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QA76.585.C58 2011 004.67u8 dc22 2010046367 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX CONTRIBUTORS XXI PART I FOUNDATIONS 1 1 Introduction to Cloud Computing 3 William Voorsluys, James Broberg, and Rajkumar Buyya 1.1 Cloud Computing in a Nutshell / 3 1.2 Roots of Cloud Computing / 5 1.3 Layers and Types of Clouds / 13 1.4 Desired Features of a Cloud / 16 1.5 Cloud Infrastructure Management / 17 1.6 Infrastructure as a Service Providers / 26 1.7 Platform as a Service Providers / 31 1.8 Challenges and Risks / 34 1.9 Summary / 37 References / 37 2 Migrating into a Cloud 43 T. S. Mohan 2.1 Introduction / 43 2.2 Broad Approaches to Migrating into the Cloud / 48 2.3 The Seven-Step Model of Migration into a Cloud / 51 2.4 Conclusions / 54 Acknowledgments / 55 References / 55 v 3 Enriching the ‘Integration as a Service’ Paradigm for the Cloud Era 57 Pethuru Raj 3.1 An Introduction / 57 3.2 The Onset of Knowledge Era / 59 3.3 The Evolution of SaaS / 59 3.4 The Challenges of SaaS Paradigm / 61 3.5 Approaching the SaaS Integration Enigma / 63 3.6 New Integration Scenarios / 67 3.7 The Integration Methodologies / 69 3.8 SaaS Integration Products and Platforms / 72 3.9 SaaS Integration Services / 80 3.10 Businesses-to-Business Integration (B2Bi) Services / 84 3.11 A Framework of Sensor—Cloud Integration [3] / 89 3.12 SaaS Integration Appliances / 94 3.13 Conclusion / 95 References / 95 4 The Enterprise Cloud Computing Paradigm 97 Tariq Ellahi, Benoit Hudzia, Hui Li, Maik A. Lindner, and Philip Robinson 4.1 Introduction / 97 4.2 Background / 98 4.3 Issues for Enterprise Applications on the Cloud / 103 4.4 Transition Challenges / 106 4.5 Enterprise Cloud Technology and Market Evolution / 108 4.6 Business Drivers Toward a Marketplace for Enterprise Cloud Computing / 112 4.7 The Cloud Supply Chain / 115 4.8 Summary / 117 Acknowledgments / 117 References / 118 PART II INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS) 121 5 Virtual Machines Provisioning and Migration Services 123 Mohamed El-Refaey 5.1 Introduction and Inspiration / 123 vi CONTENTS 5.2 Background and Related Work / 124 5.3 Virtual Machines Provisioning and Manageability / 130 5.4 Virtual Machine Migration Services / 132 5.5 VM Provisioning and Migration in Action / 136 5.6 Provisioning in the Cloud Context / 145 5.7 Future Research Directions / 151 5.8 Conclusion / 154 References / 154 6 On the Management of Virtual Machines for Cloud Infrastructures 157 Ignacio M. Llorente, Rube´n S. Montero, Borja Sotomayor, David Breitgand, Alessandro Maraschini, Eliezer Levy, and Benny Rochwerger 6.1 The Anatomy of Cloud Infrastructures / 158 6.2 Distributed Management of Virtual Infrastructures / 161 6.3 Scheduling Techniques for Advance Reservation of Capacity / 166 6.4 Capacity Management to meet SLA Commitments / 172 6.5 Conclusions and Future Work / 185 Acknowledgments / 186 References / 187 7 Enhancing Cloud Computing Environments Using a Cluster as a Service 193 Michael Brock and Andrzej Goscinski 7.1 Introduction / 193 7.2 Related Work / 194 7.3 RVWS Design / 197 7.4 Cluster as a Service: The Logical Design / 202 7.5 Proof of Concept / 212 7.6 Future Research Directions / 218 7.7 Conclusion / 219 References / 219 8 Secure Distributed Data Storage in Cloud Computing 221 Yu Chen, Wei-Shinn Ku, Jun Feng, Pu Liu, and Zhou Su 8.1 Introduction / 221 8.2 Cloud Storage: from LANs TO WANs / 222 8.3 Technologies for Data Security in Cloud Computing / 232 CONTENTS vii 8.4 Open Questions and Challenges / 242 8.5 Summary / 246 References / 246 PART III PLATFORM AND SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (PAAS/IAAS) 249 9 Aneka—Integration of Private and Public Clouds 251 Christian Vecchiola, Xingchen Chu, Michael Mattess, and Rajkumar Buyya 9.1 Introduction / 251 9.2 Technologies and Tools for Cloud Computing / 254 9.3 Aneka Cloud Platform / 257 9.4 Aneka Resource Provisioning Service / 259 9.5 Hybrid Cloud Implementation / 262 9.6 Visionary thoughts for Practitioners / 269 9.7 Summary and Conclusions / 271 Acknowledgments / 272 References / 273 10 CometCloud: An Autonomic Cloud Engine 275 Hyunjoo Kim and Manish Parashar 10.1 Introduction / 275 10.2 CometCloud Architecture / 276 10.3 Autonomic Behavior of CometCloud / 280 10.4 Overview of CometCloud-based Applications / 286 10.5 Implementation and Evaluation / 287 10.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions / 295 Acknowledgments / 295 References / 296 11 T-Systems’ Cloud-Based Solutions for Business Applications 299 Michael Pauly 11.1 Introduction / 299 11.2 What Enterprises Demand of Cloud Computing / 300 11.3 Dynamic ICT Services / 302 11.4 Importance of Quality and Security in Clouds / 305 viii CONTENTS 11.5 Dynamic Data Center—Producing Business-ready, Dynamic ICT Services / 307 11.6 Case Studies / 314 11.7 Summary: Cloud Computing offers much more than Traditional Outsourcing / 318 Acknowledgments / 319 References / 319 12 Workflow Engine for Clouds 321 Suraj Pandey, Dileban Karunamoorthy, and Rajkumar Buyya 12.1 Introduction / 321 12.2 Background / 322 12.3 Workflow Management Systems and Clouds / 323 12.4 Architecture of Workflow Management Systems / 326 12.5 Utilizing Clouds for Workflow Execution / 328 12.6 Case Study: Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimizations / 334 12.7 Visionary thoughts for Practitioners / 340 12.8 Future Research Directions / 341 12.9 Summary and Conclusions / 341 Acknowledgments / 342 References / 342 13 Understanding Scientific Applications for Cloud Environments 345 Shantenu Jha, Daniel S. Katz, Andre Luckow, Andre Merzky, and Katerina Stamou 13.1 Introduction / 345 13.2 A Classification of Scientific Applications and Services in the Cloud / 350 13.3 SAGA-based Scientific Applications that Utilize Clouds / 354 13.4 Discussion / 363 13.5 Conclusions / 367 References / 368 14 The MapReduce Programming Model and Implementations 373 Hai Jin, Shadi Ibrahim, Li Qi, Haijun Cao, Song Wu, and Xuanhua Shi 14.1 Introduction / 373 14.2 MapReduce Programming Model / 375 14.3 Major MapReduce Implementations for the Cloud / 379 CONTENTS ix 14.4 MapReduce Impacts and Research Directions / 385 14.5 Conclusion / 387 Acknowledgments / 387 References / 387 PART IV MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT 391 15 An Architecture for Federated Cloud Computing 393 Benny Rochwerger, Constantino Va´zquez, David Breitgand, David Hadas, Massimo Villari, Philippe Massonet, Eliezer Levy, Alex Galis, Ignacio M. Llorente, Rube´n S. Montero, Yaron Wolfsthal, Kenneth Nagin, Lars Larsson, and Fermı´n Gala´n 15.1 Introduction / 393 15.2 A Typical Use Case / 394 15.3 The Basic Principles of Cloud Computing / 398 15.4 A Model for Federated Cloud Computing / 400 15.5 Security Considerations / 407 15.6 Summary and Conclusions / 410 Acknowledgments / 410 References / 410 16 SLA Management in Cloud Computing: A Service Provider’s Perspective 413 Sumit Bose, Anjaneyulu Pasala, Dheepak R. A, Sridhar Murthy and Ganesan Malaiyandisamy 16.1 Inspiration / 413 16.2 Traditional Approaches to SLO Management / 418 16.3 Types of SLA / 421 16.4 Life Cycle of SLA / 424 16.5 SLA Management in Cloud / 425 16.6 Automated Policy-based Management / 429 16.7 Conclusion / 435 References / 435 17 Performance Prediction for HPC on Clouds 437 Rocco Aversa, Beniamino Di Martino, Massimiliano Rak, Salvatore Venticinque, and Umberto Villano 17.1 Introduction / 437 17.2 Background / 440 x CONTENTS 17.3 Grid and Cloud / 442 17.4 HPC in the Cloud: Performance-related Issues / 445 17.5 Summary and Conclusions / 453 References / 454 PART V APPLICATIONS 457 18 Best Practices in Architecting Cloud Applications in the AWS Cloud 459 Jinesh Varia 18.1 Introduction / 459 18.2 Background / 459 18.3 Cloud Concepts / 463 18.4 Cloud Best Practices / 468 18.5 GrepTheWeb Case Study / 479 18.6 Future Research Directions / 486 18.7 Conclusion / 487 Acknowledgments / 487 References / 487 19 Massively Multiplayer Online Game Hosting on Cloud Resources 491 Vlad Nae, Radu Prodan, and Alexandru Iosup 19.1 Introduction / 491 19.2 Background / 492 19.3 Related Work / 494 19.4 Model / 495 19.5 Experiments / 500 19.6 Future Research Directions / 507 19.7 Conclusions / 507 Acknowledgments / 507 References / 507 20 Building Content Delivery Networks Using Clouds 511 James Broberg 20.1 Introduction / 511 20.2 Background/Related Work / 512 CONTENTS xi 20.3 MetaCDN: Harnessing Storage Clouds for Low-Cost, High-Performance Content Delivery / 516 20.4 Performance of the MetaCDN Overlay / 525 20.5 Future Directions / 527 20.6 Conclusion / 528 Acknowledgments / 529 References / 529 21 Resource Cloud Mashups 533 Lutz Schubert, Matthias Assel, Alexander Kipp, and Stefan Wesner 21.1 Introduction / 533 21.2 Concepts of a Cloud Mashup / 536 21.3 Realizing Resource Mashups / 542 21.4 Conclusions / 545 References / 546 PART VI GOVERNANCE AND CASE STUDIES 549 22 Organizational Readiness and Change Management in the Cloud Age 551 Robert Lam 22.1 Introduction / 551 22.2 Basic Concept of Organizational Readiness / 552 22.3 Drivers for Changes: A Framework to Comprehend the Competitive Environment / 555 22.4 Common Change Management Models / 559 22.5 Change Management Maturity Model (CMMM) / 563 22.6 Organizational Readiness Self-Assessment: (Who, When, Where, and How) / 565 22.7 Discussion / 567 22.8 Conclusion / 570 Acknowledgments / 571 References / 572 23 Data Security in the Cloud 573 Susan Morrow 23.1 An Introduction to the Idea of Data Security / 573 23.2 The Current State of Data Security in the Cloud / 574 xii CONTENTS 23.3 Homo Sapiens and Digital Information / 575 23.4 Cloud Computing and Data Security Risk / 576 23.5 Cloud Computing and Identity / 578 23.6 The Cloud, Digital Identity, and Data Security / 584 23.7 Content Level Security—Pros and Cons / 586 23.8 Future Research Directions / 588 23.9 Conclusion / 590 Acknowledgments / 591 Further Reading / 591 References / 591 24 Legal Issues in Cloud Computing 593 Janine Anthony Bowen 24.1 Introduction / 593 24.2 Data Privacy and Security Issues / 596 24.3 Cloud Contracting models / 601 24.4 Jurisdictional Issues Raised by Virtualization and Data Location / 603 24.5 Commercial and Business Considerations—A Cloud User’s Viewpoint / 606 24.6 Special Topics / 610 24.7 Conclusion / 611 24.8 Epilogue / 611 References / 612 25 Achieving Production Readiness for Cloud Services 615 Wai-Kit Cheah and Henry Kasim 25.1 Introduction / 615 25.2 Service Management / 615 25.3 Producer�Consumer Relationship / 616 25.4 Cloud Service Life Cycle / 620 25.5 Production Readiness / 626 25.6 Assessing Production Readiness / 626 25.7 Summary / 634 References / 634 Index 635 CONTENTS xiii PREFACE Cloud computing has recently emerged as one of the buzzwords in the ICT industry. Numerous IT vendors are promising to offer computation, storage, and application hosting services and to provide coverage in several continents, offering service-level agreements (SLA)-backed performance and uptime pro- mises for their services. While these “clouds” are the natural evolution of traditional data centers, they are distinguished by exposing resources (compu- tation, data/storage, and applications) as standards-based Web services and following a “utility” pricing model where customers are charged based on their utilization of computational resources, storage, and transfer of data. They offer subscription-based access to infrastructure, platforms, and applications that are popularly referred to as IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and SaaS (Software as a Service). While these emerging services have increased interoperability and usability and reduced the cost of computa- tion, application hosting, and content storage and delivery by several orders of magnitude, there is significant complexity involved in ensuring that applica- tions and services can scale as needed to achieve consistent and reliable operation under peak loads. Currently, expert developers are required to implement cloud services. Cloud vendors, researchers, and practitioners alike are working to ensure that potential users are educated about the benefits of cloud computing and the best way to harness the full potential of the cloud. However, being a new and popular paradigm, the very definition of cloud computing depends on which computing expert is asked. So, while the realization of true utility computing appears closer than ever, its acceptance is currently restricted to cloud experts due to the perceived complexities of interacting with cloud computing providers. This book illuminates these issues by introducing the reader with the cloud computing paradigm. The book provides case studies of numerous existing compute, storage, and application cloud services and illustrates capabilities and limitations of current providers of cloud computing services. This allows the reader to understand the mechanisms needed to harness cloud computing in their own respective endeavors. Finally, many open research problems that have arisen from the rapid uptake of cloud computing are detailed. We hope that this motivates the reader to address these in their own future research and xv development. We believe the book to serve as a reference for larger audience such as systems architects, practitioners, developers, new researchers, and graduate-level students. This book also comes with an associated Web site (hosted at http://www.manjrasoft.com/CloudBook/) containing pointers to advanced on-line resources. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK This book contains chapters authored by several leading experts in the field of cloud computing. The book is presented in a coordinated and integrated manner starting with the fundamentals and followed by the technologies that implement them. The content of the book is organized into six parts: I. Foundations II. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS ) III. Platform and Software as a Service (PaaS/SaaS) IV. Monitoring and Management V. Applications VI. Governance and Case Studies Part I presents fundamental concepts of cloud computing, charting their evolution from mainframe, cluster, grid, and utility computing. Delivery models such as Infrastructure as a Service, Platform as a Service, and Software as a Service are detailed, as well as deployment models such as Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds. It also presents models for migrating applications to cloud environments. Part II covers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), from enabling technologies such as virtual machines and virtualized storage, to sophisticated mechanisms for securely storing data in the cloud and managing virtual clusters. Part III introduces Platform and Software as a Service (PaaS/IaaS), detailing the delivery of cloud hosted software and applications. The design and operation of sophisticated, auto-scaling applications and environments are explored. Part IV presents monitoring and management mechanisms for cloud computing, which becomes critical as cloud environments become more complex and interoperable. Architectures for federating cloud computing resources are explored, as well as service level agreement (SLA) management and performance prediction. Part V details some novel applications that have been made possible by the rapid emergence of cloud computing resources. Best practices for architecting cloud applications are covered, describing how to harness the power of loosely coupled cloud resources. The design and execution of applications that leverage xvi PREFACE cloud resources such as massively multiplayer online game hosting, content delivery and mashups are explored. Part VI outlines the organizational, structural, regulatory and legal issues that are commonly encountered in cloud computing environments. Details on how companies can successfully prepare and transition to cloud environments are explored, as well as achieving production readiness once such a transition is completed. Data security and legal concerns are explored in detail, as users reconcile moving their sensitive data and computation to cloud computing providers. Rajkumar Buyya The University of Melbourne and Manjrasoft Pty Ltd., Australia James Broberg The University of Melbourne, Australia Andrzej Goscinski Deakin University, Australia PREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, we are grateful to all the contributing authors for their time, effort, and understanding during the preparation of the book. We thank Professor Albert Zomaya, editor of the Wiley book series on parallel and distributed computing, for his enthusiastic support and guidance during the preparation of book and enabling us to easily navigate through Wiley’s publication process. We would like to thank members of the book Editorial Advisory Board for their guidance during the preparation of the book. The board members are: Dr. Geng Lin (CISCO Systems, USA), Prof. Manish Parashar (Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey, USA), Dr. Wolfgang Gentzsch (Max-Planck- Gesellschaft, Mu¨nchen, Germany), Prof. Omer Rana (Cardiff University, UK), Prof. Hai Jin (Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China), Dr.