考研考博-英语-福州职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案篇详解

山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-福州职业技术学院考试押卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.综合-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题Aspoliticalfanatic,hehasfoughtwithrevolutionariesallovertheworld.问题1选项A.incumbentB.candidateC.zealotD.jealousy【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A项incumbent“在职者，现任者”，B项candidate“候选人，候补者”，C项zealot“狂热者，犹太教狂热信徒”，D项jealousy“嫉妒，猜忌”。句意：作为一个政治狂热分子，他曾与世界各地的革命者斗争过。根据句意可知，fanatic在句中示“狂热分子”。因此，该题选择C项。2.单选题Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral—usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto_______.4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’'scompetitionadvantageis_______.5.WhatisthemainideaofthePassage?问题1选项A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskill.B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’'ownbusiness.C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.问题2选项A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologicareintroduced.C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.D.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.问题3选项A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipmentB.technologicalandmanagerialstaffC.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskillsD.topexecutives问题4选项A.theintroductionofnewtechnologiesB.theimprovementofworkers’'basicskillsC.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployeesD.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees问题5选项A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’'shierarchy.D.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“isnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates”。第三句说到“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己的事”符合，因此B选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysmaterialsorequipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力，就跟购置材料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“theheadofhuman-resourcemanagement”定位到原文第一段的“Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.，TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，从来没有人会咨询人力资源管理者。因此，答案为选项D。3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是美国的企业用于的资金主要在哪个方面。根据关键词training、money定位到原文第二段的“Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.”，因此答案为选项B。选项A和C,，根据原文中的“Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.”可得知，美国企业在缺乏基本技能以及能操作新设备的员工培训方面花费的资金非常少。选项D原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为B。4.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是保持公司竞争力优势的决定性因素是什么，根据关键词decisivefactor,competitionadvantage定位到文章首句，“Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.”可推断出员工技能对于公司竞争力优势很重要。因此，正确答案为选项B。选项A新工艺的引进，文章虽然有提到，但并无依据表明它可以保持公司竞争力优势。选项C文章并没有提及，为无关选项。选项D文章末尾虽有提到bottomhalf的群体技能可能会影响优势群体的工资，但与公司竞争力优势并无关系。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。本文的主题是什么，从文章首段首句可知，如果可持续的竞争优势取决于员工的技能，那么美国企业是有问题的，下文也有提到美国企业对于人力资源管理缺乏重视，从而影响了竞争力。由此可知，答案为选项D。选项A说的是美国的人力资源管理和日本、德国是不同的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文。选项B说的是广泛的再培训对于有效的人力资源管理来说是必不可少的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文；选项C说的是“人力资源管理的主管必须处于公司级别的中心位置”，说法太过于绝对。3.翻译题Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.42.人们学会了珍惜各自身上具有的一些品质，正是这些品质使群体生活愉悦美好。在这些品质中，最重要的是同情。你若是残忍地对待动物，你就不大可能对其他人善良体贴。你若是对其他人体贴入微，你就不大可能残忍冷漠地对待动物。古代的智者写道“仁者爱人及畜”，原因概出于此。善待动物并不是说我们永远不能让动物承受痛苦。人类自身就是在快乐中、也在痛苦中经受锻炼。因此，有时候也需要用惩罚来训练我们的狗和马，使他们听从我们的指令。在医生的手下，为了疗好创伤或医治疾病，我们得忍受痛苦。为了国家的利益，我们派遣最勇敢的人们直面创伤、疾病和死亡。同样，我们让战马和我们一起亲冒矢石。【答案】Peoplehavelearnedtovaluethequalitiesthateachofthempossessesthatmakegrouplifeenjoyable.Themostimportantofthesequalitiesiscompassion.Ifyouarecrueltoanimals,youarelesslikelytobekindtootherpeople.Ifyoutreatotherpeoplewithconsideration,youarelesslikelytotreatanimalswithcrueltyandinsensitivity.Thisiswhythewisemenofancienttimeswrotethat“benevolentmenlovetheiranimals.”Beingkindtoanimalsdoesnotmeanthatweshouldneverallowanimalstosuffer.Manhimselfisexercisedinpleasureaswellasinpain.Therefore,itissometimesnecessarytousepunishmenttotrainourdogsandhorsestoobeyourcommands.Underthehandsofadoctor,wehavetosufferinordertohealawoundorcureadisease.Wehavesentourbravestmenandwomentofacetrauma,diseaseanddeathinthefaceofwhatisgoodforourcountry.Inthesameway,weletourhorsesmarchwithusthroughthehailofbullets.4.单选题Afussypersonusuallyhasonlyafewfriends.问题1选项A.AfilthyB.ApickyC.AnobstinateD.Astubborn【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A.Afilthy一个下流的（人）B.Apicky一个挑剔的（人）C.Anobstinate一个执拗的（人）D.Astubborn一个固执的（人）【答案】B【考查点】语义衔接【解题思路】划线词形容人，后文提到“通常只有几个朋友”，指这种人不怎么受欢迎，原词fussy“挑剔的”，因此，B选项Apicky“一个挑剔的（人）”最符合原句句意。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原句句意。【句意】挑剔的人通常没什么朋友。5.单选题TheRosettastonethwartedscholars’effortsforseveraldecadesuntiltheearlynineteenthcenturywhenseveralkeyhieroglyphicphrasesweredecodedusingtheGreekinscription.问题1选项A.stimulatedB.influencedC.frustratedD.encouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。题干thwarted“阻止；阻挠”。A项“激发；激励”，B项“影响”，C项“使沮丧；阻止；防止”，D项“支持；鼓励”。因此选C。句意：罗塞塔石碑阻碍了学者们数十年的努力，直到19世纪初，希腊文字才对几个关键的象形文字进行了解码。6.单选题Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheir,lead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover1billiondollarswhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.InShort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.25.Thephrase“featheringtheirownnests”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto____.26.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?27.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggests?28.Theword“seduction”(Para.4)probablymeans____.29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?30.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?问题1选项A.sacrificethemselvesB.decoratetheirhomesC.usetheirpositionforpersonalgainsD.investalotofmoney问题2选项A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.问题3选项A.boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresultB.outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependentC.withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiouslyD.cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms问题4选项A.effortstoconquerB.attemptstowinoverC.endeavorstoincreaseprofitsD.exertionstounderstand问题5选项A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.问题6选项A.doubtfulB.optimisticC.positiveD.approving【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:A【解析】25.词汇推测题。1）句中前后信息衔接：根据题干“第1段中的词组‘feathertheirownnest’的意思最接近于”，可定位到第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，以阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价____。）由此可知，feathertheirownnest是企业高级经理人的行为，并且这种行为是以牺牲股东利益为代价的。另外，该词组字面的意思是“用羽毛装饰他们的巢”。2）上下文语义衔接：后文Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.（最受欢迎的三项改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事会更加独立、将老板们的薪酬与各种绩效指标挂钩和给老板们股票期权，这样他们就和股东们有同样的长期利益。）由此可知，后文讲的是针对1）中的问题，采取的应对措施，这些应对措施都是限制或规范企业高级管理者行为的。3）篇章主旨：本文的主题是企业经营管理的改革，B选项“装饰他们家”与主题无关，排除。4）搭配用法：本题无需参考综上所诉，企业高级管理者的行为：feathertheirownnest“用羽毛装饰他们的巢”，牺牲了企业股东的利益，并且给自己带来了好处，C选项“利用职位谋取私利”最符合语境。A选项“牺牲自己”，表述错误，他们牺牲的是股东的利益，而不是他们自己的利益；D选项“投资很多钱”，没有依据，属于无中生有。因此，本题最佳选项为C。26.推理判断题。1）句中线索：根据题干“大企业把外来者招进董事会的目的是什么”，可定位到第1段第2句Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,…（最受欢迎的三项改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事会更加独立……）由此可知，企业这么做是企业改革的措施之一，并且这项措施是为了“使董事会更加独立”，因此B选项“加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作”表述错误，该选项的“合作”与原文的“独立”相矛盾，属于反向干扰，排除。2）上下文线索：本文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利。）由此可知，为了“阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利”，美国的企业采取了改革措施，那么改革的目的应该是为了限制高级管理人员的权力，以保护股东的利益，D选项“保护股东利益”，表述符合原文；C选项“对企业管理进行有效改革”，表述也正确，但是，对企业管理进行改革的目的也是为了保护股东的利益，D选项表述更好。A选项“使公司业务多样化”，没有依据，属于无中生有，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。27.事实细节题。1）精准定位：根据题干“JamesWestphal教授的研究表明”，可定位到文章第3-5段，这3段详细介绍了JamesWestphal教授的研究结果。第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他发现，董事会里满是外部人士的老板们会花很多时间与外部人士建立联盟，做个人恩情，并且通常会取悦外部人士。）由此可知，董事会里的外部董事与老板们建立了同盟，B选项“外部董事往往更独立”表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除；老板们会花大部分的时间精力取悦外部董事，而不是认真工作，C选项“在董事会里挤满了外部人员的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真”，表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除；改革使高层管理人员与董事会之间建立了同盟，反而加强了两者之间的合作，D选项“高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响”，表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除。A选项“董事会改革未能达到预期效果”，可定位到原文第2段最后两句Threepaperspresentedat…thisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（本周在……上发表的三篇论文给出的答案是否定的。就像通常的董事会修修补补一样，结果与预期不同。）由此可知，研究表明改革没有达到预期效果，该选项表述符合原文。2）综合理解：本文第2段总述研究表明改革没有达到预期效果，第3-5段展开详细介绍研究结论，所以A选项“董事会改革未能达到预期效果”表述正确。因此，本题最佳选项为A。28.词汇推测题。1）句中前后信息衔接：根据题干“‘seduction’这个词的意思可能是”可定位到原文第4段第1句Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.（这些____往往会成功。）2）上下文语义衔接：根据上文第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他发现，董事会里满是外部人士的老板们会花很多时间与外部人士建立联盟，做个人恩情，并且通常会取悦外部人士。）可知，theseseductions指的应该是老板们为了取悦外部董事而做的个人恩情，为了跟他们建立联盟花的很多时间和精力。根据后文第4段第2句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.（Westphal发现，在很大程度上，“独立”董事会采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股东。）可知，“成功”指的是企业高管们的行为成功地让董事会做出有利于高管自己的决策。3）篇章主旨：本文的主题是企业经营管理的改革，A选项“为了征服的努力”、D选项“为了理解付出的努力”与本文主旨无关，排除。4）搭配用法：本题无需参考。综上所述，B选项“为了赢得支持的尝试”表述最符合原文；C选项“为了增加利润的努力”表述错误，企业高管们的目的仅仅是为了自己的利益，而不是增加整个企业的利润，该选项属于偷换概念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。29.事实细节题。1）精准定位：题干“下列表述正确的是？”A选项“一般来说，公司主管们的高薪是值得的”，可定位到原文第4段最后两句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.（Westphal发现，在很大程度上，“独立”董事会采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股东。这类公司将业务多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬与业绩之间的联系。）由此可知，董事会被高管们收买，而做出有利于高管们利益的决策，增加高管的薪酬，所以选项表述是错误的，该选项属于反向干扰。B选项“公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人员的重大发现是，老板们关注影响自己收入的指标，忽视或淡化其他影响公司整体成功的因素。）由此可知，高管们更关注自身的利益，而忽视公司整体的利益，那么高管的收入和公司利润成正比就没有依据，该选项表述错误，属于无中生有。C选项“公司高管们往往利用他们的职位来使自己富有”，可定位到原文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利。）由此可知，选项表述正确。D选项“公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人员的重大发现是，老板们关注影响自己收入的指标，忽视或淡化其他影响公司整体成功的因素。）原文是说高管们更关注绩效评估体系中影响自己体系的指标，忽视影响公司整体利益的指标，但是选项说的却是高管们的业绩的不同影响，属于偷换概念，排除。2）综合理解：题干要求选择表述正确的选项，A、B、D选项均表述错误，只有C选项正确，因此，本题最佳选项为C。30.观点态度题。1）精准定位：根据题干“作者如何看待限制高级管理人员的努力”，可定位到原文第2段最后3句Buthavetheydoneanygood?Threepapers…suggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（但是他们产生了好的结果吗？……三篇论文表明，答案是否定的。就像通常的董事会修修补补一样，结果与预期不同。）2）综合理解：由此可知，对于企业进行的限制高级管理人员的改革，作者的态度的否定的，消极的，A选项“怀疑的，靠不住的”符合原文。B选项“乐观的”、C选项“肯定的”、D选项“满意的”，三个选项的情感基调与原文不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。7.单选题SapphiraandtheSlaveGirlwasthelastnovelofWillaCather’sdistinguishedliterarycareer.Beguninthelastsummerof1937andfinallycompletedin1941,itisoftenregardedbycriticsasoneofhermostpersonalworks.Althoughthestorytakesplacein1856,wellbeforeherownbirth,shedrewheavilyonbothvividchildhoodmemoriesandtaleshandeddownbyolderrelativestodescribelifeinruralnorthernVirginiainthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Sheevenwentonanextendedjourneytotheareatogivethestoryafurtherringofauthenticity.OfallofCather’smanynovels,SapphiraandtheSlaveGirlistheonemostconcernedwithprovidinganoverallpictureofdaytodaylifeinaspecificera.Anumberofthenovel’scharacters,itwouldseem,areincludedinthestoryonlybecausetheyarerepresentativeofthetypeofpeopletobefoundin19th-centuryruralVirginia;indeed,afewofthemplaynopartwhatsoeverinunfoldingoftheplot.Forinstance,weareintroducedtoapoorwhitewomen,MandyRinger,whoisportrayedasintelligentandcontent,despitethefactthatshehasnoformaleducationandmusttoilconstantlyinthefields.AndwemeetDr.Clevenger,acountrydoctorwho,withhisrefinedmanners,evokesastrongimageofthepre-CivilWarSouth.Thetitle,however,accuratelysuggeststhatthenovelismainlyaboutslavery.Cather’sattitudetowardthisinstitutionmaybestbesummedupassomewhatambiguous.Ontheonehand,shedisplaysalmosttotalindifferencetothelegalandpoliticalaspectsofslaverywhenshemisidentifiescertaincrucialdatesinitsgrowthanddevelopment.Nordoessheeverreallyofferadirectcondemnationofslavery.Yetontheotherhand,theevilofslaverygetsthroughtous.Althoughintypicallysubtleways,thosecharacters,likeMrs.Blake,whoopposeinstitutionareportrayedinasympatheticlight.Furthermore,thesufferingoftheslavesthemselvesandthepetty,nasty,oftencruelbehavioroftheslaveownersarepaintedinharshterms.AlthoughSapphiraandtheSlaveGirlwascertainlynotmeanttobeapoliticaltract,thenovelissometimesconsideredtobeadenunciationofbygonedays.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Inspiteofherwillingnesstoacknowledgethatparticularaspectsofthepastwerefarfromideal,WillaCatherwas,ifanything,abitofaromantic.Especiallyinthefinalyearsofherlife,anincreasingnoteofangerabouttheemptinessofthepresentcreptintoherwriting.Earliergenerations,sheconcluded,hadbeentherealheroes,therealcreatorofallthatwasgoodinAmerican.1.InthediscussionofWillaCather’sSapphiraandtheSlaveGirl,theauthorreferstothebookprimarilyasa（）.2.Inparagraph2,MandyRingerandDr.ClevengerarementionedinordertoemphasizewhichpointaboutSapphiraandtheSlaveGirl?3.Accordingtotheauthor,whyisWillaCather'sattitudetowardslavery“somewhatambiguous”(paragraphs)?4.Incontext,“abitofaromantic”(paragraph4)suggeststhatWillaCather（）.问题1选项A.heroictaleoftheCivilWarB.sweepingepicoftheoldSouthC.politicaltreatiseonslavery.D.storybasedonpersonalmaterial问题2选项A.OneofCather’spurposesinwritingthenovelwastopaintafullportraitoflifeinruralVirginiaintheyearsbeforetheCivilWar.B.ThenoveldisplayCather’smixedfeelingaboutslaveryC.Cathertookfouryearstocompletethenovelbecauseshecarefullyresearchedhercharacters.D.AnumberofthecharactersinthenovelarebasedonpeopleCatherknewinherchildhood.问题3选项A.Shewasignorantofthelegalandpoliticalaspectsofslaveryeventhoughshewasakeenobserverofhistory.B.Shewasanenemyofslaverybutrefrainedfromgettinginvolvedinpoliticalissues.C.Shesympathizedequallywithbothslavesandslaveowners.D.Shedidnotdenounceslaverydirectbutcriticizeditinmoreroundaboutways.问题4选项A.favoredthepastoverthepresent.B.condemnedtheevilsofslaveryC.dislikewritingaboutlifeinthe1930thD.denouncedcertainaspectsof19th-centurylife.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“在讨论Willa的《莎菲拉与女奴》这本书时，作者将这本书看成是……”。文章第一段第三句话提到这本书描述了“19世纪中期美国弗吉尼亚州北部的乡村生活”（lifeinruralnorthernVirginiainthemiddleofthe19thcentury），由此可知选项B“对过去美国南方的描述”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段中提到MandyRinger和Cleveenger是为了说明这部小说哪个特点？”文章第二段第一句提到“专注于描绘特定时代人们日常生活的整体画面”（concernedwithprovidinganoverallpictureofdaytodaylifeinaspecificera），第二句话提到“小说中许多人物似乎只是因为他们代表了19世纪弗吉尼亚农村的典型人物，才出现在故事中”（Anumberofthenovel’scharacters,itwouldseem,areincludedinthestoryonlybecausetheyarerepresentativeofthetypeofpeopletobefoundin19th-