清华大学跨文化课程教案(1)

大学英语跨文化交际Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication黑龙江大学外语部LEARNINGOBJECTIVESInthischapter,studentswilllearnhowto:Understandthedefinitionofverbalcommunication.Describetherelationbetweenlanguageandculture.Summarizetheverbalcommunicationstyles.Understandthephenomenonoflanguagediversity.Evaluatethewrittencommunicationpattern.VerbalInterculturalCommunicationSelf-enhancement/Self-effacementSignificanceofVerbalCommunicationLanguageandCultureVerbalCommunicationStylesDirect/IndirectLanguageasaReflectionoftheEnvironmentLanguageasaReflectionofValuesWrittenCommunicationDirectPlanIndirectPlanLanguageDiversityElaborate/Exacting/SuccinctInstrumental/AffectivePersonal/ContextualDialectandSociolectPidginandLinguaFrancajorgonTabooandEuphemismTheMeaningofWordsChapterOutlineLead-incase:SuccessStory1.WhatdoyouthinkofMs.Goshima’spersonality?2.DoyouthinkGoshima’sverbalcommunicationisinfluencedbyJapaneseculture?HowdidJapanesecultureinfluencehercommunicationstyle?3.WhyisMarydisappointed?Howdotheirverbalcommunicationstylesdiffer?Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationVerbalinterculturalcommunicationVerbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Weusewordstocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.sharethepast.exercisesomecontroloverthepresent.formimagesofthefuture.TextASignificanceofVerbalCommunicationChapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationTextBLanguageandCultureWorddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary.Forexample,inChinese,weliveina房子.InEnglish,weliveinahouse.InSpanish,weliveinacasa.InThai,weliveinaban.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication1.Sapir-WhorfHypothesislinguisticdeterministinterpretation---Languagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.linguisticrelativityinterpretation---Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.Eg.InArabic,thecamelplayssignificantrolesinpeople’slife,sotherearemorethan40wordsfor“camel”.NothingismoreimportantthanricetotheChinese,sowehaveexpressionslike“人是铁，饭是钢”and“铁饭碗”.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication2.LanguageasaReflectionoftheEnvironmentChapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationTheenvironmentinfluencestheappropriatevocabulary.Languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Eg.IntheAmazonareasnowisnotapartoftheenvironment;therefore,peopleinthatregiondonothaveawordforsnow.MostAmericansusetermssuchassnow,powdersnow,sleet,slush,blizzard,andice.3.LanguageasaReflectionofValuesChapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationLanguagereflectsculturalvalues.Eg.TimedoesnotplayaroleinNavajolife.Asaresult,theNavajodonothavethedifferentiatedvocabularyconnectedwithtimeandclocks.Oneoftheproblemsindealingwithpeoplefromotherculturesisthatwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturewithwordsthatfitourexpectations.Eg.ForAmericans“tomorrow”meansmidnighttomidnight,averyprecisetimeperiod.ToMexicans,incontrast,mañanameansinthefuture,soon.4.TheMeaningofWordsChapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationSometimesdifferentculturesuseidenticalwordsthathaveratherdifferentmeanings.Theresultscanbehumorous,annoying,orcostly,dependingonthecircumstances.Eg.FortheAmerican,“administration”intheuniversitycontextmeansdepartmentchairordean.FortheFrench,“administration”meansupper-levelclericalstaff.Cultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Thecommunicationstyleisconcernedwiththeuseoflanguage.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationTextCVerbalCommunicationStyles1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesInthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentions.Eg.U.S.Americanstendtouseastraightforwardformofrequest.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtohidethespeaker’sactualintentions.Eg.Chinesetendtoaskforafavorinamoreroundaboutandimplicitway.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingaboutone’saccomplishmentsandabilities.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Americanadmightbeginwith,“Ahandsome,athleticmalewithagoodsenseofhumorseeksafun-lovingpartner…”Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitationsandmodesttalk.Eg.Intheclassifiedads,Japaneseadmightread,“AlthoughIamnotverygood-looking,I’mwillingtotrymybest.”Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationDifferentWaysofServingTea3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesAnelaboratestyleemphasizesflashyandembellishedlanguage.ThisstyleofcommunicationcanbeseeninmanyArab,MiddleEastern,andAfro-Americancultures.Anexactingstyle,wherepersonssaynomoreorlessthanisneeded,isusedbyAmericans.Asuccinctstyleischaracterizedbytheuseofconcisestatements,understatements,andevensilence.AsuccinctstylecanbefoundinJapan,China,andsomeNativeAmericanculturesChapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication4.PersonalandContextualStyleThepersonalcommunicationstyleemphasizestheindividualidentityofthespeaker.Eg.Englishhasonlyoneformforthesecondperson,thatis,you.Thecontextualstylehighlightsone’sroleidentityandstatus.Eg.Chinese,GermanandFrench,forexample,haveinformalandformalformsofthepronounyou(你/您;du/Sie;tu/vous).Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAninstrumentalverbalstyleissender-basedandgoal-outcomebased.Theinstrumentalspeakerusescommunicationtoachievesomegoaloroutcome.Theburdenofunderstandingoftenrestswiththespeaker.Anaffectivecommunicationstyleisreceiverandprocessoriented.Theaffectivespeakerisconcernednotsomuchwiththeoutcomeofthecommunication,butwiththeprocess.Theresponsibilityofunderstandingrestswithboththespeakerandthelistener.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationThenotionofalanguageisnotmonolithicandtherereallyexistmanytypesorvarietiesofthesamelanguage.Somelanguagevariationsresultfromthelanguageuser,thatis,hisorhergeographicalorigin(dialect),orhisorhersocialcondition(sociolect).However,somelanguagevariationsresultfromthecircumstancesofcommunication,suchaspidginandLinguaFranca,tabooandeuphemismaswellasjargon.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationTextDLanguageDiversity1.DialectsandSociolectsDialectsrefertogeographicaldifferencesandthesedifferencescanbenational,regionalorlocal.Eg.AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish;NorthernEnglishdialectsandSouthernEnglishdialects;LondondialectandManchesterdialect.Sociolectsrefernotonlytoone’ssocialconditionbutalsotoone’sstyleaccordingtothecommunicativesituation.Eg.So-called“ReceivedPronunciation”inBritishEnglishhasbecomecharacteristicofupperclassspeechinBritaininthe19thcentury.Inaformalsituation,onemightsay“Howdoyoudo,Mr.Mullins?”but,inaninformalsituation,onecouldsay“Hi,Jim”or“How’rethingsgoing?”Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication2.PidginandLinguaFrancaApidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Pidginlanguagespossesstwocharacteristics.First,theyhavenonativespeakers.Second,thelinguisticandgrammaticalstructureofpidginlanguagesisalwayssimpleandbasedononeortwootherlanguages.Eg.“Longtimenosee!”isanexampleofapidginexpressioncoinedbyearlyChineseimmigrantsintheUnitedStates.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationALinguaFrancaisalsousedforcommunicationpurposesbetweendifferentgroupsofpeople,eachspeakingadifferentlanguage.Itisviewedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.Eg.LatinwasaLinguaFrancaintheMiddleAgesandFrenchbecameaLinguaFrancainthe18thcentury.TodayEnglishisconsideredaLinguaFranca.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication3.TabooandEuphemismTabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.Eg.Number4istaboototheChinese.Euphemismisthelinguisticcounterpartoftaboobecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.Eg.“seniorcitizen”insteadof“oldpeople”;“deprived”or“underprivileged”insteadof“poorpeople”.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication4.JargonJargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.Jargonmaychangeovertime.Eg.“touch-and-go”usedbypilots.Inagamblingcasino“stiff”isnowusedtoreplace“Tom”todescribeapoortipper,and“liveone”ratherthan“George”isusedtodescribeagoodtipper.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationTextECulturalInfluenceonWrittenCommunicationPeopleshouldbeawarethatculturehassomeunavoidableimpactonwrittencommunication.Businesswritingisanimportantaspectofwrittencommunication.Theorganizationofroutinemessagesorganizationhasbasicallytwostyles:directplanandindirectplan.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication1.DirectPlanIndirect-planreports,peopleshouldavoidambiguity,getthemessageacrossclearly,andbeconcise.Sentencesareshortanduseasubject-verb-objectpatterninsteadofcomplexstructures.Active-voiceverbsareconsideredmoreeffectivethanpassivevoiceverbs.Themainmessageisputinthefirstsentence.Thisplanisfavoredbyresults-orientedcultures.Eg.Americanbusinessmessages.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication2.IndirectPlanTheindirectplandoesnotputthemainmessageinthefirstsentence.Thisplanhasotherprioritiesthanthequickdeliveryofideas,suchasnurturingarelationshipordevelopingsomeothercontextforthemessage.Indirectnessisoftenaccompaniedbydeliberateambiguity.Thisplanisfavoredbyrelationship-orientedculture.Eg.Japanesebusinessmessages.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunicationHomeworkandAfter-classactivitiesDotheChecklistandAssessment.Dotherestexercisesandactivitiesin“After-readingCheck”ofeachtext.Reviewwhathasbeenlearnedandpreviewthenextchapter.Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication