中科大英语期末复习

中科大英语期末复习 第2单元 1) Larger companies had more systematic procedures and a greater division of labor. 2) The pressures of the new society were equally manifest in the emigration of Jews from Judaea. 3) We end by looking at how you embed other people’s words into your own writing, in the form of paraphrase and quotation. 4) Although our skin looks smooth, when magnified it is full of bumps and holes. 5) She said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to the appeal. 6) In the early 1970s, one of the great programs in India was to revitalize primary science in village schools. 7) She hoped that her fiftieth birthday would pass with the minimum of fuss. 8) He resents having to explain his work to other people. 9) Dinner was somewhat delayed on account of David’s rather tardy arrival. 10) His mind would wander, and he would lose track of what he was doing. If this is your first work experience, it is time of major transition. Having a job gives you a chance to put into use what you have learned and to earn income, but it also brings many challenges and lifestyle changes. These changes can be overwhelming, particularly if you haven’t prepared for them. The culture of an organization affects the type of people employed, their career aspirations, their educational backgrounds, and their status in society. The only trustworthy predictor of on-the-job success is how closely an individual’s work habits match the organizational culture. Most people at some point in their lives have to deal with a difficult boss. Difficult supervisors vary in personality from being a little pushy or rude, all the way to being downright abusive. Many people feel that an abusive boss has control of their personal life outside of work by lowering their self-esteem and making them live in constant fear. 第3单元 on the contrary 1) luckily, no one was hurt in the car accident yesterday. 2) What on earth do you mean? 3) It does not often rain in summer here. as a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. 4) I have a bit of a cold. It is nothing much, though. 5) What performance do you think we should give at the party? 6) A: What brought you to the gym? B: to be honest, I’ve been feeling like a bit of a porker and want to drop some weight. 7) in my opinion, we should not avoid having communication with the working people. , we should strengthen our ties with them. 8) Yesterday morning I had a sore throat.worse still, I had a fever. 9) You must quit smoking. most important of all, you should start taking exercise. Whether you are making the initial contact with a client or a colleague, you want to get off on the right foot. Doing so will make the first encounter and subsequent ones go smoothly and easily. Getting off on the wrong foot can make for a difficult recovery Every new activity, every new product, every new project in the workplace is created in response to a business need. Yet we often find ourselves in situations where, despite spending tremendous time and resources, there’s a mismatch between what has been designed and what is actually needed When interviewing stakeholders, be clear about what the basic scope of the project is, and keep your discussions within this. Otherwise, end-users may be tempted to describe all sorts of functionality that your project was never designed to provide. If users have articulated these desires in detail, they may be disappointed when they are not included in the final specification 第4单元 a) The price reached a peak before falling a little and then maintained the same level. b) The sales of our products fell slightly in the final quarter. c) The value of the shares has shown a steady decline d) The Research and Development budget has fluctuated over the past few years. e) The investment level rose suddenly. f) At the end of the first year, sales stood at 50% of the present level. g) The sudden collapse in share prices has surprised everyone. h) There has been a steady increase in costs over several years. The purpose of technical writing is to inform the reader of something and its style should further rather than detract from the purpose. Good technical writing is clear and direct, and it utilizes great richness and variety in English expression to convey ideas in the most efficient and effective manner. Oral communication is mainly utilized in face-to-face meetings or over the telephone as well as in group meetings and affords a lot more flexibility to the speaker, such as the ability to communicate not only with voice but body language, attitude and nuance. The subtle nuances that can be communicated during verbal communication are not present during written communication. Successful communication requires some basic rules that all team members can keep in mind such as not jumping to conclusions, resisting the urge to interrupt and listening to others. Other important factors that can be commonly practiced for successful communication are to seek to know more and to make listening a conscious activity. 第7单元 overtly advocate 1) The opposition leader accused government ministers of manipulating the statistics to suit themselves. 2) assertive communicators will state needs and express feelings clearly, appropriately, and respectfully with good eye contact and a relaxed body posture. 3) Large price increases could trigger demands for even larger wage increases. 4) This explains why AIDS victims are prone to pick up, and indeed eventually die from, opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia. 5) aggressive communicators will often try to dominate, control, criticize, blame or attack others. 6) All these changes to the newspaper alienate its traditional readers. 7) By the time he had pressed her into a seat, she had herself under more control, and was suffering acute embarrassment at her outburst of anger. 8) Then I got into a phone-box and made a reverse charge call to Auntie Jean, who was drunk and abusive as usual. 9) We worked for days carrying things upstairs, until, late one afternoon, the water edged over the threshold and rushed into the house. The problem in real life is that assertive and aggressive behaviour may overlap. When someone is about to infringe on their rights, they often fight back at the other party while defending their rights. The challenge is to learn to be firm and assertive without going a step too far and becoming aggressive. They maintain that submissive behaviour leads to poor self-esteem, self-denial, emotional suppression, and strained interpersonal relationships. They assert that aggressive communication tends to promote guilt, alienation, and disharmony. In contrast, assertive behaviour is said to foster high self-esteem and satisfactory interpersonal relationships. Non-assertive postures include slouching, hunching shoulders, shuffling, hiding you face behind your hair, your mouth behind your hand, cocking your head to one side or standing off balance (especially with your hands clasped behind your back). 1) We can’t ship the materials today. Hint: Describe positive rather than negative actions. 2) I saw what you did; you violated our policy. Hint: Use the passive voice. 3) If these problems are not fixed, we will stop paying rent. Hint: Offer constructive suggestions instead of threats or ultimatums. 4) You should hurry. Hint: Soften your tone of voice. 5) You are always late. Hint: Give suggestions instead of criticism. 6) You shouldn’t accuse her of being insincere. Hint: Avoid the use of "shouldn't". 7) You are ignoring me. (The wife wants to talk to her husband who is watching television. But he doesn’t have any response.) Hint: Use “I” statements. 8) You are so stubborn. You never listen to me. Hint: Avoid insults and accusations. 9) I missed the train. You didn’t wake me up early. It’s all your fault. Hint: Avoid blaming statements. 第8单元 1) If such methods prove unsuccessful, the parties may resolve their dispute through arbitration or by judicial means. 2) He always gives priority to others rather than to himself. 3) We were fully apprised of the situation. 4) This issue should be addressed immediately. 5) I entered the competition with no hope, but I ended up with a golden prize. 6) It is not always reliable to argue by analogy. 7) He cannot resist the attraction of a highly-paid job. 8)Try and set aside time to do some mending jobs. 9) This fully demonstrates their willingness to cooperate. 10) The response of the audience varied from outright rejection to warm hospitality. 1) Listening is more than hearing what someone has to say. It involves a keen awareness of nonverbal and verbal communication. Good listening takes practice and involves a number of techniques. 2) Because there is no face-to-face communication with written communication, we have to be even more careful in crafting our messages to customers. Some tips for communicating clearly in writing include using simple, conversational language. Be as brief as possible while still explaining your subject thoroughly. 3) Nonverbal communication includes dozens of elements: the tone and pitch of our voices, the speed at which we speak, our clothing, posture, hand gestures, eye contact and more. Customer service representatives should be aware of their nonverbal communication with clients at all times. The wrong tone of voice, a hurried voice, lack of eye contact and bad posture can jeopardize relationships with clients. 第10单元 1) Prolonged use of the drug is known to have harmful side-effects. 2) I keep getting contradictory advice — some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me to put ice on it. 3) Mother and son sat in silence watching the scenes of violence unfold. 4) The Olympic Games were watched by literally billions of people around the world. 5) His decision to stop drinking, made two days ago, now seemed futile. 6) He spent a long time over these calculations and they appeared to soothe him. 7) There’s nothing like a steam railway to evoke the atmosphere needed for a truly British romantic film set in days gone by. 8)I know that he feels great distress at what is happening as a result of government inaction on this matter. 9) He would, I said, do himself an immense disservice which he would indeed regret and from which he would never recover. 10) You’re not contemplating a change of job, are you? The nature of work has gone through drastic changes over the last century and it is still changing at whirlwind speed. They have touched almost all professions, starting from an artist to a surgeon, or a commercial pilot to a sales executive. With change comes stress, inevitably. Pressure perceived as acceptable by an individual, may even keep workers alert, motivated, able to work and learn, depending on the available resources and personal characteristics. However, when that pressure becomes excessive or otherwise unmanageable it leads to stress. Many people find yoga to be a great stress management tool. The combination of deep breathing, meditation and muscle stretching addresses all major stress factors. Yoga is a great choice because you can take classes if you like, or you can do it in the comfort and solitude of your own home if you prefer. 作文 Directions: If you have got a job offer, it is very polite to write an e-mail of acceptance if you want to take that job. Please write to Susan Smith, Director of the HR Department, an acceptance e-mail to show your willingness to join the company and your appreciation for what she has done for you. Read a sample e-mail carefully and write your own. Sample: From: John006@hotmail.com To: Susan808@hotmail.com Subject: Thank you for the job offer Date: Saturday, July 2, 2011 Dear Ms. Smith, I am very pleased to accept your offer to join Peterson Company as a software engineer in R & D Department. I really want to be a member of your team. I’m deeply impressed by the dynamic atmosphere of the company and I’m looking forward to contributing to its development. Thank you very much for the attached information you sent to me about this position. I appreciate your help and look forward to meeting you soon. Sincerely, John Brown