2012年度职称英语“卫生类”新增阅读理解和完形填空全文翻译(3月4日)

2012年职称英语卫生类新增阅读理解 第八篇 Eat Healthy "Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often,it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow. According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand. Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently,some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller. It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs,getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ,happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents. 词汇: orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿 belly /'beli/ n.肚子 nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养 waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围 paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票 注释: 1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员 1 2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们! 3. take too many bites 吃得太多 4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer,with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜,其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。 5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. 事情是这样的,美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来,盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。 第八篇翻译健康饮食 “把盘子里的东西吃完了!”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员!”几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话:“想想那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧,多可怜啊!”我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是,很多美国人吃得太多了。也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食,而不足坚持“把盘子里的东西吃完”。 据新闻报导,美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负——部分责任。《今日美国》刊登的一个故事,服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。美国人传统的认为有量才有质,所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾客们的这一想法。他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。 芭芭拉·罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。在接受《今日美国》采访时她说道:“从20世纪70年代起,美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物;也就是从这个时候起,美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。” 健康专家已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。显然,现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。据《QSR杂志》(美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道:在上个月对4000多人所做的一次调查中,有57%的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了,23%的人没有发表看法,还有20%的人不同意此看法。但是再仔细看看调查结果,你就会发现很多买不起精美菜肴的美国人还是喜欢买大份量食物。在年收入15万美元以上的人群中,70%的人更愿意买份量小一点的食物:但在年收入少于2.5万美元的人群中,只有45%的人愿意买份量小一点的食物。 事情是这样的,不是美国的工人不想吃的健康一点,而是美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工种下来,盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。他们是指望薪金支票过日子的,希望能为来年的圣诞节节约一些钱来买圣诞礼物。 1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children A. to save food. B. to wash the dishes. C. not to waste food. D.not to eat too much. 2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions? A. Because Americans associate quantity with value. B. Because Americans have big bellies. C. Because Americans are good eaters. D. Because Americans are greedy. 3. What happened in the 1970s? A. The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer. B. Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions. C. The United States produced more grain than needed. D. The American waistline started to expand. 4. What does the survey indicate? A. Many poor Americans want large portions. B. Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions. C. Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150,000 per year. D. Twenty three percent Americas earn less than $25,000 per year. 5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans? A. They work long hours. B.They live from paycheck to paycheck. C. They don't want to be healthy eaters. D. They want to save money for their children. 第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness. When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel. 词汇: dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性 contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的 obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务 insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险 welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利 senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的 grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的 convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的 sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起,资助 institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构 注释: 1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时,句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby. 2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前,他们会死于各种儿童疾病。 3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长,所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。 4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。 5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代 6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济 go on 有许多意思,其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。例: Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce. (工作难找时,许多人靠政府救济金过日子。) 7. grave problems: 严重的问题 8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院 9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构 10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场 第十九篇翻译延长人类寿命 人类生命的延长使人口增加了。许多现在还活着的人,如果早出生100年的话,可能在幼年就得病死了。因为活得长的人越多,在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就越多。实际上导致人口爆炸的是死亡率的降低而不是出生率的增长。 延长人的生命同时也使抚养人口数量增长了。在所有的社会里,残疾的,太小或太老的以至不能工作的人,要靠社会中的其他人的救助。在以狩猎和采集为生的时代,不能跟上其他的人的老人会被甩在后面,任他死去。在饥荒年代,人们允许婴儿死,因为如果它的父母饿死了,它也活不成,但是如果它的父母活下来了,他们还可以再要个孩子。在大部分的当代社会里,人们觉得在道义上负有让人们活着的义务,不管他们能不能工作。现在有许多人已经过了想工作或能工作的年龄;我们也制定了让人们在特定年龄退休的规章。除非这些人为他们退休后的生活攒够了钱,否则别人就得负担他们。在美国,许多退休的老人靠很少的一点社会保障金过日子,生活几近赤贫。老年人比年轻人或中年人更容易得病;除非他们很有钱,或有私人或政府的保险金,否则他们在得重病的时候就得靠福利救济。 当老年人变得衰老,或太虚弱,病太重以至不能照料自己时,他们就给他们的家庭带来了很严重的问题,在过去和一些流传的习俗里,他们会在家中得到照料直到死去。现在,由于大部分的家庭成员都在工作或上学,所以常常没有人在实照料病弱的人。为满足这种需要,许多养老院和康复医院被建立起来。这些机构通常是赢利的,尽管其中有一些是宗教及其他非赢利团体资助的。然而只有少数的这样的机构是好的,它们大部分是垂死的人的“垃圾场”,里面的工作是由一些低工资、大劳动量的、没有技术的人做的。 1.The writer believes that the population explosion results from A an increase in birthrates. B the industrial development C a decrease in death rates. D cultural advances. 2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive. B infants could be left dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impact the cultural wisdom of the tribe their children. D death was considered to be freedom from hardships. 3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true? A Many of them have a very hard life. B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings. C They rely mainly on their children for financial support. D Most of them live with their childre and therefore are well looked after. 4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase “ this need” refers to A the need to prolong the lives of old people. B the need to enrich the life of the retired people. C the need to build profit-making nursing homes. D the need to take care of a sick and weak people. 5. Which of the following best describes the writer?s attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? A Sympatheic. B Unfriendly. C Optimistic. D Critical. *第二十四篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's. Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels. Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar. "Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age." Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14" Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym. 词汇: perchance [p?'t?ɑ:ns] adv. 偶然;可能 online ['?nlain] n. 在线的 stow [st?u] vt. 贮藏,堆装 emanate ['em?neit] vi. 发源 somatosensory [,s?um?t?'sens?ri] adj. 体觉的 neocortex [,ni:?u'k?:teks] n. 新(大脑)皮质 oscillation [,?si'lei??n] n. 振荡 intertwine [,int?'twain] v. 缠绕 spindle ['spindl] n. 纺锤体 ripple ['ripl] n. 波动,脉动 diabetes [,dai?'bi:ti:z] n. 糖尿病 recollection [,rek?'lek??n] n. 回忆 shrinkage ['?ri?kid?] n. 收缩 impairment [im'p??m?nt] n. 损伤 intrigue [in'tri:ɡ] n. 引起。。。兴趣(或好奇心) cognition [k?ɡ'ni??n] n. 认识 注释: 1. file memories:归档并储存记忆。 file:意为 "to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference"(把…归档)。 2. To sleep. Perchance to file? :从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句" To sleep: perchance to dream. "改编而来。 3. the Proceedings: (科学文献、会议文献)汇编,常用复数形式。 4. zzz:(拟声词)打鼾声 5. Rutgers University:美国新泽西州立大学 (the State University of New Jersey)。 6. emanating from:发源于。 7. neocortex:新(大脑)皮质,尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分,也叫做 neopallium。neo-:前縀,意思是"新的"。 8. thehippocampus:大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物,也称"海马状突起",在泛记过程中起主要作用。 9. tens of milliseconds:几十毫秒 10. age-associated memory decline:与年龄相关的记忆衰退 11. administer:实施 12. this impairment:指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage. 13. memory deficits:记忆衰退 14. … the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition:令人兴奋的可能性,即不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。 15. keep glucose levels in check:限制葡萄糖水平。 in check:在控制中,被阻止。 第二十四篇翻译睡眠让大脑文件存储器 睡觉。说不定就是在整理归类记忆?刊登在最近网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编上的新发现 进一步证明了这个理论:当人体的其他部分在鼾声中安眠时,人体的大脑就在整理和储存着白天形成的记忆。 美国新泽西州立大学的乔治·Buzsaki和他的同事们分析了睡眠中的老鼠和田鼠的脑波。他们特别研究了源于学习记忆中心——大脑知觉新皮质(充满知觉信息的区域)和大脑侧面 脑室壁上的隆起物——的电流活动。科学家们发现,这两个区域的脑波变化仿佛处于交织状态。而10毫秒后大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物发出的波动将紧跟着所谓的睡眠纺缍体(新皮质 上的种种活动)。这队科学家们假设这两个大脑区域的互动是理解增强记忆的关键。 接下来的研究,同样也是刊登在这周网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编中,是关于与年龄相关的由于葡萄糖浓度过高引起的记忆衰退。 之前的一项研究表明,患糖尿病的人一直受到记忆衰退的困扰。纽约大学医学院的安东尼·康威特及其同事在一项新的工程中研究了30个平均年龄69岁的人,以调查是否血糖浓度,随着年龄增长而增长,同样会影响健康人的记忆。科学家们实施了回忆测试、脑部扫描和血糖浓度容许量测试,以便测量出人体组织从血液中吸收糖分的速度。这对科学家发现,与最次的记忆相对的,是最低的血糖浓度容许量。此外,他们的脑部扫描也显示出海马状突起的缩小要比那些更容易从血液中吸收糖分的人明显。 “我们的研究表明,这种海马状突起的缩小对人类年龄增大而出现的记忆衰退有着不可忽视的影响”,康威特指出,“这一发现大大激增了令人兴奋的可能性,即,不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。”身体锻炼和体重控制能限制葡萄糖浓度,由此,我们有了更多去健身房的理由。 1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”? A. Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? B. Does brain have memories when one is sleeping? C. Does brain remember files after one falls asleep? D. Does brain work on files in sleep? 2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University? A.The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex. B. Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus. C. Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together tin memory consolidation. D. Somatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation. 3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? A. People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance. B. People with good memory have low glucose tolerance. C. Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance. D. The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance. 4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage? A. There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage. B. The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one?s memory. C. The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one?s memory. D. The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one?s memory. 5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? A. To prevent hippocampus shrinkage. B. To control weight. C. To exercise. D. To control glucose levels. +第三十四篇Who Want to Live Forever? If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ,would you take it? The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date,Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ,worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams,spending time with our loved ones,watching our families grow and have families of their own. "Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work." Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war,poverty,all sorts of issues around,and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society." It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time? Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents,or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation. Working life would also be affected,especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill,wisdom and good judgment. On the other hand,more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals,making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss? Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people,and more on making life comfortable for the old. And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom,but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact , they are less enthusiastic about everything. The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances,we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen,then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get, " says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out." 词汇: mice / mais / n. 老鼠(复数) sibling / 'sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹 bioethicist // n. 生物伦理学家 注释: 1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹 2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点,这里的it指代前面讲的 anti-ageing technology. 第三十四篇翻译谁想永生? 如果你的医生能给你一种药,这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间,你会服用吗? 好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。科学家已经在实验中延长了苍蝇、蠕虫和老鼠的寿命。许多人认为,采用基因疗法,我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140年。 这看似一个好主意。想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱人厮守、看看我们的孩子成长并组成他们自己的家庭。 加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里嘶托克博士认为:“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误,亦能促使人从长。同时,长寿还延长了人的工作时间,从而使生产力得到提高。” 长寿不仅会影响到寿命延长的这个人的生活,还会影响到整个社会。“战争、贫困,所有这类问题都确实存在着,而我认为延长人的寿命并不能缓解这些问题,”美国的生命伦理学家丹尼尔·卡拉汉如是说,“我们应该考虑的是…长寿将给我们的社会带来什么??我想那将不是一个更好的社会。” 当然,那将是一个非常不同的社会。如今的人们已经觉得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困难。离婚率在不断上升。如果一个社会里的人都能活到140岁,那时候的婚姻将是什么样的呢?如果一个家庭里同时生活着九或十代人,那样的家庭生活又将是怎样的一种情景呢? 对老龄化的研究有可能延长女性的育龄。那样的话,就可能出现百岁的父母,或者年龄相差50岁的兄弟姐妹。其实我们是希望哥哥或姐姐能够给与我们帮助、建议和保护,但是如果他们属于另一个完全不同的年代,就很难做到这些。 长寿也将影响到人的职业生涯,尤其是退休年龄被推后了。更多的人将工作更长的时间。这能带给我们年龄上的优势:熟练的技术、智慧以及准确的判断。而另一方面,更多的人工作更长的时间将使求职的竞争更加激烈。年轻人更难找到工作。永远是少数的那几个人占据着高端职位,这使职业发展更加困难。想象—下:一个25岁的员工在与125岁的老板沟通时将遇到怎样的困难? 在一个人的寿命长达140年的社会,年轻人将是一个很小的人群。因此,这样的社会很可能不会太看重对年轻人的教育和引导,反而会更重视改善老年人的生活质量。 如果一个社会的绝大多数是老年人,它将给人带来很不同的感受。它更有智慧,却缺乏活力。年轻人喜动,老年人喜静;年轻人做事缺乏思考,老年人爱思考却缺乏行动:年轻人 好奇心强并可望有不同的体验,老年人对变化缺乏热情,事实上,他们是对所有的事都缺乏热情。 “逆老龄化”技术所产生的影响比我们想象的要深远。而随着科技的进步,我们现在就需要去考虑这些改变。 “如果这个技术有一天能实现,我们最好问问自己想得到一个怎样的社会,”丹尼尔咔拉汉说,“在想清楚这些问题之前,我们最好不要开始着手做这件事。”” 1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do? A. Spending more time with his family. B. Having more education. C. Realizing more dreams. D. Working longer. 2.Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph? A. Marriages in the US today are quite unstable. B.More and more people in the US today want to get married. C. Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties. D. If people live longer~ they would stay in marriage longer. 3.All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT A. Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult. B. More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees. C. The job market Would be more competitive. D. It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions. 4.An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that A. it places more emphasis on educating the young. B. it is both wise and energetic. C. it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new D. it welcomes changes. 5.Which of the following best describes Callahan's attitude to anti-ageing technology ? A. Optimistic. B. Pessimistic. C. Reserved. D. Negative. +第四十篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others,according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. Those conclusions are important because recent ,well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others,pointed out John Hayes,assistant professor of food science ,who was lead investigator on the study. Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips,on multiple occasions ,spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ,reportedly healthy ,ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale,ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. "Most of us like the taste of salt. However,some individuals eat more salt , both because they like the taste of saltiness more ,and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters,people who experience tastes more intensely ,consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ,and at least for these foods, more is better ,so the supertasters seem to like them more. " However ,supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ,Hayes noted. "For example ,cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ,but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced." Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ,showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ,Hayes explained ,we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ,and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. "Some people ,called supertasters,describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ,while others ,called nontasters,find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. " 词汇: publicize / 'p?blisaiz / v. 引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传 dietary / 'dai?teri / adj. 饮食的;食物的 ferment / 'f?:ment / v. (使)发酵 geneticist / d?i'netisist / n. 遗传学家 acuity / ?'kju:iti / n. 敏锐;尖锐 注释: 1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。Penn 是Pennsylvania 的缩写,是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年,在全国共有 24 个分校。在句中,Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语,修饰 food scientist。 2. well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有关减少食物含盐量的大力宣传的做法. 3. left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others:使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合他们口味的食物。fare 相当于 food。 4. lead investigator:研发项目负责人 5. …carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips,on multiple occasion ,spread out over weeks:……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者,他们在几周内的不同时间里品尝加了盐的食物,如汤和薯条。 6. too pronounced:此处pronounced 为形容词,意为very noticeable , conspicuous(明显的,显著的)。 7. supertasting:超重味感 第四十篇翻译咸度味感因人而异 宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明,有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出,遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。 该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰·海斯指出,这些结论非常重要,因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。 含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险,这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。 该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者,他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性,身体健康,年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯,且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感,分为“最轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。 海斯说,“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是,有些人吃盐较多,这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味,也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味,而且咸度越高,味道越好,所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。” 海斯还提到,口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如,奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合,而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪,因为苦味太明显了。” 海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究,该研究表明,人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说,由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的,这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。 海斯说,“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦,而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道,或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多 方法之一,因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。” 1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out that A. it is good to health to eat food without salt. B. many people reject low-salt food completely. C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly D. food with reduced salt tastes better. 2. The fourth paragraph describes briefly A. how to select subjects and what to do in the research. B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters. C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons. D. why to select more male subjects than female ones. 3. The article argues that supertasters A. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food. B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor. C. consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes. D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters. 4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? A. They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness. B. They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste. C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter. D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health. 5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry'? A. Taste acuity is genetically determined. B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth. C. Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color. D. Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science. 卫生类完形填空 第二篇Going on a diet *第八篇Old And Active +第十二篇Dreams +第十四篇 A Health Profile +第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years 2012年职称英语卫生类新增完形填空 第二篇 Going on a diet A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_______and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_______and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3______weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4______the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5______behind going on a diet. 6______,diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7______ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8______ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9______ take in. The next step is to add ,exercise so that you can 10______the number of calories you can consume per day. Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11______of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12______a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13______ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14______. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15______clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish. 词汇: typical / 'tipik?l /α. 典型的,有代表性的 calory / 'k?l?ri / n. 卡路里 consume / k?n'sju:m / v. 消耗,消费,耗尽 (燃料、能量、时间等) sensible / 'sens?bl /α. 明智的,合情理的,切合实际的 consistent / k?n'sist?nt /α. 一贯的,始终如一的 reminder / ri'maind? / n. 令人回忆起……的东西,提醒……的东西 accomplish/ ?'k?mpli? / v. 完成,实现,做成功 注释: 1. ...diets don't work for most people . . . :……节食并不是对大多数人都奏效…… 2. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can…:你可以在看电视的时候骑自行车或者你可以...... 第二篇翻译去节食 一个典型的人需要约每天1800卡路里来维持生计。这些热量,让你的心1_______and你的肺部呼吸。他们让你的的机关operating2_______and,你的大脑运行。他们还保持身体温暖。一个人3______weight因为他或她每天消耗超过所需的热量。唯一的方式来减肥是,以 4______the你每天消耗的卡路里的数量。这是基本的饮食5______behind。 6______,饮食不工作的大多数人。他们不减肥,但7______饮食,并把它放回。建立一个合理的饮食和运动计划是一致的重量8______的关键。你需要弄清楚多少卡路里,你需要一天,你有多少9______采取下一步是添加,锻炼,让您可以10______the每天消耗的热量,你可以数。 运动的图表可以显示你多少卡路里,不同11______of锻炼能燃烧。每天燃烧250或500卡路里的热量可以12______a很大的区别。你可以骑自行车锻炼,而你正在看电视或可以 13______的楼梯而不要乘电梯。找到一个锻炼14______。运动可以是一个容易得多,如果有什么人在说话。公司合身的衣服穿,如果你节食,这是一个好主意。 15______clothing提醒你试图完成的行为。 练习: 1. A ticking B beating C running D kicking 2. A properly B appropriately C approximately D effectively 3. A adds B increases C gains D puts 4. A cut off B take down C remove D reduce 5. A way B principle C method D kind 6. A Similarly B Though C Unfortunately D Although 7. A go off B go on C go after D go under 8. A getting B measuring C maintaining D reserving 9. A preferably B actually C consistently D eventually 10. A raise B go up C exceed D grow 11. A ways B factors C functions D forms 12. A have B do C make D give 13. A walk B climb C run D take 14. A partner B colleague C associate D friend 15. A Tight B Loose C Casual D Formal 答案与题解: 1. B 从句意来看,本句要说明"体内的热量可以使人的心脏跳动",所以答案选择beating。tick 是"发出滴答声"或"激怒";run 是"奔跑" ;kick 是"踢"。只有 beat 符合句意。 2. A 从句意来看,本句要说明"体内的热量可以使身体的器官正常运转"。Properly 和appropriately 都有"合适的,适当的"之意,但 properly 可以表达"正常的、按照一定的规律" 的意思;approximately 是"近似地,大约,大概,近乎";effectively"有效地"。答案选择 A。 3. C 选项 A) 、B) 、C) 都有"增加"的意思,但只有 gain 和 weight 搭配使用,才构成"增加体重"的意思。文中原意要表达"一个人增加了体重"。选项 D)put 和 weight 搭配,没有增加体重的意思。 4. D 选项 A)cut off 意为"切割,剪断"等意思;选项 B) take down 为"记录、记下";选项 C) remove 为"移走、去除";选项 D)reduce 为"减少、降低"。本句意为"唯一的减肥办法就是减少每天的卡路里的消耗量",所以答案选择 D。 5. B 本句要表达节食的基本原则是上文所述的"减少每天卡路里的消耗量"。答案 A)way和 C)method 是"方式、方法"的意思。选项 D) kind 作为名词是"类别"的意思,不 符合题意。答案为 B) principle"原则"。 6. C 本句要表达的意思是" 遗憾的是,节食对于大多数人的减肥并不奏效"。选项 A)Similarly 为"相似地";选项 B) Though 为"虽然";选项 C) Unfortunately 为"遗憾地、不幸地";选项 D)Although 为连词"虽然"。只有 C 符合句意。 7. A 本句要表达的意思是"他们体重下降了,就放弃节食,结果体重又上升了"。选项 A)go off 为"离开、消失、中断";选项 B) go on 为"继续";选项 C) go after 为"追逐、追求";选项D)go under 为"沉落、失败"。只有 A 符合句意。 8. C 本句意为"建立一个切实可行的节食和锻炼计划是保持体重的关键"。选项 A) getting为"获得、得到";选项 B ) measuring 为"测量";选项 C) maintaining 为"保 持、维持";选项D) reserving 为"保留、储藏"。只有C符合句意。 9. B 本句意为"你需要计算出你每天需要的和实际摄入的卡路里"。选项 A) preferably 为"更好地";选项 B) actually"实际上";C) consistently 为"一贯地";选项 D) eventually 为"终于、最后"。只有选项 B 符合句意。 10. A 本句意为"你可以增加运动以增加每天消耗的热量"。选项 A) raise 为"增加";选项 B)go up 为"上升";选项 C)exceed 为"超过、超越";选项 D) grow 为"生长"。只有A 符合句意。 11. D 本句意为"运动图表可以向你展示不同形式的运动所要消耗的热量"。选项 A)ways 为"方式、方法";选项 B) factors 为"因素";选项 C) functions 为"功能、":选项 D)forms为"形式、种类"。只有 D 符合句意。 12. C 本句意为"每天消耗 200 或者 500 卡路里会是不同的"。选项 A 、B 和 D 都无 法和下文的 difference 搭配构成"产生不同"。只有选项 C)make 符合句意,表示"导致不同"。 13. B 本句意为"你可以选择爬楼梯而不是乘电梯"。选项 A)walk 与 stairs 连用可以意为"走上/下楼梯";选项 B) climb 与 stairs 连用可以意为"爬楼梯";选项 C)run 与stairs 连用可以意为"跑上/下楼梯";选项 D)take 一般不与 stairs 连用。答案为 B。14. A 本句意为"找个一起锻炼的伙伴"。选项 A) partner 为"伙伴、同伴";选项 B ) colleague为"同事、同行";选项 C ) associate 为"合作者";选项 D) friend 为"朋友"。选项 A 符合句意。 15. A 本句承接上文提到的 firm-fitting ,要表达"紧身衣可以像一个提醒者一样提 醒你要尽力达到的目标"。选项 A)Tight 为"紧身的、紧贴的";选项 B) Loose"宽松的、不受约束的";选项 C) Casual"随便的,非正式的";选项 D)Formal 为"正式的"。选项 A 符 合句意。 第十二篇 Dreams Everyone can dream.Indeed, everyone does dream.Those who 1 that they never dream at all actually dream 2 as frequently as the rest of us, 3 they may not remember anything about it.Even those of us who are perfectly 4 of dreaming night 5 night very seldom remember those dreams in 6 detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our 7 , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste. One of the world's oldest 8 written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams.This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can 9 that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then.Many ancient civilizations believed that you 10 never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return 11 time if the sleeper were suddenly 12 . From ancient times to the present 13 ,people have been 14 attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance.There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation.although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream 15 there are books. 词汇: Frequently / 'fri:kw?ntli/ adv. 时常,屡次;频繁地,经常地 Significance/ significance / n. 重要性,意义 civilization / ,sivilai'zei??n, / n. 文明,文化 interpret / in't?:prit / vt. 解释,说明口译 interpretation / in,t?:pri'tei??n / n. 解释,口译 seldom/ 'seld?m / adv. 很少,不常 retain/ ri'tein / vt. 保持;雇;记住 注释: 1. . . . very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture... . . but.. 不……而是…… 2.From ancient times to the present...从古至今…… 第十二篇翻译梦 每个人都可以dream.Indeed,每个人都dream.Those谁1,他们做梦也想不到在所有实际的 梦想2,经常休息,3,他们可能不记得任何有关it.Even我们这些谁是完美的梦想一夜4 5日晚,很少记得在6详细的梦想,但只保留一个看似无关的印象凌乱的混合物。梦想并不是单纯的视觉,我们的梦想与我们所有的7,使我们似乎体验到听觉,触觉,嗅觉,和味觉。世界上最古老的书面文件之一,是埃及的Dreams.This卷书是约有五千多年的历史,所以你可以梦想,被认为有特殊的意义甚至then.Many文明古国相信你10永远不会问睡觉的人,睡眠过程中,作为灵魂离开了身体,并可能无法返回11次,如果卧铺突然12。 从远古时代到目前的13人已经14试图解释的梦想,并解释其significance.There可用对梦想interpretation.although主题的许多书籍,不幸的是有一个特定的梦想15的几乎一样多的意义,有书。 练习: 1.A demand B promise C agree D claim 2.A also B just C only D quite 3.A though B besides C however D despite 4.A familiar B accustomed C aware D used 5.A after B on C through D over 6.A great B high C strong D deep 7.A feelings B emotions C impressions D senses 8.A considered B known C regarded D stimated 9.A see B feel C ensure D think 10.A would B ought C should D need 11.A by B in C with D for 12.A awoke B awoken C awake D awaken 13.A minute B hour C moment D day 14.A doing B putting C making D taking 15.A as B like C so D such 答案与题解: 1. D 这里是一个复合从句,缺的部分是带后边宾语从句的一个谓语成分。根据后边宾语从句的内容"never dream at all " ,可以判断此处应该是 claim ,声称。demand , promise ,agree 都有后边的语义不符。- 2. B as frequently as 已经表达了"同样"的意思,所以 also 不符合这一空。quite 不能用来修饰 as. . . as 这样的词组,而根据上下午的语境,这里应该是"刚好,恰恰”所以最佳答案是Just 。 3. A 根据上下文的语-境,可以判断出这一空所衔接的前后两个句子有转折的关系,而且后一句为条件,despite 与 though 都可以表示."虽然,尽管"的意思,但是 despite 是做介词是才有"虽然,尽管"的意思,此处缺的是一个连接词,所以只能用 though. . 4. C 这四个选项中,只有 aware 可以与 of 搭配,策示"意识到',accustomed 通常与 to 搭配,表示习惯于,同样 used to 也表示习惯于。而 familiar 通常与 with 搭配,表示"对…熟悉"。从语义与搭配两个层面来看,最合适的都是 aware. 5. A night after night" 一夜又一夜",固定搭配。同样的结构还有 year after year ,day after day,week after week。相似的结构有 day by day ,"逐日,一天天";year by year ,"逐年,一年年. 6. A 此处是在 in detail 这一表达当中增加了一个形容词,来表示细致的程度。high 表示高度的变化,strong 是强度,deep 是深度,用来表示细致都不合适。所以应该用great ,in great detail ,表示细致入微,描述得淋漓尽致。 7. D 从前边的 visual ,以及后边的 sound ,touch ,smell ,taste 这些可以看出,这里指的是人所有的各种感官的感觉。感官叫做 sense organ ,所以这种种的感觉通常都用 sense 来表示。 8. B 根据上下文,可以发现此处是在描述一个事实。因此首先排除 estimated"估计",而这本最古老的书是已经被认定过7的,所以 regard ,consider 都不合适,因此,最佳答案应该是 known ,目前所知的。 9. A 此处是通过从前文所描述的这样一个事实,可以让我们认识到这个空后边所表达的内容。因此不是 feel ,think. 也不是让我们确认,而只是发现,所以也不是 ensured ,而应该是see。 10. C 根据上下文的语境,可以判断出此处表达的是不能,不应叫醒睡梦中的人。首先排除 need ,另外 ought 通常跟 to 一块使用,所以也不可能。而 would 更 should 两者相比,后者的程度更深,更符合这个语境。 11. B 此处应该是及时的意思,in time ,固定搭配。 12. B 此处考察的是被动语态,与动词 awake 的变形。这里是被叫醒,所以 A 和 C 都排除了,表示被动态而且形式又正确的应该是 B awoken. 13. D 这里表达的是从古到今的意思,通常都用笼统一些的概念,minute ,moment 表示的比较具体。所以用 day 比较合适。 14. C 此处所表达的是人类一直在尝试,"尝试,试图"通常直接用 attempt to,或者用 make attempts to ,固定搭配。 15. A as. .. as 句式,这里所表达的前后一样是指书的数目,与书中对梦解释的数目的一致性。 *第八篇 Old And Active It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A 1 report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world.A healthy long life is the result of 2 in social environment. Scientists are trying to work 3 exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be 4 from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we 5 any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret 6 in the Japanese diet that is particularly 7 to the human body? Another factor 8 to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate.Although longer life should be celebrated, it is 9 considered a social problem.The number of older people had 10 in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs.The country could soon be 11 an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked 12 and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them. 13 the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a 14 of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active 15 in the society and live in harmony with all generations. 词汇: expectancy / ik'spekt?nsi,-t?ns/ 期望, 预期 life expectancy 预期寿命, 平均寿命 health expectancy 预期健康寿命 elderly /'eld?li / n. 年长者, 老年人 adj. 上了年纪的, 稍老的 population aging人口老龄化 decline / di'klain / n.下降, 衰落 vi. 下降, 衰退 pension / 'pen??n / n. 退休金, 养老金, 津贴 retirement / ri'tai?m?nt / n. 退休, 退役 responsibility / ri.sp?ns?'biliti / n. 责任, 职责, 义务 注释: 1. A healthy long life is the result of . . .健康长寿是……的结果。 2. . .. could be one solution to the problem. ……是解决问题的可能方法之一。 *第八篇翻译旧的和主动 这是众所周知的,寿命是在日本的时间比在其他大多数国家。1还显示,日本在世人的 健康长寿健康预期寿命最长的是在社会环境的结果。 科学家们正在努力工作,3正是使日本老人的人这么健康,是否有一个教训是从他们的生活方式,为我们其余的4。我们应该5任何改变我们的饮食习惯,例如,或慢跑,每天早餐前?有一些在日本的饮食,尤其是7对人体的秘密6? 另一个因素在日本人口迅速老化是一个应该庆祝下降birthrate.Although寿命更长,这是9考虑了老年人社会problem.The的数量已经在过去的半个世纪,这10增加养老金和医疗成本。国家可能很快将成为11个经济问题,如果有这么多的老人看了12和相对较少的年轻人工作和缴纳税款,以支持他们。 13退休年龄从65至70可能是一个解决问题的办法。工作可以给老人生活中的责任和使命14。这一点很重要,老人社会中发挥积极的15和所有世代居住在和谐。 练习: 1.A late B recent C contemporary D new 2.A increase B progress C growth D improvement 3.A for B out C in D off 4.A learnt B gathered C understood D gained 5.A do B make C set D give 6.A ingredient B component C portion D helping 7.A helpful B supportive C advantageous D beneficial 8.A contributing B helping C resulting D causing 9.A therefore B actually C even D however 10.A reduced B added C doubled D multiplied 11.A facing B meeting C adopting D encountering 12.A for B after C over D 0ut 13.A Putting B Moving C Rising D Raising 14.A sense B sentiment C feeling D characteristic 15.A roles B posts C positions D parts 答案与题解: 1. B 根据上下文, 可以判断出此处应该是"近期的"或"最新的" , late 通常不用来表示最近, latest 倒是可以表示"最新的" , contemporary 表示"当代的", 此处不符合。而new 是"新的", 放在此处也不合适, 所以只有 recent 最合适。 2. D 根据上下文, 此处所填的一个名词是作为 social environment 的一个补充, 用来表示社会环境的某种变化, increase 是"上升, 增加"的意思, progress 表示"进步" , growth 则是"生长, 增长" , improvement"改进, 改善"。显然, 社会环境本身不会增长或进步, 所以最合适的说法是 the improvement in social environment. 3. B 这里考察的是 work 与介词搭配的用法, 根据上下文意思, 可以判断此处是要表达"找出答案, 解决问题"的意思。而 work for 是为……工作, work in 表示在……工作, work off 则是"排除, 清理"的意思, 因此正确的答案应该是 work out. 4. A 首先, 从搭配的层次来看, understand 和 gain 通常都不与 from 搭配, 所以只剩下 learnt与 gathered , gather from 是"从……收集, 搜集……", 而在这里, 结合上下文的意思, 应该是从日本人的生活习惯中学到什么, 所以 learn from 最合适。 5. B 这里要表达的是做出改变, make change 是固定搭配, 所以应该选择 B。 6. A 根据句子结构来看, 这里缺少的是一个名词, 所以首先排除 D。再看 A 、B 、C 三个选项, 这三个词都可以表示"部分, 要素, 成分"的意思, 但是 ingredient 通常用来表示原料, 成分, component 通常表示文章, 学术观点或者电子产品中的部分或组件, 而portion 更多的是表示数量上的一部分, 此处是饮食, 食物中的原料, 成分, 因此最佳答 案应该是 ingredient。 7. D 根据上下文可以判断, 此处需要的是"有利的, 有益的"。从词义来看, 除supportive 外, 其余三个选项都可, 但是 helpful 相对要弱一些, beneficial 侧重对 健康、身心或事业有益。advantageous 多指能直接导致相对优势或有助于达到目的的事。结合此处的语境, 应选择beneficial , 对人体有益。 8. A 此处是一个动名词与 to 搭配的结构, 用来表达"引起, 导致, 促成"这样的意思, 从语义与搭配两个层面来考虑, 首先排除 help. Cause 如果与 to 搭配, 通常是 cause sb. to do sth. 或者 sth. cause damage to sth , result to 则通常表示"反应"的意思, result in 才表示"导致, 引起", 所以最佳选择是 contribute to , "促成, 为……出力"。 9. B 这里前半句由 although 引导的条件状语从句, 已经体现了转折关系, 因此排除therefore与 however, 而根据前后的语义与语境, 并无递进或进一步加深的关系, 因此 也不用 even , 所以最佳答案为 actually , 虽然长寿是一件值得庆祝的事情, 但是他实际上也是一个社会问题。 10. C 根据上下文可以判断, 这里的老年人口肯定是增长的。所以首先排除 reduce , add 通常做及物用法, 此处也不合适, 而 multiply 有相乘, 繁殖的意思, 放在此处也不合适, 结合日本的实际, 此处最佳答案应该为 double , 老年人口数目翻倍。 11. A 即将面临经济危机, face a problem 为固定搭配, 通常表达面对、面临什么问题。 12. B 这里考察的是 look 和一些介词搭配的意义。根据上下文意思, 此处应该是"照顾, 照料", 所以是 look after 0 Look for 是"寻找" , look over" 检查, 从……上边看" , look out"小心, 注意"。 13. D 这里表达的是退休年龄从 65 岁到 70 岁这样的一个调整, 所以应该是上调, 只有 rise 与raise 能表达上升的意思, 而 rise 通常做不及物用法, 所以用 raise , 表示人为地上调。 14. A 此处是指工作可以带给老人的一些体验, characteristic 首先可以排除掉, sentiment 和 feeling 都能表示情感和情绪, sense 表示感觉, 且 sense 通常和 responsibility 这类的词搭配, 比如 sense of humor, 幽默感, 这里需要的是责任感与 使命感, 所以 sense 更好。 15. A 老年人在社会中扮演的角色, 通常我们都用 play roles in 这一固定搭配。 +第十四篇 A Health Profile A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health.To draw your health profile,you will 1 what diseases run in your family,what health hazards you may be exposed to 2 work,ow your daily 3 compares to the recommended standards,how nluch time per week you 4 exercising and what type of exercise you engage 5 ,how stressful your work and family environments are,what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and 6 or not you have any one of a number of addictions. 7 this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood,heart, and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve 8 a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests. 9 this profile is thoroughly drawn,you can begin to think about setting health priorities based 10 your particular portrait.For example,if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress 11 ,are overweight,smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends, you should quit smoking first,followed 12 losing the excess weight,reducing the stress of your job,giving up your marihuana habit,and then finally giveing some 13 to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer,and then heart disease. Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is 14 excellent health.a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will 15 him in the future. 第十四篇翻译健康概况 健康概貌是一个你health.To绘制您的健康状况的影响因素,所有的画像,你会什么疾病运 行在你的家庭,对健康的危害,你可能会接触到2个工作,你每天3 OW比较推荐性标准, 你如何nluch时间每周4行使和你从事什么类型的运动5,您的工作和家庭环境是如何紧张, 什么类型的疾病,你经常得,或您有没有任何一个成瘾。 7这幅画像,你应该有一个检查, 以确定如何你的血液,心脏,肺functioning.This检查将成为一个基准,然后你就可以比较 后面的测试。 9此配置文件被彻底画,你就可以开始想想根据您的特定portrait.For例如健康优先级设置, 如果你喝两杯马提尼每天晚上,有一个高压力的11,体重超重,每天吸烟一包香烟,和偶 尔周末使用大麻,你应该先戒烟,其次失去了多余的重量,降低你的工作压力,放弃你的大 麻的习惯,然后终于giveing约13如果你想防止癌症第一的马提尼12 ,然后心脏疾病,即 使是年轻的工作人员,从未生病一天,在他的生命,谁是14优秀health.a在所有的卫生习 惯和良好的工作和家庭环境看看。可能提出修改建议,将15他在未来。 练习: 1.A know B have known C need know D need to know 2.A with B in C on D at 3.A diet B meals C food D dinner 4.A use B devote C spend D take 5.A on B in C with D about 6.A if B whether C either D neither 7.A To complete B Completing C Completion D To be completed 8.A as B for C on D about 9.A Unless B Once C If D Although 10.A around B with C about D 0n 11.A work B task C job D place 12.A on B with C after D by 13.A thought B idea C thinking D talk 14.A for B in C with D on 15.A reap B harvest C benefit D lead +第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years A hundred years ago,life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these _____l_____ are rising all the time. What has brought _____2_____ these changes? When we look at the life_____3_____of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest_____4_____of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often _____3_____ infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk. In the_____6_____world these diseases are far_____7_____today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of_____8_____have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which_____9_____bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations_____l0_____common diseases._____11_____, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food,better and warmer housing,and better understanding of nutrition. Genetically,we should all be able to live to about 85 but_____l2_____people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those_____l3_____by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect_____l4_____people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity_____l5_____more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages. The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases",which means that it may be possible to halt their progress. 词汇: Expectancy n.预期 Acute aaj.(疾病)急性的 Infectious adj.传染性的 Smallpox n.天花 Sanitation n.环境卫生 Hygiene n.个人卫生 Antibiotic n.抗生素 Bacterial adj.细菌性的 Vaccination n.种痘,接种 Preserve vt.保藏,防止(食物)腐烂 Nutrition n.营养 Chronic aaj.(疾病)慢性的 Stroke n.中风 Virus n.病毒 Influenza n.流行性感冒 Trend n.趋势,倾向 Obesity n.肥胖 Diabetes n.糖尿病 Halt vt.使...停止 注释: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS):艾滋病,后天性免疫缺乏综合症 第十五篇翻译在近百年的寿命 一百年前,在发达国家的平均寿命约为47:在21世纪初,在美国和英国的男性可以活到约74。约80的妇女,这些_____l_____正在上升的时间。是什么带来了_____2_____这些变化?当我们看在life_____3_____of人民一百多年以前,我们需要看在greatest_____4_____of 的时间。在20世纪初,这些都是急性和经常_____3_____传染病,如天花。许多儿童死于由这些疾病和其他非常年轻,弱和老人总是在风险。 这些疾病在the_____6_____worldfar_____7_____today,并在某些情况下,几乎已经消失。导致这种一个数量of_____8_____have:改善环境卫生和个人卫生,发现和使用抗生素,危险少得多的which_____9_____bacterial疾病,和 vaccinations_____l0_____commondiseases._____11_____的,在我们的整体环境的改善:清洁的空气,更有效的手段,提高人们的总体健康保存食物,更好的和温暖的房屋,并更好地理解营养。 基因,我们都应该能够活到大约85but_____l2_____people活更长的今天,仍然有一些大杀手,周围是防止美国始终达到这个年龄。影响今天人们的问题是更多的慢性疾病,如心脏疾病和中风,和those_____l3_____by病毒,如流感和艾滋病升。当然,癌症是一个巨大的杀手,以及。在大多数情况下这些疾病affect_____l4_____people的,但也有令人担忧的在发达世界的趋势与问题,如obesity_____l5_____more心脏疾病和年幼的糖尿病等疾病。 今天的杀手,可以归类为“生活方式病”,这意味着他们的进步,有可能停止。 练习:, 1. A ages B years C lives D countries 2. A in B about C to D with 3. A length B time C duration D span 4. A people B killers C invention D nation 5. A more B less C high D highly 6. A developed B less developed C undeveloped D developing 7. A more deadly B deadly C 1ess deadly D fatal 8. A improvements B factors C jobs D measures 9. A makes B causes C make D from 10. A against B for C to D cause 11. A And B Therefore C In addition D Nevertheless 12. A when B yet C however D while 13. A spread B affected C produced D created 14. A poor B weak C older D young 15. A and B leading to C from D with 答案与题解: 1. A通过上下文可知此处应为"年龄". 2. B bring about意思是"带来",bring in意为赚取,实现(一定利润),没有bring to这个短语,如果用with,此句话必须变成what has it brought with these changes 才符合语法,但意思就不符合文章了。 3. D life span是一个固定搭配,意为寿命。 4. B从下一句可以看出此处应指那些不治之症。 5. D本句举了天花的例子,下一句指出很多孩子死于这些病,所以此处应为一个表严重的词。high是形容词,不能修饰后面的形容词。Acute不是比较级,所以and后面也不应用比较级。 6. A本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失,通过常识得知应该是发达国家。 7. C本句后部分说在一些国家这些病已经消失,整段都在说明情况好转,故选C. 8. B 冒号后面列举的内容不能统一用其他几个词概括,只能用factor. 9. C注意这里的which不是非限制定语从旬中指代前面l句话的作用,而是指代前面两项内容:卫生的改善和抗生素的发明使用,所以which后的动词不用三单形式。cause没有这样的语法搭配。 10.A该选项为固定搭配,意为对某种疾病的预防接种。 11.C前面说的是对疾病的防范和控制加强,后面说的是整体环境的改善,两者为并列关系,但是And在书面语中不能这样使用,所以只能选in addition. 12.D整句话的意思是:从基因角度看,人都能活到85岁,但是虽然现在人们寿命确实比以前长了,仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。所以此处应该填一个转折副词。 13.A those指代流感和艾滋病等靠病毒传播的疾病,those后面的动词是过去分词作定语。spread的过去分词与原形相同。 14.C本句最后指出一些病越来越年轻化,所以此处应选择younger的反义词。 15.B obesity是心脏病和糖尿病年轻化的重要原因,它和心脏病、糖尿病不是并列关系,而是因果关系,所以选择leading to,现在分词作结果状语。