做吹模容器。应用：塑料装管瓶子(牛奶、水和果汁)洗涤瓶织物（织物）柔软剂薄的搬运袋垃圾袋桶子碗厨房器皿绝缘电缆缺点是当HDPE被燃烧的时候产生有毒的臭气。处理：尽可能回收。否则丢垃圾箱。[Para12]LDPE(Low-DensityPolyethylene)isthemostcommonlyusedplasticpackaging,inparticularwhengoodclarityisdemanded.Itisflexible,hasexcellentheat-sealproperties,andisusedforthinfilms(plasticbagsandshrinkfilm),bottles(especiallywhensoftnessorsqueezabilityareimportant),andcaps.Thefilmhashighgaspermeabilityandwillnotholdvacuum.Applications:plasticfoodcontainerssqueezebottles(e.g.fordetergents)clingfilmbreadbagsfreezerbagsrubbishsacscheapkitchenware.LDPE(低密度聚乙烯)是最普通的塑料包装，特别是需要透明的时候。它有柔性，有良好的热封性，被制成薄膜（塑料袋和收缩膜），瓶子（尤其是需要柔软和挤压时）和瓶塞。薄膜有透气性不会形成真空。应用：塑料食品容器挤压瓶（如：清洁剂）食品薄膜面包袋冷藏袋垃圾袋便宜的厨房用具。3．[Para13]Polypropylene(PP)isusedasaclear,whiteormetallisedfilm(metallisingiswherea99.9%purealuminumwireisheatedtoavaporandvacuumedontoaplasticorpapersurfacetoformalayerthinnerthanone1/1000ofamm).Itcanalsobemouldedintobottles,jarsandcaps.PPhascontactclarityandappearsclearwhenawetproductisfilledintoanopaquebottle.ThehighsofteningpointofPPmakesitpossibletofillthebottlewithahotproduct.Mostpolypropylenematerialsaremicrowaveable.PlasticscrewsaregenerallymouldedfromPP,asaremostthin-walledcontainers(suchasthoseusedforbutter,margarineandyoghurt).Applications:foodcontainerspacketsforcrispsandbiscuitssqueezebottlesforketchupandsaucessomemargarinetubsyoghurtcontainersmicrowavecooktraysmedicinebottleschairssuitcasescarpetingandropesDisposal:Recyclingcollectionwherepossible.Otherwisethedustbin.聚丙烯作为白色金属薄膜材料（金属镀膜就是将纯度为99.9%的铝加热成蒸汽然后覆盖在塑料或纸的表面，形成一层比0.001mm还薄的薄膜）。它也能模压成瓶子、广口瓶和瓶盖。当湿的物品被装进不透明的瓶子时候，聚丙烯会显变透明而且显得很清晰。聚丙烯的高软化点使其可以在瓶子装热的东西。大多数的聚丙烯材料是可微波的。塑料的螺丝钉通常是聚丙烯铸成，同样它可以模压成最薄的容器（如用于装黄油、人造奶油和酸乳酪）应用：食物容器松脆食品和饼干的包装蕃茄酱和沙拉酱的挤压瓶装人造奶油的桶酸乳酪的容器微波烹调盘子药瓶椅子手提箱地毯和绳子处理：尽可能回收。否则丢垃圾箱。4．[Para14]Polyvinylchloride(PVC)isnaturallytransparent,heat-sensitive(maxuseoftemperatureabout93oC,butdoesnoteasilyburn),hasexcellentresistancetooilsandalcohol,andexcellentstretchproperties(usedin'cling'film),butasabarriertomoistureitcanbepoor.OtheruseofPVCisforbottlesandblisterpacks(packagingwitha'carrier'pieceofcartonanda'blister'ofpre-formedplastictoencloseandsupportanitem).SincePVCismanufacturedwith42%chlorinematerial,theuseofPVChasdecreasedlatelyforenvironmentalreasons.ItisnowoftenreplacedbyPET(e.g.forblisterpackagingandbottleswhereclarityisaprimeconsideration).Applications:mineralwaterbottlesfruitsquashbottlestransparentshampoobottlesbaseforanyforofvinylsuchasseatcoverssofttoysartificialleatherelectricalinsulationroofmaterials.Disposal:Thedustbin.聚氯乙稀自然透明，具有热敏感性（最高承受温度93℃，但是不容易燃烧），对油和酒精有良好的抵抗性和良好的伸缩性（用于制成薄膜），但是它不隔潮湿。聚氯乙稀的其他用途是制成瓶子和泡沫包装。（用硬纸盒和预先成形的泡沫塑料来封装和支撑物品）。由于聚氯乙稀与42%氯材料一起制造，因为环境的原因近来聚氯乙稀已经减少使用。现在被PET取代（对泡沫塑料和瓶子来说首先考虑的是透明）5.[Para15]Polystyrene(PS)isharderandmorebrittlethanpolyethyleneorpolypropylene,andhasasuperioropticalclarityandgoodchemicalresistancetofoodacidsandalkalis.Itismouldedintoproductslikeboxesandyoghurtpots.Whenexpanded(foamed,withablowingagentontheheat-softenedPS)itisusedforcushioningtoprotectgoods.PolystyrenecangiveoffpoisonousgaswhenburntApplications:coffeecupscoolersfoodcontainersandtrayseggcartonslightweightfoampiecesthatcushionnewappliancessomeyoghurtpotsvideoandaudiocassettecasescutleryDisposal:Recyclingcollectionwherepossible.Otherwisethedustbin.聚苯乙烯(PS)比较硬而且比聚乙烯或者聚丙烯更易碎，而且有上好的光学透明性和食物酸和碱金属的化学抵抗性。它可模压成如盒子和酸乳酪罐等产品。当膨胀时（），它作为保护货物的缓冲剂。当燃烧，聚苯乙烯能发出有毒的气体应用：咖啡杯冷却器食物容器和盘子装蛋盒衬垫新器械的轻量级泡沫塑料一些酸乳酪的罐子录像机和录音机的盒式磁带餐具处理：尽可能回收。否则丢垃圾箱。二、Multilayers二、多层[Para16]Multilayers.Frequentlydifferentmaterialsareusedtogetherinlayerstomeetalltheneedsoftheproductinside.Aplasticmaterialcanbemetallised(metallisingiswherea99.9%purealuminiumwireisheatedtoavapourandvacuumedontoaplasticorpapersurfacetoformalayerthinnerthanone1/1000ofamm),orpapercanbeprotectedoutwardsbyaplasticlayerandinwardsbyanaluminiumlayer.多层。通常不同的材料以多层的形式联合在一起来满足内部产品的需求。塑料材料可以镀金属（99.9%的纯铝金属丝加热成蒸汽并在真空中覆盖在塑料或纸的表面形成形成一层比0.001mm还薄的薄膜），或者是在纸的外表镀一层塑料薄膜，里面镀一层铝薄膜。[Para17]Somepackaging(e.g.tomatoketchupplasticbottles)haveevenmorelayers:i)alayersuitableforfoodcontact,ii)alayertostopgasexchange,iii)anouterprotectivelayer,whichcanbemadefromrecycledmaterials,iv)tielayersbetweentheotherlayers.Otherlayersmayprotectthecontentfromlight,orhelpsealingofthepackaging.一些包装（如番茄酱的塑料瓶）有很多层：i)一层适合与食品接触；ii)一层阻止气体交流；iii)外表保护层可以由回收材料制成；iv)紧固层在其他各层之间。其他层可以保护免受光照，或有助与密封包装。[Para18]Disposal:Multilayersaredifficulttorecycleduetotheirmakeup,butsomerecyclingcompanieschipthemupandusethemforplasticchipboard.Alternativelytheirfateisthedustbin.处置：由于他们的组成使得多层难以使再循环，但是一些再循环公司把他们压碎制成塑料的硬纸板。或者是丢入垃圾箱。三、Aluminium三、铝[Para19]Aluminiumismadefrombauxite(ittakesabout4kgofbauxitetoproduce1kgofpurealuminium).Purealuminiumisasoft,silverywhite,relativelylightmetal,whichconductsheatandelectricityeasily.Itisusedforcansandfoil.Thickfoilsconstituteacompletebarriertoallgases(thinneroneshavepin-holing).铝是由铁矾土做成的。（大约4公斤铁矾土生产1个公斤的纯铝）纯铝比较柔软，呈现银白色，是相对较轻的金属，它容易导电和导热。可以制成罐头和铝箔。厚的铝箔可以阻碍所有的气体。（薄的铝箔有针孔）。[Para20]Disposal:Aluminiumcanberecycled.Producingnewaluminiumcansfromusedonessavesupto95%oftheenergyneededtoproducecansfromrawmaterials.处置：铝可循环。用用过的铝罐生产新的铝罐可以比用原材料生产铝罐节约95%的能源。四、Glass四、玻璃[Para21]Glassisclear,rigid,chemicallyinert,heatresistant,resistanttointernalpressure,andacompletebarriertowatervapourandgases.Therawmaterials(mainlysilicasand,sodaash,andlime)forglassarecheap,butitsweightmakestransportcostshigherthanforplastic.Amberglasshasironoxide,carbonandsulphuraddedwhenitismade;itfiltersoutUVlight.Greencolourcomesfromaddingironoxide,manganeseandchromiumoxidetotheglassmixture;bluecolourcomesfromcobaltoxide;opalisobtainedbyafluorinecompoundwhichproduceslightscatteringcrystals.玻璃是一种透明，坚硬、不活泼、不导热、能抵抗内部压力的不透水和气的材料。玻璃的原料（主要是硅沙、苏打粉和石灰）很廉价，但是它的重量使运输成本高于塑料。在生产时加入氧化铁、碳和硫磺可制成琥珀色的玻璃。它可过滤出紫外线光。绿色是把氧化铁、锰和铬氧化物加入玻璃混合；蓝色是钴氧化物，猫眼石从氟化合物中获得，氟化合物产生水晶状散射的光。[Para22]Disposal:Glasscanberecycled(reasonablyclean,andseparatedasclear,greenandbrownglassinthebottlebank).Uptoone-thirdoftheenergyrequiredtomakenewglasscanbesaved(buttransportcostsreducethetotalenergysaved).处置：玻璃可以再循环（相对干净，在空瓶回收箱按透明、绿色和褐色玻璃分开）。用于生产新玻璃的近三分之一的能源可以节约下来。（但是高运输成本抵减了所节约的能源。）五、Steel五、钢[Para23]Steelconsistsofiron(canbetestedwithamagnet).Baresteelcorrodesreadilywhenincontactwithmoisture(butcanbeusedforanticorrosiveproducts,suchaswaxes,oils,orgreases).Thereforealayeroftinisdepositedonthecan(thickerontheinsidewheremoreprotectionisneeded).Tin-freesteels(TFS)usechromiumandchromicoxidesforcorrosionprotection;theyaremoreeconomicalthantinplatebutofferlessresistancetocorrosionandcannotbeweldedwithoutremovalofthechromecoating.钢由铁组成（可以用磁铁来检测）。当接触湿气时裸钢很容易被腐蚀（但是能作为防腊、油或油脂产品）。因此在铁罐上放置一层锡（当需要更多保护时，在内部涂上较厚一层锡）。使用铬和含三价的铬氧化物为腐蚀保护的无锡钢(TFS)；他们比镀锡铁皮抗腐蚀性较弱，没有除去铬涂层就不能被焊接。[Para24]Disposal:Steelcanberecycled(cansshouldbecleaned).Savingsinenergycanbeabout75%comparedtoproducingnewsteel.处置：钢可以再循环（罐头要清洗干净）。与生产新钢材比可以节约将近75％的能源。六、Paper六、纸[Para25]Modernpaperisalmostalwaysmadefromwoodpulp,whichcanbeobtainedfrommanyplants,dependingontherequiredstrengthofthepaper(longerfibersgivestrongerpaper).Papermaybebleached(white),unbleached(brown)orcolored.Thesurfacecanhavedifferenttypesoffinishingorglazing.Claycoatingisaveryfinewashofclaythatfillsinanyunevennessonsomecartonboardsothatthesurfaceissmoothtoprinton.Papercanbeprinted,waxed,impregnated,crepedorwetstrengthened,maderesistanttoflamerustandcorrosion.Boardisheavypapermadeofseverallayersbondedtogether.现代的纸几乎都是由木浆制成，这可以从许多植物获得，根据纸的强度选择（纤维长的纸更牢固）。纸可以漂白（白色的）、不漂白（褐色）或染色。表面可以有不同类型的上光。粘土涂料是一种很好清洗的材料，将它填在不平坦的纸箱表面使表面光滑容易印刷。纸能被印刷、上腊、浸渍、绉或者加湿，使其防火、防锈和抗腐蚀。木板是厚纸由多层纸粘结而成。[Para26]Disposal:Papercanberecycled.Aspaperisrecycledthefibresgetshorterandweaker(recyclingmaximally4-5times).Newtechnologymakesitpossibletoseparatethedifferentlengthsoffibreandthenreconstituteaproduct.Toregainstrengthvirginpulpcanincorporate.处置：纸能被再循环。当纸被再循环，纤维变得更短而且更弱（最多再循环4-5次）。新的技术使分开不同长度纤维并重组成新产品成为可能。要得到强度可以混合入原始纸浆。PartⅡPackagingTechnology第二部分包装技术[Para1]Packagingistheenclosureofproducts,items,orotherpackagesinpouches,bags,boxes,cups,trays,cans,tubes,bottles,orothercontainerformstoperformoneormoreofthefollowingbasicfunctions:ContainmentProtectionCommunicationUtility包装是将货物或其他的小包装如用小袋、袋子、盒子、杯子、盘子、罐子、管，瓶子或其他的容器包围起来以履行下列一种或多种基本功能：容器保护传递信息效用[Para2]Packagesfunctioninthephysicalenvironment,subjecttomoisture,temperatureextremes,mechanicalshocksandvibration.Nomatterwhatenvironmentalconditionsareencountered,thepackageisexpectedtoprotecttheproduct,keepingitintheconditionintendedforuseuntiltheproductisdeliveredtotheultimateconsumer.在自然环境下包装功能受湿度、极端温度、机械震动和摆动的影响。不论遇到什么样的环境，包装是用来保护产品，在它最终到达消费者手中的这段过程中，保护产品在完好状态下。[Para3]Thisarticlewillintroducesomepackagingtechnique.本文将介绍一些包装技术。1.ContainerofPackaging包装容器[Para4]BagApreformedcontaineroftubularconstructionmadeofflexiblematerial,generallyenclosedonallsidesexceptoneforminganopeningthatmayormaynotbesealedafterfilling.包装袋。用柔性材料制成的筒管装结构，通常每一侧都可以封闭，除了开口的那端在放入填充物后有可能被密封也可能不能密封。[Para5]BaleInpackaging,ashapedunitboundwithcordormetaltiesundertensionandcontainingcompressedarticlesormaterials.Itmaybewrapped.Unitloadwithaproductthatiscompressed.捆包。在包装中，用绳索或金属用力并压缩所包装的物品或材料使之形成一个捆绑单位。它可能被包装。以被压缩的产品作为装载单位。[Para6]BarrelAcylindricalcontainerofgreaterlengththanbreadth,madeofwoodenstavesboundtogetherwithhoopsandhavingtwoflatendsofequaldiameter.包装桶。一个长比宽高的圆柱形容器，用铁箍将木棍箍在一起，在端部有两个直径相同的平面。[Para7]BottleItisarigidorsemi-rigidcontainertypicallyofglassorplastic,havingacomparativelynarrowneckormouthandusuallynohandle(Webster).Packagewithneckedinupperpart,madeofvariouspackagingmaterials,asglass,metal,plastics,tobeclosedindifferentways(e.g.corkstopper,crowncork.Screwcap).包装瓶。它是硬的或半硬的容器，典型的用玻璃或塑料制成,有一个比较狭窄的颈或口，通常没有柄。上部狭窄，由各种包装材料制成，如玻璃、金属、塑料，用不同的方式封口(举例来说，软木塞、软木盖、螺丝盖)。[Para8]BoxArigidcontainerhavingclosedfacesandcompletelyenclosingthecontents.Whenthistermisusedinconnectionwithfiberboardboxes,suchfiberboxesmustcomplywithalltherequirementsofthecarrierrules.包装盒。有关闭的盖子并能完全包住物品的硬容器。当盒子用纤维板盒子制成，这个纤维板盒子一定要遵从运输规则的要求。[Para9]CanInpackaging,areceptaclegenerallyof10-galloncapacityorless,normallynotusedasashippingcontainer.Thebodyismadeoflightweightmetalorisacompositeofpaperboardandothermaterialshavingtheendsmadeofpaperboard,metal,plastic,oracombinationthereof.罐头。在包装中，通常容纳10加仑或更少的容器，通常不作为运输容器。容器身体是用重量轻的金属做成的或者是卡纸合成物制成，端部由其他的材料如卡纸、金属、塑料或合成物制成。[Para10]CartonAfoldingboxgenerallymadefromboxboardformerchandisingconsumerquantitiesofproduct(forexample,shelfpackagesorprimepackages).纸板箱。可折叠的盒子通常由硬纸板制成，用来促进商品销售。(举例来说，包装架或精品包装)[Para11]Container——Anonspecifictermforareceptaclecapableofclosure.集装箱——一个密闭容器的非特定术语。[Para12]CrateArigidcontainerofframedwood,steel,orplasticconstructionjoinedtogetherwithnails,bolts,oranyequivalentmethodoffastening.Theframeworkmayormaynotbeenclosedwithsheathing.Itmaybedemountable(reusable)ornondemountable.Woodedboxexclusivelymadeoflathswithspacesbetween.Sidewallsandheadsareattachedtofrontorcorneredges.Seedefinitionfor“DangerousGoods/HazardousMaterialsPackagingfor“Box”inthatpurpose.柳条箱。用钉子、螺栓或其他同样的扎牢方法将木框、钢或塑料结构连接在一起的硬容器。框架可用罩子盖上也可以不用。它可能是可拆卸的(可以再度使用的)或不可拆卸的。木板箱是用木板用空隙地连接在一起制成的。侧面和正面附有镶边。通常在“危险的货物/危险的材料包装”见到。[Para13]DrumApackagingofcircularcrosssectorwhichmayhavestraightorcurvedsides,andconvexorembossedends,designedforstorageandshipmentasanunsupportedouterpackagethatmaybeshippedwithoutboxingorcrating.Itmaybemadeofmetal,plywood,plastic,rubber,woodorfiberwithsuitablematerialends.Cylindrical,generallyrollablepackageyouto450L.capacitythebodyareplainorwavedwithdetachableorfixedupperbase(lid)andmayhavefillingholesintheupperbase,withoutfallinghandlesbracketorothercarrierdevice.Baseandupperbasemaybetobodyconnectedbysuitablemethodsandmaterials,includingsteelstraps.Thereareremovableandnonremovableheaddrums---seedefinitionsforeach.Fiber(fibre)Drum-thebodyofwhichconsistsofseverallayersoflong-fiberpaper,onewoundandpastedontopoftheother.鼓形圆桶。有直的或弯曲面的圆形容器，中间凸起或边缘有浮雕花纹，当没有装入盒子或板条箱等外包装运输时，为储藏和装船而设计的容器。它可以由金属、夹板、塑料、橡皮制成，端部用木材或纤维等合适的材料制成。圆筒形的通常容量为450升，内部是光滑的或有波纹的，在上部可能有填充的孔，没有手柄或其他搬运装置。底部或上端部用合适的材料捆扎，如钢绳。桶的顶部有可移动或不可移动的。纤维的桶的桶身是由长的或短的纤维一层一层的黏合而成。[Para14]Pail——Acontainer,usuallycylindricalwithahandle,whichmayormaynothavealid(atucker).Thesemayrangeinsizesfrom250mlto50liters(12gallons).提桶——容器，通常是有把手的圆柱形，可以有盖子也可以没有。尺寸范围从250毫升至50公升。[Para15]WireboundBoxArigidcontainerwhosesides,top,andbottomareofrotarycutlumber,slicedlumber,resawnlumber,fiberboard,orcombinationsthereof,usually9.5mmorlessinthickness,fastenedtocleatsandtoeachotherbymeansofbindingwireandstaples;andendsofsimilarmaterial,plainorstapledtobattensorliners,fastenedinplacebymeansofnailsorstaplesorwiresstapledthereto.Theclosureismadebytwistingorloopingtogethertheendsofthebindingwires.Collapsibleboxsuitablenormallyforsingleuse,thepartsofwhicharereinforcedandconnectedtoeachotherbymeansoftemperedwires;thepartsoftheboxaredeliveredflat;theboxisclosedbytwistingofthewireendsorbyconnectingtheprefabricatedloops.精装金属盒子。它的侧面、顶端和底部是由旋转削下木屑、薄木片、纤维板其他化合物制成的一个硬的容器，厚度通常为9.5毫米或者更薄，藉由金属丝或楔子彼此拴紧，藉由钉子或金属丝把平板或板条等材料适当地拴紧。可折叠的盒子通常适合单一用途，他的每一部分是用柔软的金属连接在一起。盒子适合平放运输，盒子用扭曲的金属丝或预制的配件的环关闭。2.PackagingTechnique2．包装技术[Para16]Blisterpackaging——Apackagingtechnique,whichinvolvestheheatsealofarigid,thermoformedoutershell,whichhousesaproduct,toacoatedbackcard.Amethodcommonlyusedforretailitems.起泡包装——一种包装技术，一种热封技术，形成硬的外壳，将产品保护在里面。这种技术通常用在零售中使用。[Para17]Bundlewrapping——averypopularmethodofpackagingheavieritemssuchascasesonjuice,vegetables,soda,etc.Thefilmiscuttosizeandisshrunkaroundproductleavingabull’seyeateachendofthepackage.Thisworksgreatwithhighvolumeorders.捆扎包装——在较重的物品上比较普遍的包装方法，如果汁、蔬菜、苏打等，薄膜按规定尺寸切割包裹在物品外面，包裹末端留下大的眼，通常在大量订单时采用。[Para18]Finsealpackaging——alsoknownasHorizontalWrapping.Thistypeofpackagingisverywellknownandverypopular.Youwouldfindthispackagingonacandybar,twopackofcookies,etc.Thiscanbedonewithfoilpackagingorplainfilm.密封包装，也称为水平包装。这种包装方法非常出名和普遍，在包装糖果和饼干上常见，可以用薄膜来包装。[Para19]Shrinkwrapping——probablythemostcommonofallpackagingmethods,shrinkwrappingisaccomplishedbytrimmingapieceofshrinkablefilmaroundanobject,andthensendingitthroughaheat“tunnel”which“shrinks”thefilmtoconformtotheexactsizeofanouterboxorproduct.Thisisatamperresistantcoveringthatisverycommonattheretaillevelonproductssuchasgiftsets,software,andgames,tonameafew.Theglosseffectcreatedbythefilmtendstogiveaproductorboxaricherappearance.收缩包装——也许是最普遍的一种包装技术，用收缩薄膜包裹物品，然后对薄膜进行适当加热处理，使薄膜收缩而紧贴于物品。使得物品有遮盖物，这种包装技术在零售时经常用到如礼品包装、软件和游戏产品。利用薄膜的发光效果使物品有了更丰富的外表。[Para20]Skinpackaging——apackagingtechniquewherebyafilmissuckeddownoveraproductandontoapreprinted“skincard”.Asheatisintroduced,theadhesivecoatingonthecardandthesurlynfilmadheretogether.Thisisanattractivepackagingoptionandispreferredforretailbecausetheproductisdisplayedclearlyyetisprotectedbythetransparentcovering.Itisacost-effectivesolutionforhighervolumeruns.紧缩包装——薄膜包裹住物品形成外壳的包装方法，引入热处理，把薄膜黏合在一起。这是一种吸引人的包装选择，特别是对于零售商，因为他们的物品可以通过透明的外包装清晰的陈列出来。对于大量的物品来讲这是低成本的包装。[Para21]Stretchpackaging——apackagingtechniquethatallowsaproducttobeencapsulatedbetween2halvesofahingedheadercard,withaSurlynorclearfilmwhichispartofthecardbutactsasa“window”fortheitem.Followingtheheat-sealingoftheoutercardtogether,thefilminthewindowisthenheatedandthenshrinksaroundthegeometryofanitem.Thismethodisaco