北美自由贸易区标志

北美自由贸易区标志 北美自由贸易区标志 发挥各自比较优势的同时～通过自由的贸易和投资～推动区内产北美自由贸易区由美国、加拿大和墨西哥3国组成～三国于1992业结构的调整～促进区内发展中国家的经济发展～从而减少与发年8月12日就《达国家的差距。 北美自由贸易协定》达成一致意见～并于同年 2、大国主导 12月17日由三国领导人分别在各自国家正式签署。1994年1 北美自由贸易区是以美国为主导的自由贸易区～美国的经济月1日～协定正式生效～北美自由贸易区宣布成立。 协定的宗旨是～取消贸易壁垒,创造公平的条件～增加投运行在区域内占据主导和支配地位。由于美国在世界上经济发展资机会,保护知识产权,建立执行协定和解决贸易争端的有效水平最高～综合实力最强,加拿大虽是发达国家～但其国民生产机制～促进三边和多边合作。 总值仅为美国的7.9%,1996年数据,～经济实力远不如美国,墨 《北美自由贸易协定》的签订～对北美各国乃至世界经济西哥是发展中国家～对美国经济的依赖性很强～因此～北美自由都将产生重大影响。 贸易区的运行方向与进程在很大程度上体现了美国的意愿。 首先～对区域内经济贸易发展有积极影响～对美国而言～ 3、减免关税的不同步性 积极的影响是:第一～不仅工业制造业企业受益～高科技的各 由于墨西哥与美国、加拿大的经济发展水平差距较大～而且工业部门也将增加对加拿大、墨西哥的出口。美国同墨西哥的在经济体制、经济结构和国家竞争力等方面存在较大的差别～因贸易顺差将会因此而增加。第二～美国西部投资的扩大。第三～此～自《美加自由贸易协定》生效以来～美国对墨西哥的产品进由于生产和贸易结构的调整结果～将会出现大量劳动力投入那口关税平均下降84%～而墨西哥对美国的产品进口关税只下降43%,些关键工业部门。第四～协定对墨西哥向美国的移民问题将起墨西哥在肉、奶制品、玉米等竞争力较弱的产品方面～有较长的到制约作用。 过渡期。同时～一些缺乏竞争力的产业部门有10，15年的缓冲期。 消极影响的主要有:技术性不强的消费品工业对美国不利～ 4、战略的过渡性 为改善墨西哥与美国边境环境条件～美国要付出60亿,100亿 美国积极倡导建立的北美自由贸易区～实际上只是美国战略美元的经济和社会费用～关税削减美国减少大笔收入～加重了构想的一个前奏～其最终目的是为了在整个美洲建立自由贸易区。美国的负担。协定对加拿大、墨西哥两国同样有很大的影响。 美国试图通过北美自由贸易区来主导整个美洲～一来为美国提供 最后～对国际贸易和资本流动也会产生影响。北美自由贸巨大的潜在市场～促进其经济的持续增长,二来为美国扩大其在易区的建立～一方面扩大了区域内贸易～但另一方面使一些国亚太地区的势力～与欧洲争夺世界的主导权。1990年6月27日美家担心贸易保护主义抬头～对区域外向美国出口构成威胁。 国总统布什在国会提出了开创“美洲事业倡议”～随后美国于1994 北美自由贸易区的组织机构体系～包括了自由贸易委员会、年9月正式提出“美洲自由贸易区”～同年12月～在美国迈秘书处、专门委员会、工作组、专家组、环境合作委员、劳工阿密举行了由北美、南美和加勒比海所有国家,古巴除外,共34合作委员会、各国行政办事处、北美发展银行和边境环境委员个国家参加的“美洲首脑会议”～会议决定于2005年建成美洲自会。 由贸易区。 [[编辑本段] 编辑本段] 北美自由贸易区的历程 北美自由贸易区发展对跨区域合作的启示 关于建立北美自由贸易区的设想～最早出现在1979年美国 北美自由贸易区成立十多年来～虽然对其发展的成果评价不国会关于贸易协定的法案提议中～1980年美国前总统里根在其一～存在较大争议～但无论支持者和反对者～对自由贸易区建立总统竞选的有关纲领中再次提出。但由于种种原因～该设想一后美、加、墨三国由于取消贸易壁垒和开放市场～实现了经济增直未受到很大重视～直到1985年才开始起步。 长和生产力提高是基本肯定的。尤其是墨西哥的加入～使得NAFTA 美加自由贸易区的建立 成为十年来南北区域经济合作的成功范例～国际间对于发达国家 1985年3月～加拿大总理马尔罗尼在与美国总统里根会晤和发展中国家能否通过自由贸易实现经济的共同增长、迈向经济时～首次正式提出美、加两国加强经济合作、实行自由贸易的一体化的疑问基本得到消除。 主张。由于两国经济发展水平及文化、生活习俗相近～交通运 经济全球化与区域经济一体化相伴相随～上世纪下半叶以来～输便利～经济上的互相依赖程度很高～所以自1986年5月开始在经济全球化加快发展的背景下～以欧盟、北美自由贸易区和东经过一年多的协商与谈判于1987年10月达成了协议～次年1南亚联盟三大区域合作发展趋势明显。而北美自由贸易区的发展月2日～双方正式签署了《美加自由贸易协定》。经美国国会尤为引人注目～因为它是第一个由一个发展中国家墨西哥与两个和加拿大联邦议会批准～该协定于1989年1月生效。 发达国家美国和加拿大所组成的非多边自由贸易协定～合作内容 《美加自由贸易协定》规定在10年内逐步取消商品进口,包主要是自由贸易。三国签定的北美自由贸易协定,NAFTA,于1994括农产品,关税和非关税壁垒～取消对服务业的关税限制和汽年1月1日起实施～十多年来～已发展成为囊括了 4.2亿人口和车进出口的管制～开展公平、自由的能源贸易。在投资方面两11.4万亿美元的国民生产总值、当今世界上最大的自由贸易区。 国将提供国民待遇～并建立一套共同监督的有效程序和解决相 合作成果 互间贸易纠纷的机制。另外～为防止转口逃税～还确定了原产 十多年来～北美自由贸易区取得的成果主要有:促进了地区地原则。美、加自由贸易区是一种类似于共同市场的区域经济贸易增长和增加了直接投资,FDI,、发达国家保持经济强势地位、一体化组织～标志着北美自由贸易区的萌芽。 发展中国家受益明显、合作范围不断扩大等。 北美自由贸易区的成立 首先～促进了地区贸易增长和增加直接投资。北美自由贸易 由于区域经济一体化的蓬勃发展和《美加自由贸易协定》协定自生效以来～由于关税的减免～有力地促进了地区贸易的增的签署～墨西哥开始把与美国开展自由贸易区的问题列上了议长。根据国际货币基金组织的数据～经过10年的发展～NAFTA成事日程。1986年8月两国领导人提出双边的框架协定计划～并员国之间的货物贸易额增长迅速～三边贸易额翻了一番～从1993于1987年11月签订了一项有关磋商两国间贸易和投资的框架年的3060亿美元增长到2002年的6210亿美元。由于NAFTA提供原则和程序的协议。在此基础上～两国进行多次谈判～于1990了一个强大、确定且透明的投资框架～确保了长期投资所需要的 信心与稳定性～因而吸引了创的直接投资。2000年～NAFTA年7月正式达成了美墨贸易与投资协定,也称“谅解”协议,。 三国之间的FDI达到了2992亿美元～是1993年1369亿美元的两同年9月～加拿大宣布将参与谈判～三国于1991年6月12日 在加拿大的多伦多举行首轮谈判～经过14个月的磋商～终于于倍多。同时～从NAFTA区域外国家吸引的投资也在增长。目前～1992年8月12日达成了《北美自由贸易协定》。该协定于1994北美地区占全球向内FDI的23.9%和全球向外FDI的25%.其次～年1月1日正式生效～北美自由贸易区宣告成立。 发达国家继续保持经济强势地位。自由贸易区内经济一体化加快[编辑本段] 了发达国家与发展中国家间的贸易交往和产业合作～其中美向墨北美自由贸易区的特点 西哥的出口增加了一倍多～从511亿美元增至1072亿美元。自由 北美自由贸易区是典型的南北双方为共同发展与繁荣而组贸易区还强化了各国的产业分工和合作～资源配臵更加合理～协建的区域经济一体化组织～南北合作和大国主导是其最显著的议国之间的经济互补性提高了各国产业的竞争力。如墨西哥、加特征。 拿大的能源资源与美国互补～加强了墨西哥、加拿大能源生产能 力。特别在制造业领域～墨西哥的人力资源与美国的技术资本互 1、南北合作 补～大大提高了美国制造业的竞争力～使美国将一些缺乏竞争性 北美自由贸易区既有经济实力强大的发达国家,如美国,～ 也有经济发展水平较低的发展中国家～区内成员国的综合国力部门的工作转移到更有竞争性的部门～把低技术和低工资的工作和市场成熟程度差距很大～经济上的互补性较强。各成员国在转变为高技术和高工资的工作。在如汽车、电信设备等美国许多 工业部门都可以看到这种就业转移的影响。在美国汽车工业中～体制使各国的产业优势得到更大的发挥～这对我国的跨区域合作1994年以来整个就业的增长速度远远快于NAFTA之前的年份。是很有启示的。 以至美国缅因大学加拿大和美国研究中心主任彼得〃莫里奇在 启示四:虽然对相对落后地区有一定扶持、但对消除贫困不谈到自由贸易带来的好处时指出:“一个自由贸易协定可能是成功 在一种促进竞争力的新的国家战略中的关键因素。” 北美自由贸易协定注意到各国经济发展水平的不同～在合作 再则～发展中国家受益明显。一般认为～在北美自由贸易协议中也有对相对的落后国家产业的保护和一定的扶持～但对墨区中～发展中国家墨西哥是最大的受益者。加入NAFTA 以来～西哥这个发展中国家来说～北美自由贸易区的发展对消除贫困来墨西哥与伙伴国的贸易一直增长迅速～从1993年至2002年～说～并没有提供帮助。据有关数据显示～十年来墨西哥的贫困问墨西哥向美国和加拿大的出口都翻了一番～变化最明显的是墨题不仅没有消除～反而更加严重。当然～墨西哥的贫困问题并不西哥在美国贸易中的比重～其出口占美全部出口的比重从9.0%一定是 NAFTA带来的后果～但这一机制中缺乏对解决贫困问题的上升到13.5%～进口从6.8%上升到11.6%.墨西哥与NAFTA伙伴协议却是事实。这和欧盟不同～欧盟内部由于建立了消除地区差国的贸易占其总GDP的比重～从1993 年的25%上升到2000年距和贫困的机制～较好地解决此类问题。而这一问题是我国在建的51%.墨西哥在加入协定后～其进口关税大幅度下降～对外国立跨区域合作组织中应该考虑的。 金融实行全面开放～加上拥有的大量廉价劳动力～使大量外国[编辑本段] 资本流入墨西哥～FDI占国内总投资的比重从1993年的6%增长北美自由贸易区的经验及对我国的启示 到2002年的11%～到2001年～墨西哥的年均累积FDI已达到 2005年元月一日～是北美自由贸易区,North America Free 1119亿美元。 Trade Area,成立十一周年纪念日。北美自由贸易区在世界各大 最后～合作范围不断扩大。近年来～NAFTA南扩趋势明显～区域贸易组织中具有重要的地位和作用。它拥有4.21亿人口～包有关成员国在2005年1月1日前完成了美洲自由贸易区,FTAA,含两个发达国家,美国和加拿大,和一个发展中国家,墨西哥,～的谈判。在NAFTA中占主导地位的美国除了把NAFTA看作增加是世界上第一个由发达国家和发展中国家组成的经济集团。该自成员国贸易的手段外～还把NAFTA看作其外交政策的一部分～由贸易区成员间的政治、经济情况的差异非常大～因此具有比较以及向美洲和全球贸易自由化扩展的重要工具～因此美加两国典型的研究和参考价值与意义。目前～我国正在努力建立中国—和墨西哥签订的协议在很多方面都是样板性的。随着“9.11”东盟自由贸易区～以探索成立自由贸易区的可能性～因此更需要之后美国贸易政策变得更加外交化～ NAFTA已成为美国实现区了解其他自由贸易区的经验和教训。 域贸易对外扩张的样板～开始向FTAA扩展。 一、自由贸易区简介 借鉴和启示 自由贸易区是目前世界范围内区域经济一体化的一种具体表 近年来～我国跨区域合作正在广泛酝酿实施之中～先后提现形式。由于科技的高速发展和各国经济相互依赖性的不断增强～出了长三角区域合作、泛珠三角等区域合作。我国跨区域合作区域内数个国家和地区联合起来统一对内对外经济贸易政策、消的主要特点是加快不同发展水平地区之间的经贸合作～利用地除各种贸易壁垒已经成为一种潮流～各种形式的区域经济合作组区经济发展的互补性和不平衡性～依靠发达地区带动欠发达地织因此而层出不穷。具体来说～区域经济合作组织可以分为以下区的经济增长。北美自由贸易区虽然是国家之间合作～但其中几种: 一些经验和做法对我国跨区域合作具有一定的启示～主要有: 1、优惠贸易安排:是在实行优惠贸易安排的成员国间～通过 启示一:区域合作能保持使发达地区保持国际竞争力 协定或其他形式～对全部或者部分商品规定特别的关税优惠～例 上世纪九十年代～美国迫于欧洲和日本经济竞争～改变了如历史上的大英帝国特惠制, 不搞区域经济组织的想法～力图利用建立北美自由贸易区～并 2、自由贸易区:是指签订有自由贸易协议的国家所组成的经通过参与国的经济合作和区域一体化～推进区域经济发展～提济贸易集团～在成员国之间废除关税和数量限制～使区域内各成升本国在国际经济中的地位。十多年的发展证明～发达地区想员国之间的商品可以自由流动～但各成员国仍保持自己对非成员要保持较强的国际竞争力～最重要是使本地区一直处于国际经国的贸易壁垒～例如北美自由贸易区,自由贸易区是一种比较基济发展的主流地位～极力避免边缘化。保持区域经济的主流地本的区域贸易合作形式～一般具有两个方面的特征:一是在成员位就必须融入某个区域一体化组织,自由贸易区、经济圈,应国内部取消贸易障碍～实现自由贸易～但没有共同对外关税,二尽量在这个大区域中证据重要地位或者核心地位。在我国的跨是通常采取原产地规则, 区域合作中～例如泛珠三角区域合作～通过由粤港澳合作形成 3、关税同盟:即两个或两个以上国家完全取消关税或其他贸的大珠三角的发达区域的主导和带动～在经济一体化中继续保易壁垒～并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税税率而结成的同盟～其持和提升自己的国际竞争力。 目的在于使参加国的商品在统一关税内的市场上处于有利的竞争 启示二:区域合作以经贸为主～通过协议循序渐进发展 地位～排除非同盟国家商品的竞争～例如欧洲联盟的前身——欧 北美自由贸易区由于是在发达国家与发展中国家建立的自洲共同体, 由贸易区～有关协议国对实现区域内自由贸易采取了以合作协 4、共同市场:两个或两个以上国家完全取消关税于数量限制～议来逐步推进的方式。各协议国签订了大量的双边和多边协议～建立对非成员国的统一关税～实现商品、劳动力、资本等的自由主要内容包括:消除关税和削减非关税壁垒、开放服务贸易、流动～例如欧洲共同市场, 便利和贸易有关的投资～以及实行原产地原则等～还包括劳工 5、经济同盟:即各参加国不仅实现商品和生产要素的自由流,NAALC,、环境,NAAEC,等附属协定。考虑到不同国家的发动～还制定和执行统一对外的共同经济政策和社会政策～逐步废展水平～主要协议条款规定在10年内逐步消除所有贸易和投资除政策方面的差异～使经济一体化的程度从商品交换扩展到生产、限制～对几个敏感行业的过渡期为15年。这是一个复杂的国际分配乃至整个国民经济～例如目前仍在发展中的欧洲联盟。目前～协议框架～它提供了一整套的规则和框架来管理三国间的建立自由贸易区已经成为世界经济发展的一个趋势～也是世界各贸易和投资关系～同时提供了吸纳新成员和采用新的争端解决国寻求发展本国经济、抵御经济衰退的一项重要举措。毫无疑问～ 自由贸易区本身对非成员国具有歧视性～非成员国不能享受各种程序的机制～这是先前其它国际经济协定中都不具备的。这样 优惠待遇～这明显不符合世贸组织的基础原则——最惠国待遇。一种事先确定制度和法律框架的合作～对我国的跨区域合作是 有借鉴意义的。 但由于自由贸易区的积极作用～世界贸易组织《关贸总协定》第 启示三:区域合作注重产业一体化中的分工协作 24条对其作了特别规定从而使自由贸易区成为最惠国待遇原则的 北美自由贸易区的成立～将美国、加拿大和墨西哥共同纳例外～并明确允许各成员国或各成员在其领土之间建立自由贸易入一个产业一体化中的分工协作体制。最明显的是加拿大的原区。目前～实践证明～自由贸易区对于多边贸易体系并未构成重材料、墨西哥的劳动力与美国的技术管理相结合～形成了以美大威胁,相反～由于它的目标是区域内的贸易自由化～可以率先国为轴心的生产和加工一体化。其中美、加生产一体化主要表在区域实现内部贸易自由化～因此在一定程度上与多边贸易体系现为水平的产业内分工～如两国在飞机和汽车制造、钢铁、食具有互补性～在某种程度上还可以推动多边贸易体制的发展。因品加工、化学品和布料加工业等形成了更密切的产业内联系。此～自由贸易区和多边贸易体系可以共存～事实上世贸组织的很 多成员同时也是各自由贸易区的成员。 而美墨生产一体化的行业主要集中在电器、汽车和服装这几个 世贸组织关于自由贸易区的主要规定有如下几点: 行业～带有明显的垂直的产业内分工的特点～主要是美国将零 部件运到墨加工后再返回美国。这种产业一体化中的分工协作 第一～成立自由贸易区的目的是便利组成自由贸易区的各国 家和地区之间的贸易～贸易壁垒大体上不得高于或严于未建立自 由贸易区时各组成国家和地区对未参加自由贸易区的各成员所现商品和劳务的自由流通～从而形成了一个世界上最大的自由贸实施的关税和贸易规章的一般限制水平。 易集团。 第二～任何成员如决定加入自由贸易区或签订成立自由贸 成立之初～它就拥有3.6亿消费者～其国民生产总值总计超易区的临时规定～应有一个在合理期间内成立自由贸易区的计过6万亿美元。可以说～北美自由贸易区是一个雄心勃勃的计划～划和进程表。 它力图以自由贸易为理论基础～以自由贸易区的形式来实现贸易、 第三～任何成员决定加入自由贸易区～或签订成立自由贸投资等方面的全面自由化～进而带动整个北美地区的经济贸易发易区的临时协定～应及时全体成员～并应向其提供有关拟展。当时～许多国际经贸界人士视之为有史以来规模最大、措施议的自由贸易区的～以使全体成员得以斟酌并向各成员提最大胆的自由贸易区。尤其是对于墨西哥这样的发展中国家来说～出报告和建议。如果全体成员发现参加协定各方在所拟议的期加入这一协定包含了各方面的机遇和风险～对其国内政治、经济、间内不可能组成自由贸易区～或认为所拟议的期间不够合理～社会等方面的影响非常深远。 全体成员应向参加协定各方提出建议～如参加协定各方不准备 一般而言～战后出现的关税同盟、自由贸易区等形式的区域按照这些建议修改临时规定～则有关协定不得维持或付诸实施。 经济组织～其成员国一般是经济水平相近的国家。从国际产业分 第四～对自由贸易区成立计划或进程表的任何重要修改都工的角度分析～成员国之间多是水平分工方式～以达到较高层次应通知全体成员。如果这一改变将危及或不适当地延迟自由贸上的竞争和互补关系。例如～欧盟在东扩以前由清一色的发达国易区的建立～全体成员可以要求同有关成员进行协商。 家组成～是社会制度、经济发展水平和历史文化传统均相对接近 第五～为建立自由贸易区的过渡性临时协议的合理期限只的机制～是大多数国家共同推动的～没有一个国家能起绝对的主有在特殊情况下才允许超过10年～当一项协议的成员认为10导作用～因而其组织化程度和规范均远远高于其他区域组织～也年不够时～则须向货物理事会提供需要更长一段时间的完整解是其赖以成功的基本原因之一。相比之下～北美自由贸易区由两释。 个属于七国集团成员的发达国家和一个典型的发展中国家组成～ 第六～自由贸易区要接受世界贸易组织工作组的检查～并它们之间在政治、经济、文化等方面差距很大。因此～北美自由定期向世界贸易组织理事会做出协议执行情况的报告。在当今贸易区是通过垂直分工来体现美、加、墨三国之间的经济互补关世界～自由贸易区的发展形势非常迅猛～在全球范围内其数量系～促进各方经济发展。从历史经验上看～在差距如此之大的国已经达到数十个～范围遍及各大洲～是区域经济一体化的主要家之间组成自由贸易区还尚无先例。因此～北美自由贸易区是发形式之一。其中～北美自由贸易区和东盟自由贸易区最具典型达国家和发展中国家在区域内组成自由贸易区的第一次尝试～其意义～而北美自由贸易区也是世界上最大的自由贸易区。其他成败对于世界范围内的区域经济合作都有很大的意义。在这种情自由贸易区还有中欧自由贸易区、欧盟——拉美自由贸易区等况下～北美自由贸易区运行的基本模式是美国和加拿大利用其发等。总体来看～世界各国都非常重视通过建立和发展自由贸易达的技术和知识密集型产业～通过商品和资本的流动来进一步加区来为自己的经济发展服务～目前除亚洲的中国、日本、韩国强它们在墨西哥的优势地位～扩大墨西哥的市场,而墨西哥则可以外～世界上几乎各主要贸易国均已参加自由贸易区～有的还利用本国廉价的劳动力来降低成本～大力发展劳动密集型产品～是多个自由贸易区的成员。 并将商品出口到美国～同时还可以从美国获得巨额投资和技术转 自由贸易区的产生和迅猛发展有其深刻历史、经济、政治、让以促进本国产业结构的调整～加快本国产品的更新换代～在垂文化原因。 直分工中获取较多的经济利益～三国之间密不可分的经济关系成 第一～与多边贸易体制相比～区域内国家易于就自由贸易为它们合作的纽带。因此～北美自由贸易区是南北经济合作的典区达成协议并产生实效。同时～现有的自由贸易区大多富有成型代表之一。美、加、墨三国之所以能走到一起组成自由贸易区～效～也激发了更多国家参加自由贸易区。 其背后有着深刻的历史背景。 第二～就地区或邻近国家而言～自由贸易区有利于进一步 从理论上看～南北区域经济集团组织的形成, 首先必须具备发挥经贸合作的地缘优势。邻近国家间的自由贸易区具有人员两个战略性前提: 往来与物流便利、语言文化相近、生活习惯类似等多种有利条 第一～殖民地和落后地区在政治和经济上获得独立～至少在件。因此～邻近国家和地区间具有更多的有利条件来扩大和加名义摆脱了发达国家的控制～存在通过相互合作共同发展的强烈深经济合作以获得互利双赢的效果～其效果比参加多边贸易体愿望。 系带来的利益要更明显一些。 第二～同一区域内的发达国家基于共同的利益考虑, 需要通 第三～在加入多边合作机制的同时～缔结自由贸易区有利过合作来共同对付外部经济力量的竞争。 于推动各成员国内的经济结构改革～从而可以借助更多外力来 具体而言～一方面～20世纪80 年代以来～欧盟,前身是欧推进国内改革。 共体,经济实力日益壮大～亚洲的日本经济也急剧膨胀。在冷战 第四～20世纪90年代一再发生的地区性经济危机的教训～结束后～世界形势的发展对美国出现了一些不利态势～美国已不也促使世界各国更加重视地区经济合作的制度化。1997年的东可能再像以前那样单枪匹马地与对手进行竞争。美国必须创建以南亚经济危机证明～在同一地区国家之间～危机蔓延的速度往自身为核心的、能与其他经济集团和经济强国相抗的区域经济集往更快～相互影响也更为强烈。因此～加强地区内经贸合作不团～以巩固美国的世界经济地位。美国因此对建立自由贸易区就仅有助于防范新的危机～而且也有助于世界经济的稳定发展。拥有了巨大的动力和热情。另一方面～北美自由贸易区的建立也自由贸易区具有非常重要的作用～对于国际贸易和成员国经济符合加拿大和墨西哥的利益。加拿大经济一直严重依赖于美国～发展有重要影响。一般认为～在区域内建立自由贸易区可以促原有的《美加自由贸易协定》已不能适应形势的变化。墨西哥作进成员国内部经济贸易的增长～加快区域内部国际分工的深化为经济相对落后的发展中国家～虽然由于一些历史原因曾长期拒和合作～促进各成员国贸易自由化的程度～吸引和扩大对外投绝与美国在经济上结盟～但20世纪80 年代中期以来其国内不断资～增强成员国在世界贸易中的地位和谈判力量～从而最终达恶化的经济形势使得与美国合作成为唯一的选择。总而言之～面到促进经济增长的目的。因此～自由贸易区已经成为各国为了对新的国际、国内形势～三国都以务实的态度调整了自己的经济实现经济增长的重要制度性安排。 发展战略～在克服了重重阻力之后最终签订了《北美自由贸易协 二、北美自由贸易区概况 定》。 ,一,、北美自由贸易区成立背景 北美自由贸易区是一个以美国为核心的南北区域性经济组 1989年～美国和加拿大两国率先签署了《美加自由贸易协织～美国在北美自由贸易区内有着绝对的主导作用。美国不仅是定》～这使身为发展中国家的墨西哥在北美经济大格局中面临北美自由贸易区的倡导者～而且是该自由贸易区的主导国～它在边缘化的危险。为了不在日益激烈的竞争中落后～墨西哥开始贸易区的运行中占据绝对的主导和支配地位。从贸易区内部的实加入谈判。1991年2月5日～美、加、墨三国总统同时宣布～力来看～美国占有2/3 的人口和90 % 的经济实力～加拿大则仅三国政府代表从同年6月开始就一项三边自由贸易协定正式展有7 % 的人口和8 % 的经济实力～墨西哥虽拥有近26 % 的人口～开谈判。经过 14个月的艰苦谈判～在1992年8月12日～美但经济实力则不到2 %。美、加、墨三国按工业化程度和发展水平国、加拿大和墨西哥三国签署了一项三边自由贸易协定——《北分属三个不同的层次:美国属于第一个层次～加拿大属于第二个美自由贸易协定》(NAFTA, 即North America Free Trade 层次～二者均是发达的工业化国家,墨西哥则是第三个层次～为Agreement)。1994年1月1日～该协定正式生效。协定决定～新兴的工业化国家。因此～无论从经济实力、工业化程度和发展自生效之日起15年内三国应逐步消除它们之间的贸易壁垒～实水平等方面相比～美国都处于绝对的优势地位～自然对加拿大和 墨西哥具有很强的制约力。北美自由贸易区给美国在双边贸易、 直接投资、技术转让及第三产业诸领域内提供控制和渗透加拿左右。北美自由贸易区的建立～对美、加、墨三国各自的经济发大和墨西哥的机会～从而在贸易区对内外事务上拥有了绝对的展也产生了积极影响。 发言权。因而～从根本上说～北美自由贸易区的建立更多地体 美国从中至少获得了五个方面的利益: 现出了美国的战略意图。但是～在另一方面～北美自由贸易区 扩大了对加、墨两国的出口, 又给加拿大和墨西哥提供了难得的进入美国市场的机会～对于 能够进入墨西哥的能源、金融、电讯和服务等领域, 促进这两个国家的经济发展具有非常重要的作用～三国联合起 可以充分利用墨西哥的廉价劳动力, 来在国际贸易中的地位也随之大为增强。因此～北美自由贸易 扩大了就业机会～实现了产业结构快速升级, 区在很大程度上是双赢的选择和结果。 增强了国际竞争力。 ,二,、《北美自由贸易协定》的基本内容 加拿大获得的利益主要包括扩大了对美、墨两国出口～促进 针对三个成员国不同的经济发展情况～《北美自由贸易协了对美、墨两国投资～提高了劳动生产率等。而作为发展中国家定》在以下几个方面作了安排。 的墨西哥是北美自由贸易区的最大受益者～北美自由贸易区促进 第一～在墨西哥占有劳动力优势的纺织品和成衣方面～除其国内的经济增长～吸引了大量外资～并引进了先进技术和管理了取消一部分产品的关税外～对于墨西哥生产的符合原产地规经验。这样～墨西哥已成为世界上最具发展潜力和发展最快的国则的纺织品和成衣～美、加取消其配额限制～并将关税水平从家之一。在示范效应方面～北美自由贸易区在理论和实践上对利45%降到20%。 用区域经济合作组织来发展区域经济贸易都有很大的借鉴意义。 第二～对于汽车产品～美、加逐步取消了对墨西哥制汽车传统理论认为～只有在经济发达的国家之间～才能通过实行区域征收的关税～其中轻型卡车的关税从25%减到10%～并在5年内经济一体化的自由贸易、共同市场等政策来建立成员国间的公正、全部取消,对于重型卡车、公共汽车、拖拉机的关税则在10平等的市场竞争～优化资源配臵～推动技术进步～扩大经济规模～年内取消。墨则将在10年内取消美、加汽车产品的关税及非关提高劳动生产率和经济效率～达到各成员国互利互惠、共同发展税壁垒～其中对轻型卡车在5年内取消关税。 的目的。经济发达国家和发展中国家很难结成经济集团～因为两 第三～美、加分别取消其对墨农产品征收的61%和85%的关者经济发展水平差距过大～民族经济利益往往矛盾尖锐～很难实税,墨则取消对美、加农产品征收的36%和4%的关税。另外～现真正平等互利的经济合作。即使能够达成某种经济或贸易协定～墨拥有10至15年的时间来逐步降低剩余农产品的关税～并有发展中国家往往也会始终处于被动地位～难以摆脱发达国家对发权通过基础设施建设、技术援助以及科研来支持本国农业发展。 展中国家的控制。 第四～在运输业方面～三国间国际货物运输的开放有一个 北美自由贸易区的成功运作打破了这一传统理论认识。如前10年的转换期。3年后～墨的卡车允许进入美边境各州～7年所述～与欧洲联盟、南方共同市场等其他类型的经济一体化组织后所有三国的国境对过境陆上运输完全开放。 相比～北美自由贸易区最明显的特点在于其是典型的南北合作型、 第五～在通讯业方面～三国的通讯企业可以不受任何歧视大国主导型的区域经济一体化组织。这表明～随着冷战的结束和地进入通讯网络和公共服务业～开展增殖服务也无任何限制。 世界政治经济格局的演变～当代国际经济贸易已经发生重大转变～ 第六～在金融保险业方面～在协定实施的最初6年中～美、经济的区域一体化与多极化呈现出交织发展的态势。发展中国家加银行只能参与墨银行8%至15%的业务份额,在第7至15年间～在当代世界格局中的战略地位也已发生变化～即由过去美苏两个如墨银行市场中外国占有率超过 25%～墨则有权实行一些保护超级大国政治上和军事上争夺的“中间地带”～转而成为发达国性措施,墨在美、加银行市场中一开始就可以享受较为自由的家争夺贸易、投资场所和经济势力范围的战略要地。这种多角色待遇。协定还允许美、加的保险公司与墨的保险公司组成合资的转变～对于发达国家和发展中国家来说都具有不同寻常的意义～企业～其中外国企业的控股权可逐年增加～到2000年在墨的保特别是为发展中国家与发达国家进行平等的经济合作提供了难得险企业中外国企业的股份可达到100%。 的机会。在这方面～北美自由贸易区为在经济发达国家与发展中 第七～在能源工业方面～墨保留其在石油和天然气资源的开国家间建立南北型的区域经济一体化组织提供了成功的范例。这采、提炼及基础石油化工业方面的垄断权～但非石油化工业将向表明～在当前的新形势下～南北关系应是一种双赢而不是零和的外国投资者开放。另外～协定同时规定对投资者给予国民待遇～关系。由于南北区域经济集团化是发达国家与发展中国家在优势对投资者不得规定诸如一定的出口比例、原产品限制、贸易收支、互补、共同发展的基础之上组建的超越经济发展水平、甚至超越技术转让等限制条件。作为补充～美、加、墨在1998年又就取意识形态障碍的区域经济集团～这有助于突破美、鸥等发达国家消500种关税达成协议。该协议从1998年8月1日生效～并规超越意识形态障碍～改变过去对发展中国家的歧视政策。从这个定美国免税进口墨西哥产的纺织品、成衣、钟表、帽子等～墨西意义上说,南北区域经济集团化的发展在一定程度上能够为发展哥则向美国的化工产品、钢铁制品、玩具等商品开放其市场。此中国家经济的发展创造一种平等的竞争环境。从区域经济一体化协议实施后～使大约93%的墨西哥商品能享受到美国的免税优的形式考虑～北美自由贸易区也证明自由贸易区是差距较大的国惠～使大约60%的美国商品直接免税进入墨西哥市场。这就形成家之间进行区域经济一体化合作非常明智和适当的选择。 了自由贸易区内比较自由的商品流通大格局。 由于美、加、墨三国的经济发展水平差距较大～因此尚难以 ,三,、北美自由贸易区的成就 实行其他高级类型的区域经济一体化形式～因为关税同盟、共同 北美自由贸易区的建立～在一定程度上达到了三国合作的市场等形式对于成员国有较强的经济趋同要求,而自由贸易区则初衷～给三国带来了巨大的经济利益。同时～北美自由贸易区仅以削减和取消关税壁垒为主要目标～成员国间发展水平差距大的建立给南北国家在区域范围内利用自由贸易区进行合作开创些也无大妨碍。实践证明～只要在削减和取消关税壁垒的步骤和了先河～从而给世人以巨大的启示～具有一定的示范效应。另时间表上能够坚持互利互惠和协商一致的原则～并适当照顾经济外～作为区域经济合作的形式之一～自由贸易区也充分发挥了发展水平相对较低的成员国的利益～可以使不同经济发展水平的其优点～证明了其的有效性。在经济利益方面～北美自由贸易国家达成共识而共建自由贸易区。事实上～北美自由贸易区成立区为三国取得了以下宏观利益。 后～身为发展中国家的墨西哥与美国、加拿大比较成功地实现了 资源互补和共同发展～综合经济实力和人民生活都有一定程度的 第一～规模经济效益:北美自由贸易区是世界上最大的自 提高～这就充分证明在相邻相近的发达国家与发展中国家之间可由贸易区～很容易从其规模经济中获益～降低平均成本～并在 此基础上取得竞争优势。 以实行区域经济一体化。北美自由贸易区的成功经验证明～政治、 第二～实现优势互补:三国经济水平、文化背景、资源禀经济、贸易、文化各方面差异较大的国家也可以走到一起来组成赋等各方面的差异～使得区域内经济的互补性很强～提供了更区域性经济贸易组织～以共同推动区域经济贸易的发展。因此～多的专业化生产和协作的机会～促进了三国整体经济的发展。 可以得出一个结论～不同的经济发展水平的国家间实行区域经济 第三～改善投资环境:《北美自由贸易协定》在行业惯例、一体化完全可能～也说明自由贸易区是不同经济发展水平国家实服务贸易、投资规则、争议解决等方面均有详细的规定～这些行区域经济一体化的最合适形式。这也是北美自由贸易区的最大规定具有稳定性和可预测性～有利于在法律制度的层面上增强研究意义和价值所在。 北美地区投资人的信心并保障他们的利益。这种宏观利益的表三、北美自由贸易区对我国的启示 现就是～近几年来～北美自由贸易区无论是在商品进口总额还 就我国来说～到目前为止还尚未正式参加任何自由贸易区～是在出口总额方面都保持国际贸易地区份额的首位～远高于排这对于我国的经贸发展来说并非是积极因素。对于我国来说～游名第二的欧盟国家的相应总额～已经占世界进出口总额的1/4离于自由贸易区之外一方面使我国只能坐视积极参与区域贸易安 排的国家在激烈的国际竞争中占尽先机～无法享受区域贸易安排 产生的贸易创造效应,另一方面～由于区域贸易安排对区内国人为本～注意各方面的协调发展～把参加自由贸易区作为增强自 家实行优惠待遇～其成员对区外贸易伙伴仍保留各自原有的贸身发展的一种工具和机遇～以便扬长避短、趋利弊害。 易壁垒～因而它所产生的贸易转移效果和排他性效应日益明显～致使我国受到程度不同的歧视性影响。同时～自由贸易区是世界贸易组织明文允许存在的例外～不予以积极利用就没有充分利用世贸规则来为我国谋取应得的利益。因此～无论从理论上还是从实践上我国都应重视和利用自由贸易区来推动我国外贸的进一步发展～并进一步建立和巩固我国在自由贸易区内的领导地位。 目前～我国正在大力推进和东盟自由贸易区联合建立自由贸易区的工作～并已经与东盟十国签署了《中国—东盟全面经济合作框架协定》～为在2010年前建立自由贸易区做了正式奠基。我国和东盟各国的经济互补性强～在政治、文化方面又有着很多相似之处～各方建立自由贸易区的政治意愿又很强烈～因此建立自由贸易区的有利条件很多。据统计～从1995年到2002年～中国和东盟双边贸易额以年均19.1%的幅度快速增长。尽管受全球范围内经济不景气和“9.11”事件的影响～全球贸易增长乏力～但中国和东盟双边贸易依然保持了强劲的增长劲头。2002年～双边贸易额历史性地达到了548亿美元～今年则可能突破1000亿美元。根据预测～中国—东盟自由贸易区建成后～中国对东盟的出口将增加106亿美元～增幅为55.1,,东盟对中国的出口将增加130亿美元～增幅为48,。这显然是双赢的结果。到那时～中国—东盟自由贸易区将拥有17亿人口、将近2万亿美元国内生产总值和1.2万亿美元的贸易额～将一跃成为继北美自由贸易区和欧盟之后的世界第三大经济体～而以人口计算则是最大的自由贸易区～我国也将不再游离于自由贸易区之外～这将极大地促进我国参加国际区域经济一体化的进程。因此～建立和实施中国—东亚自由贸易区具有深远的影响和意义～将是我国积极利用区域经济一体化来拓展贸易、发展经济的肇始。 从对外贸易发展战略的角度来看～建立自由贸易区是我国对外贸易和投资促进的有力措施。我国于去年颁布、实施了新的《对外贸易法》。新外贸法是我国具体实施入世承诺的体现～即在入世三年内对94年的外贸法予以修改～使之与世贸组织的规则保持一致～并在全国统一实施。它也是我国从贸易大国走向贸易强国的一个重要标志。新修订的对外贸易法共11章70条～增加了3章26条～在对外贸秩序以及对外贸易促进的相关规定中有许多亮点～其中之一条就是在总则中关于区域合作组织的第5条 。这就为我国建立或者加入自由贸易区提供了法律依据。《对外贸易法》中关于区域贸易协定的规定是新法的新规定,在94年的外贸法中～并没有这一条的规定。新外贸法把这条规定放在总则一章～充分说明在新形势下我国对缔结自由贸易区的兴趣、信心和决心。更为重要的是～对外贸易法还为我国加入自由贸易区作出了必要的、重要的具体性规定～包括但不限于建立统一、公正和自由的对外贸易秩序～强调了在对外贸易领域内的反垄断和反不正当竞争～并赋予了个人从事对外贸易的经营权。因此～外贸法是进一步发展我国对外贸易、完善我国的市场经济的重大法律措施～也为我国加入区域经济合作组织提供了法律框架。我国巨大的市场、丰富的劳动力资源以及10万亿人民币的存款～都为实施新法推进自由贸易区的规定提供了重要条件。因此～在新的国际经济和贸易条件下充分利用世界贸易组织规则和对外贸易法的相关规定来建立自由贸易区就成为我国的战略性举措～对于我国的经济发展具有重要的推进作用。但与此同时～我们也要注意到自由自由贸易区可能带来的负面影响。 北美自由贸易区和墨西哥的实践充分证明～自由贸易区只是一个国家在某个时期实现经济和贸易快速增长的工具～其本身并非是终极目标。自由贸易区所带来的贸易利益不仅是经济发展的一个部分～也对国内经济的其他组成部分产生各种直接和间接的影响～因此不能指望自由贸易区可以一揽子地解决一系列社会、经济问题～尤其是发展中国家面临着的一系列的严峻挑战。在一定程度上～自由贸易区还可能带来就业问题、贫富差距问题、环境问题、地区发展不平衡问题、产业发展不平衡问题等等～这些问题处理不当～可能会导致某些政治、社会问题的产生～因此均需要我们予以高度的注意。有鉴于此～在我国讨论自由贸易区的必要性的同时～还要充分认识到其自由贸易区的局限性～从正反两个方面来做综合考虑～从国家的根本利益和战略高度来考虑自由贸易区涉及的各种问题。要真正地实现国家的独立和富强～还是要以科学的发展观为指导～以 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.