Analysis of Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥形象分析.doc

Analysis of Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea Abstract: The Old Man and the Sea ，one of Ernest Hemingway’s most famous work,was published in 1952.Critics praise that the novel is Hemingway’s last major work of fiction,and he won 1953’s Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and Award of Merit Medal from the American Academy of Letters.[1] It is a short novel，a fable of a kind ，about an kind Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great mailin。For 84 days，Santiago does not catch a single fish but he does not feel discouraged ，He goes far out into the sea and he hooks a giant marlin.A desperate struggle ensues .Santiago manages to kill the fish and ties it to his boat,only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with some dangerous giant sharks,which eat up the marlin,leaving only a skeleton .The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream,almost dead witn exhaustion.[2] Key Words: background ; struggle ;grace under pressure;symbolism 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥形象 摘要:《老人与海》是海明威最著名的作品之一，发表于1952年。很多评论家 认为这是海明威最后一部主要的小说作品，凭此书他获得了普利策奖以及美国艺 术与文学学院长篇小说奖。这是一部寓言类中篇小说。内容是关于年迈的古巴渔 民桑提亚哥和他与大马林鱼之间抗争的故事。在连续84天毫无所获时，桑提亚 哥试图杀掉这条鱼并把它绑在船上，从而展开了一系列的殊死搏斗。而在回家途 中，桑提亚哥却不得不面对更凶猛的鲨鱼的袭击，鲨鱼吃掉了马林鱼，只留下衣 服鱼骨架。老人将骨架带回家，几乎奄奄一息，他上了床，很快就进入了梦乡。 关键词: 背景，奋斗，压力下的优雅，象征 i Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Key Words....................................................................................................................... i 摘要................................................................................................................................. i 关键词............................................................................................................................. i Contents .........................................................................................................................ii Chapter One Introduction.......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Total Background .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background of the Old Man and the Sea .......................................................... 1 Chapter Two Analysis of Santiago’s characters........................................................ 3 Chapter Three Sruggle bravely and pridely regardless of defeat or death ................ 4 Chapter Four Grace Under Pressure ......................................................................... 6 4.1 Grace under Pressure ........................................................................................ 6 4.2 Grace under the first layer of pressure .............................................................. 6 4.3 Grace under the second layer of pressure ......................................................... 7 4.4 Grace under the third layer of pressure ............................................................. 7 Chapter Five Symbolism In Santiago ....................................................................... 9 5.1 Technique—Symbolsim .................................................................................... 9 5.2 Santiago--- the Best Expression to “the toughguy character” .......................... 9 Chapter Six Conclusion .......................................................................................... 12 Bibliography................................................................................................................. 13 ii Analysis of Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Total background The Old Man and the Sea is a fable of an old man’s life which was told by Hemingway. Hemingway is a famous American writer of modern times. He is also an international literary celebrity in the world. His father was a prominent doctor, and also a dab at fishing and hunting. The influence of his father made him full of love with fishing and hunting. His life was active and adventurous, but it was full of pains. The First and the Second World Wars had affected Hemingway a lot, he had once joined the army and had injured in Italy, and he suffered much that was brought about by the war deeply. He was disappointed with the world and pessimistic about the fate of the man. In his early days’ novel, The Sun also Rrises depicts the war, describing the bewilderment of the European and American young people, then he was look down upon by someone around him and some writers. “You are all the generation that has been at a loss.” So, seeking way out and seeking the understanding of life is the theme that Hemingway wanted to explore. He was an unyielding man, so he portrayed the distinctive individual character of “the character of unyielding man”. From all the works of Hemingway’s, we can find that when Hemingway chose personage, he especially liked to choose beggar, hunter, solider and so on, they could protect their dignity by resisting with the world which is full of hostility, they maintain a graceful demeanour under great force, but on target. The characters of the protagonist are different from that of the early days’ novel. As a mouthpiece of “the lost generation”, Hemingway suffered cold shoulder and attack almost ten years in the commentary field. In order to save the desperate situation, Hemingway wrote a work ,the Old Man and the Sea,that he firmly believes to be the best works in his life.The characters of Santiago,in The Old Man and the Sea,shows his inward world ---he was an unyielding man ,and had the desire to be the best one in the world,all these can be improved by the protagonist who is suffering but strong-minded. 1.2 Background of the Old Man and the Sea Between 1940 and1950，Hemingway was silent from a literary point of 1 view.During this period ,he had written one work named Across the River and into the Trees.It was such a poor performance that critics all agreed that he had run out of his intelligence in literary.But he did not lose his hope and continue with his career.Finally the Old Man and the Sea comed up with storm.Hemingway never gived up to seach for his treasure in the world and finded it in the end because he knowed the world which was just like the sea and full of dream and nightmare.He also knows the world is fair just like the sea.If he insisted of what he thinks is true,he will find what he wants and win prize from the world. The novel, the Old Man and the Sea, is based on a true story written by Hemingway . After World War II, Hemingway moved to Cuba, to know elderly fisherman Gregorio Fuentes. In 1930, Ernest Hemingway by a ship in the storm was in danger. Fuentes rescued Hemingway from danger. Since then, Hemingway and Fuentes forged a profound friendship often with the sea fishing.In 1936, Fuentes, very far out to sea to catch a big fish, but because the fish is too large delay for a very long time at sea, resulting in Return Journey was attacked by a shark had returned only a skeleton. Ernest Hemingway in the "classic" magazine published a newsletter "in the blue sea," and reported the matter. At that time this matter made Hemingway deeply touched, and he awared that it is a good novel material, but have never had the opportunity to start writing it.Shortly after Christmas in 1950, Hemingway had a very strong creative desire .At a villa in the outskirts of Havana, Cuba, an "observation Society", he began to start writing "Hits" (originally called "existing sea"). To February 23, 1951 he completed the first draft in just eight weeks before and after. April Hemingway sent the manuscript to go to Cuba to visit his friends circulated the people, winning a unanimous praise. Hemingway also thinks that this is his best novel just as he himself said "this is a lifetime work of the best written work." 2 Chapter Two Analysis of Santiago’s Characters The Old Man and the Sea is one of the best works of Ernest Hemingway and it is different fronm his other works,This lies in:Hemingway not only depicts the image of unyielding man ,but also eulogizes the eternal value of human beings“Man is not made for defeat. Man can be destroyed but not defeated”[3] Santiago’s resolute characters and exquisite fishing skills suggest that he is not only a toughguy but also represents lofty ideas that is an eternal value in liferiver.A life state with different aspects can be seen from Santiago,such as pride,brave,optimistic,lonely and intelligenct. The Old Man and the Sea is a warfare between strong determination and the vicious enemy.This work is about an old fisherman named Santiago who overcomes the great forces of nature.He does not catches a single fish for eighty-four days,what is worse,the child who has catch fish with him also leaves him.Lonesome is his onlyfriends as well as enemy.But he still keeps on trying without being despired.He goes far out into the sea and catches a huge marlin after three days’ patient struggle.When a person waits for something toilsomely and when he has an opportunity to get it ，he will treasure the chance carefully and make mind to realize it.It is the pillar of his spirit,and only by making it become true can he continue his life. From fighting with the huge marlin to driving away the fierce shark,the fighting process is always in the state of bearing the outside attacks with only one person. It is only when the condition is so bad can show a person’s skill of tolerance.Even though he is so tired,he brings the big skeleton of the fish back to the bank.“He saw the white naked line of his backbone and the dark mass of the head with the projecting bill and all the nakedness between.”[4] Maybe,Santiago gets nothing,but he has tasted the victory in fighting process.The toughguy image of the old fisherman is more obvious and outstanding.This image represents Hemingway’s personal ideal values as well as a symbol to fighting with nature.On the other hand ,it slso represents a spirit that is struggle,pride,never giving up ,confidence and grace under pressure. 3 Chapter Three Sruggle Bravely and Pride Regardless of Defeat or Death At the beginning of the novel, Santiago is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish—he will soon pass his own record of eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles “the flag of permanent defeat.” But the old man refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight, and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey, even though he knows the battle is useless.Because Santiago is pitted against the creatures of the sea, some readers choose to view the tale as a chronicle of man’s battle against the natural world, but the novella is, more accurately, the story of man’s place within nature. Santiago displays qualities of pride, confidence, and bravery, and he is subject to the same eternal law: they must kill or be killed. As Santiago reflects when he watches the weary warbler fly toward shore, where it will inevitably meet the hawk, the world is filled with predators, and no living thing can escape the inevitable struggle that will lead to its death. Santiago lives according to his own observation: “man is not made for defeat .Man can be destroyed but not defeated.”[5]In Hemingway’s portrait of the world, fighting with rival is inevitable, but the best men as well as animals will nonetheless refuse to give in to its power. Accordingly, man and fish will struggle to the death, just as hungry sharks will lay waste to an old man’s trophy catch. The novel suggests that it is possible to transcend this natural law. In fact, the very inevitability of destruction creates the terms that allow a worthy man or beast to transcend it. It is precisely through the effort to battle the inevitable that a man can prove himself. Indeed, a man can prove this determination over and over through the worthiness of the opponents he chooses to face. Santiago finds the marlin worthy of a fight, just as he once found “the great negro of Cienfuegos” worthy. His admiration for these opponents brings love and respect into an equation with struggle, as their destruction becomes a point of honor and bravery that confirms Santiago’s heroic qualities. Santiago, though destroyed at the end of the novella, is never defeated. Instead, he emerges as a hero. Santiago’s struggle does not enable him to change man’s place in the world. Rather, it enables him to meet his most dignified destiny.Many parallels exist between Santiago and the classic heroes of the ancient world. In addition to exhibiting terrific strength, bravery, and moral certainty, those heroes usually possess a tragic flaw—a quality that, though admirable, leads to their eventual downfall. If pride is Santiago’s fatal flaw, he is keenly aware of it. After sharks have destroyed the marlin, the old man apologizes again and again to his 4 worthy opponent. He has ruined them both, he concedes, by sailing beyond the usual boundaries of fishermen. Indeed, his last word on the subject comes when he asks himself the reason for his undoing and decides, “Nothing. I went out too far.”[6]While it is certainly true that Santiago’s eighty-four-day run of bad luck is an affront to his pride as a masterful fisherman, and that his attempt to bear out his skills by sailing far into the gulf waters leads to disaster, Hemingway does not condemn his protagonist for being full of pride. On the contrary, Santiago stands as proof that pride motivates men to greatness. Because the old man acknowledges that he killed the mighty marlin largely out of pride, and because his capture of the marlin leads in turn to his heroic transcendence of defeat, pride becomes the source of Santiago’s greatest strength. Without a ferocious sense of pride, that battle would never have been fought, or more likely, it would have been abandoned before the end.Santiago’s pride also motivates his desire to transcend the destructive forces of nature. Throughout the novel, no matter how idious his circumstances become, the old man exhibits an unflagging determination to catch the marlin and bring it to shore. When the first shark arrives, Santiago’s resolve is mentioned twice in the space of just a few paragraphs. First we are told that the old man “was full of resolution but he had little hope.” Then, sentences later, the narrator says: “He hit the shark without hope but with resolution.” [7]The old man meets every challenge with the same unwavering determination: he is willing to die in order to bring in the marlin, and he is willing to die in order to battle the feeding sharks. It is this conscious decision to act, to fight, to never give up that enables Santiago to avoid defeat. Although he returns to Havana without the trophy of his long battle, he returns with the knowledge that he has acquitted himself proudly and manfully. Hemingway seems to suggest that victory is not a prerequisite for pride. Instead, glory depends upon one having the pride to see a struggle through to its end, regardless of the outcome. Even if the old man had returned with the marlin intact, his moment of glory, like the marlin’s meat, would have been short-lived. The glory and honor Santiago accrues comes not from his battle itself but from his pride and determination to fight. During the process of fighting with the powerful rival,the toughguy image of the old fisherman ismoreobvious and outstanding.This toughguy image not only reflects Hemingway’sideal of personality but also symbolize the courage of human beings fighting with the nature.That is to say,it embodies a kind of spirit which is health and positive.Santiago serves as a contrast to somebody who is perplexed and whose value of life is so narrow minded .When human beings come acrossenormous tribulation,They should think of thetoughguys who fight with the strong rival on the sea lonely ans bravely.From this ,thecan see that some difficulties easier to conquer than that of imaged 5 Chapter Four Grace Under Pressure 4.1 Grace under pressure In one sence ,Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme,which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase,“grace under pressure”and created one hero who acts that theme out.The fillowings deal with the problem of “grace under pressure”repesented by Santiago,the protagonist of the novel.He is endowed with this optimistic attitude towards life-courage,confidence,dignity and never giving up through the “grace under pressure”. This chapter deals with the problem of: grace under pressure: and its revel ation to people.The success of the Old Man and the Sea lies most in its perfect display-- the grace under pressure,hich is a very important quality of Santiago( The quality is composed of two portion :presure and grace.Presuer is the premise,only under pressure can display one’graceful demensnor.At the beginning of the novel， Santiago had gone eightyfour days without catching a fish and had become the laughingstock of his small village(This is an affront to a masterful fisherman，and it forms the layer of pressure;As the story begins，a young boy， Manolin，stayed with the old man，but after the fortieth luckless day，the boy’ father told his son to go in leaving the skiff of which the sail was patched with four sacks and another boat， furled like the flag of permanent defeat(When the boy left the old man and fished with another，they caught three good fishes in the first week(The boy ’good luck formed obvious contrast with the old man’s ill luck(If this happened to another boy， it was coincidental， but it happened to the boy who had got nothing with the old man for forty days and exactly when he left the old man for one week(This made other fishermen believed that the old man was really unlucky enough! This is the second layer of pressure;W hen the old man hooked the biggest marlin never seen in the Gulf Stream，he was alone，without the benefit of modem technology(He endured a long and grueling struggle with the marlin and felt lonely and helpless(This is the third layer of pressure( 4.2 Grace under the first layer of pressure As the novel begins，Santiago definitely and finally failed，however，he kept self-composed and had confidence in his dignity(So even having got nothing in the first 84 days，he continued to go out to fish(Santiago’s commitment to sailing out further than any fisherman had before testified his confidence to the depth(It also showed his confidence to change his bad luck，because he clearly knew what he was 6 born for( Yes，he was born for the conquering of the sea( Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated( W e all know that eyes are the windows of one’s sou1(It means the old man's heart or soul is inconvincible(In order to protect his dignity，he finally summarized the famous motto“Man is not made for defeat(A man can be destroyed but not defeated”([8]This is obviously the declaration to the difficulties and adversities(How spirited and valiant the pledge!It encourages human to fight for dignity( 4.3 Grace under the second layer of pressure The old man was in his adversity and the boy had got good fishes after he left the old man( Santiago didn’t feel jealous but happy for him(When talking with the boy who was not willing to leave，the old man said(“I know you did not leave me because you doubted”[9]and he felt it was quite norma1，though he would be lonely without the boy(When the boy asked if he could offer the old man a beer on the terrace and then took the stuff home，the old man said，“why not， between fishermen All these details show that Santiago was reasonable， sensible， kind with open mind( The old man，s grace lies in his gender feeling(Some details in how the old man woke the boy:he took hold of one foot gently and held it until the boy woke up(W hen the boy was still sleepy，the old man put his arm across his shoulders and said “I am sorry”(Just like someonesaid，heartlessness doesn t make the hero， pity for children makes more the man.With confident attitude towards life，the old man took things philosophically( In fact he hoped the boy could come back to him and he needed the boy，but when the boy wanted to be back，the old man refused because it was the boy’s parents who made him leave and he could not make the boy awkward and unlucky with him( 4.4 Grace under the third layer of pressure When fighting with the marlin， he was driven through the two opposite forces between certainty and uncertainty(Sometimes Santiago felt lonely and helpless，but he conquered all of them ultimately，which was best presented in his long monologue and recall about arln(wrestling contest(such as “1 wish I had theboy to help me and to see this”，“I wish the boy were here”and “1 wish I had the boy"[10] His menti0n 0f the boy several times proved that he wanted to over( whelm loneliness and enhanced courage and force to fight( Santiago recalled the arm—wrestling episode to give him more confidence(The recall would allow him to forget a connection with the marlin that went beyond the literal link of the line:his bodily aches attested to the fact that he is well matched(that the fish is a worthy opponent(As a young man，Santiago enjoyed single-minded competitive contests. As an old man he continued to enjoy single minded competitve contests as well as ayoungman( The old man conveys us that we human beings should keep graceful even under fierce pressure,should face the failures 7 bravely，and keep the spirit of unyielding integrity(These are the qualities with which we should be equipped，just as the motto of the old man“Man is not made for defeat(A man can be destroyed but not defeated(”[11] The symbolism of Santiago in : grace under pressure:,as well as the hurt brought by the war to Hemingway changes his aspiration ,to save the world’s democracy,when he was young.It is the world War ?that casts Hemingway’s world outlook,which also affects his mood about writing.To Ernest Hemingway , the world is full of violence and false: Every one is doomed to death that is so miserable.If one wants to live long in such a society ,he must set an existing rule for himself,and that is:In life, if you want to win ,you should not concede to be defeated ,and you should continue to live by bearing the difficulties;Just give up disturbing sentiment ,don not feel pity for yourself;To seek for happiness in open door sports,and regard the “toughguy” as life spine. Hemingway moulds the typical toughguy images successfully,though the protagonist paddle a boat.“The sail was patched with flour sacks and ,furled,it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.”[12] Defeat maybe predestined,but on the other aspect ,Santiago expresses his calm when he faces fail .Here Ernest Hemingway not only simply tells the story ,but also brings into his own practice emotion and thought from real life. 8 Chapter Five Symbolism In Santiago 5.1 Technique—symbolsim As a master in literature, Hemingway uses very simple words and sentences to write some magnum opus, which is his iceberg technique that he uses in his work. He believed as a good writer, he didn’t need to reveal the action or characters clearly, obscurity can give us the aesthetic sense. So the words and sentences in his work are symbolic and suggestive. That is to say, one needs keep a close eye to read his works and read between the lines deliberately. The arbitrariness of Hemingway about the symbolical factors fully manifest that he is unwilling to accept the laurel of “symbolist”. In this novel, Hemingway has used many symbols. All these symbols have very important and special meanings. By understanding them, we can better understand the writer's attitude of life.When we study the Old Man and the Sea, we have to research its symbolical factors. 5.2 Santiago--- the best expression to “the toughguy character” The Old Man and the Sea is a short simple novel that has been hailed as a classic. The story the Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who overcomes the great forces of nature. Not catching a single fish for eighty-four days, the old fisherman still keeps on trying without being despaired. He goes far out into the sea and catches a huge marlin after three day’s patient struggle. On his way home sharks come and attack, Santiago tries his best to fight but fails to prevent the marlin from being eaten. In the end he returns with nothing but the skeleton of the marlin. Many people believe that the novel is about the life of Hemingway himself. Because some parts of the story do relate to what Hemingway has experienced in his life. The old man--- Santiago is the last tragic hero that Hemingway portrays. Being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being easily defeated. Hemingway’s unyielding character is attached to the old man like a demon, which is the symbol of Hemingway’s unyielding character, which is regarded as an embodiment of Hemingway’s iceberg principle. The old man is a geezer who goes fishing lonely. The torment that the life gives makes his neck condensed with deep wrinkles, which make him look thin and haggard, every part of his body looks old, but his eyes are blue like the sea, never depressed. At the beginning of the article, the old man just catches up “misfortune”. In integral eighty- four days, he has not caught a fish. As a fishing man, that is the most unlucky. Even a boy who spends a long time with him also has to leave him on the fortieth day. The old man’s tragic fate is a vivid symbol in art of Hemingway misfortune. 9 Hemingway had once joined in the Second World War and the Spanish War. The society after war is disarrayed and destitute. The fantastic phenomenon of the war and the society brought deep spiritual injury to Hemingway, which can be said that he survived the war after many perils. This is just one of the old man’s aspects of being old. We find that, after For whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway did not publish any important article, Across the River and Into the Trees suffered criticism again. Numerous critics even affirmed Hemingway’s intelligence had already exhausted, he had nothing fresh, and such situation is so alike the circumstance of the old man at the beginning. In order to prove he is a “geezer”, or in order to prove that he is strong-minded, and can finish the task that no one can replace, the old man must catch a big fish, concerning dignity and honor. Hemingway stressed that he had once planned to name the article Man’s Dignity. To Hemingway, he must write works that is the best in all his life. Hemingway realizes that he can gain a good fame by the fulfilling of The Old Man and the sea. “I will do my best to write better later on, but it will be very difficult …I am special writer, I know how things stand.” [13] The old man also realizes that “eighty-fifth” is a lucky day, “I can seize a big fish of one thousand pounds”. After the old man catches the biggest fish that he has never seen, he has already exhausted, his hands are not only deserted, but also full of scars. In my opinion, the portraying of the old man who is “a loser who can not be defeated” can’t be departed from enquiring into the dual personality of Hemingway. The words and actions reflect Hemingway’s outlook on life and his behavior standard. The victory of spirit gives dignity and courage to these losers and their creators. At the same time, he uses a mask to conceal the weakness and fatalism. The aggravation of the old man’s circumstances is to reveal the “graceful demeanor” when Hemingway is under “pressure”. Under this pressure, the old man’s failure appears to be moving and tragic. At the beginning, the old man puts to sea every day, but he has not caught a fish in succession in eighty-four days, this kind of failure is out of luck enough, and the little boy’s departure makes the old man’s circumstances more miserable. But in such situation, the old man reveals the unyielding character perfectly: When his big fish has been eaten by the shark with skeleton surplus rested, he asks himself: “ What defeated you?” “Nothing.It is me who goes too far.” [14]The old man admits his failure bravely, but he believes his own ability absolutely. He believes even though he fails, he is still brave incomparably, and has not been defeated by the shark in spirit, he does not lose heart, because he believes that “Once he has been defeated, the thing is easy.” The First World War made Hemingway learns the society again, which affected the works of literature seriously. In Hemingway’s sight, the world is full of violence and hypocrite, the death is waiting for everybody. This is the symbol of the old man’s sad fate. If human beings want to live in this society, they must set up a living rule, that is: they can not win, we can not admit defeat, they can do our best to live under toleration, giving up dispute of emotion, seeking happiness in the open air. This set of living rule made Hemingway portray this typical unyielding man’s unperturbed manner. After sixteen years, Hemingway realized the true essence of the story, he 10 turned this true story into a parable that infiltrates philosophy. Hemingway does not tell the story simply, but reveal his living experience, emotion and thought symbolically.The fighting image of Santiago is the development of toughguy images after 1920s and 1930s. It summaries more and research a higher degree of symbolism and moral. 11 Chapter Six Conclusion The old fisher man’s tragic life reflects Ernest Hemingway’s experience.He has taken part in two world wars and spanic war.He and the people had not relief from the evil dream of the war.Despairing ,failing had been always around them.The society is full of chaos and decay after wars.Wars and absurd social phenomenon brought mental and physical trauma to Ernest Hemingway.These helped Hemingway to show the character of Santiago. In addition,by describing the experience of Santiago,Hemingway succeeded in reaching his goal to convey the main theme of the story.Courage,confidence as well as never giving up are ways leading to success.In other words,a mam can be destroyed but not be defeated.Both readers and critics give the works----the Old Man and the Sea so high comment just because of the meanings and influences of the work.Just as Hemingway once spoke highly of his artistic achievement in the great work that the Old Man and the Sea is the only best work during his lifelong literary creation.The Old Man and the Sea is a song of praise about human spirit. Through the description of the sufferings Santiago endures and his courageous behavior in his fights with the marlin and the sharks, Hemingway intends to tell us: although life is a lonely battle, it is a struggle that man should fight on with courage and endurance; and the “meaning” of life is not to be found in “success” or “failure”, but rather in the struggle itself. He tells us that a man should face and overcome the difficulties in life with courage,confidence and the spirit of never giving up. 12 Bibliography [1] 赵红英:《美国文学简史指南》，北京:中国传媒大学出版社，2006.12 [2] 常耀信:《美国文学》，天津:南开大学出版社，2008.9 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][12][14]Ernest Hemingway.The Old Man and The Sea ,译林出版社，2001.5 [10] 桂扬清，吴翔林:《美国文学选读》【M】,北京:中国对外出版社，2001 [11] 金莉，秦亚清:《美国文学》【M】,北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1996 [13] 海明威:《海明威文集》，北京:京华出版社，2006 13