Unit 5 A Few Kind Words for Superstitionppt课件

coverAFewKindWordsforSuperstitionUnit5新世纪高等院校英语专业本科系列（修订版）综合教程第六册(第2版)电子上海外语教育出版社南京信息工程大学刘杰海ContentspageContentsLearningObjectivesPre-readingActivitiesGlobalReadingDetailedReadingConsolidationActivitiesFurtherEnhancementobjectivesLearningObjectivesRhetoricalskill:clarificationwithanecdotesandexamplesKeylanguage&grammarpointsWritingstrategies:classificationanddivisionTheme:superstitionfromdifferentperspectivesPre-R:pictureactivationWhat’syoursign?Anddoyoubelieveinhoroscope?PictureActivation|Pre-questionsPre-R:pre-questions-11.Peoplearemoreorlesssuperstitious.Forexample,weChineseallthinkthatthenumbers“six”and“eight”canbringgoodluck,while“four”and“thirteen”areunfavourednumbers.What’syourfavouritenumber?Whydoyoulikeit?PictureActivation|Pre-questionsOpenfordiscussion.Pre-R:pre-questions-22.It’swellknownthatdifferentcolourshavequitedifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures.Forexample,“yellow”inChineseisassociatedwithpornography,whileinmostEnglish-speakingcountriesitconnotescowardice.Canyougivesomeotherexamplesofthiskind?PictureActivation|Pre-questionsOpenfordiscussion.G-R:textintroductionThetextisdevelopedbymeansoftheauthor’sclassificationofthefourtypesofsuperstition,andhisexplanationofitshistory,popularityandcharacteristics,andthereasonsforpeople’sfascinationwithit.Daviesusesavarietyofexamplesineveryparagraph,withtheexceptionofthefirsttwoparagraphs,todevelopthetext.Theseexamplesincludeanecdotes,factsandpersonalexperiences.Inmanyoftheseexampleswenoticethewords“adeeplylearnedprofessor,”“anotherlearnedprofessor,”“Dr.SamuelJohnson,”“agoodscientist.”Allthishelpstobuildtheimpressionthatsuperstitionisnotonlyforthenaiveandignorantbutitisalso“aliveandflourishingamongthepeoplewhoareindisputablyrationalandlearned.”TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-transcendentalmeditation-1transcendentalmeditation(Paragraph1)Transcendentalmeditation(超脱禅定法)isatechniqueofmeditationderivedfromHindutraditionsthatcalmsthemindandpromotesdeeprelaxationthroughtheuseofamantra(符咒),asacredverbalformularepeatedinprayer,meditation,orincantation(符咒，咒语),suchasaninvocation(祈祷)ofagod,amagicspell,orasyllableorportionofscripturecontainingmysticalpotentialities.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-transcendentalmeditation-2Transcendentalmeditationisuniqueandfundamentallydifferentfromanyothersystemsofmeditationandrelaxation.Over5millionpeoplearoundtheworldhavelearnedthetechniquesinceitwasfoundedbyMaharishiMaheshYogiin1957.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-enlightmentenlightenment(Paragraph1)InHinduismandBuddhism,enlightenmentisthehighestspiritualstatethatcanbeachieved.ItisablessedstateinwhichtheindividualtranscendsdesireandsufferingandattainsNirvana,theineffableultimateinwhichonehasattaineddisinterestedwisdomandcompassion.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-VainObservancesVainObservances(Paragraph3)Anobservanceisanactperformedforreligiousorceremonialreasons.Here“vain”roughlymeans“proud.”NotwalkingunderaladderisavainobservancebecausepeoplebelievethattheyshouldnotbehumbleinfrontoftheDevil.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-IChingIChing(Paragraph4)TheIChing(orBookofChanges《易经》),isanancientChinesedivinationmanualandbookofwisdomthatoffersslightlyambiguousadviceonhowtoact.Especiallysincethe1960s,itspoetictextandextraordinarysymbolism—tosaynothingofitsstrangeeffectivenessindivination—havegaineditafollowingintheWest.TheIChingwastraditionallyheldtobewrittenbythelegendaryChineseEmperorFuHsi(伏羲)(2953B.C.–2838B.C.).TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-IChingItispossiblethattheIChingoriginatedfromaprehistoricdivinationtechniquewhichdatesbackasfaras5000B.C.FurthercommentarieswereaddedbyKingWenandtheDukeofChouinthe11thcenturyB.C.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-SamuelJohnsonDr.SamuelJohnson(Paragraph8)(1709–1784)Englishpoet,essayist,critic,journalist,lexicographer,conversationalist,regardedasoneoftheoutstandingfiguresof18thcenturylifeandletters.JohnsonbecameDoctorJohnsonwhenDublinUniversitygavehimthehonorarydegreein1765.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-OrthodoxJewsOrthodoxJews(Paragraph9)OrthodoxJudaism(正统的犹太教)isthebranchofJudaismthatisgovernedbyadherencetotheTorah(《旧约》的首五卷，即摩西五经)asinterpretedintheTalmud(《塔木德经》，犹太古代法典).ItistheoldestformofJudaismpracticedbyJews.OrthodoxJewsareJewswhobelieveinOrthodoxJudaism.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-MelanesianMelanesian(Paragraph9)MelanesiaisadivisionofOceaniainthesouthwestPacificOceancomprisingtheislandsnortheastofAustraliaandsouthoftheequator.ItincludestheSolomonIslands,NewHebrides,NewCaledonia,theBismarckArchipelago,variousotherislandgroups,andsometimesNewGuinea.MelanesianisamemberofanyoftheindigenouspeoplesofMelanesia.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-romanCatholic-1RomanCatholic(Paragraph11)TheRomanCatholicChurchseesitselfasinstitutedbyJesusChristforthesalvationofsouls.Itaccomplishesthisgoalthroughteachingandthroughtheadministrationofsacraments,includingbaptism,theEucharist,andtheforgivenessofsins,throughwhichGodgrantsgracetothebeliever.TheteachingauthorityormagisteriumoftheChurchbasesitsteachingsonbothScriptureandapostolictradition.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-romanCatholic-2Aswellasordainedsecularclergy,theChurchencouragesmonasticism,andhasmanyordersofmonks,friarsandnunswholiveincelibacy,anddevotetheirlivesentirelytoGod.Otherreligiouspracticesincludefasting,prayer,penance,pilgrimageandmeditation.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-BattleoftheBoyne-1BattleoftheBoyne(Paragraph11)NoyearinIrishhistoryisbetterknownthan1690.NoIrishbattleismorefamousthantheBattleoftheBoyne.TheBoyneisariverofeasternIrelandflowingabout113km(70miles)totheIrishSea.IntheBattleoftheBoyneonJuly1,1690,thearmiesofKingWilliamIII(PrinceofOrange,aDutch-speakingProtestant)defeatedtheforcesofJamesII(aRomanCatholicwhohadlostthethroneofEnglandinthebloodless“GloriousRevolution”of1688),whofledtoFrance.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-BattleoftheBoyne-2TheBattleoftheBoyneisrecalledeachJulyinthecelebrationsoftheOrangeOrder,notonthefirstdaybuton“theTwelfth,”forelevendayswerelostwiththechangefromtheJuliantotheGregoriancalendarin1752.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-OrangemenOrangemen(Paragraph11)InNorthernIreland,asolelyProtestantorganizationcalledtheOrangeOrderwasfoundedinCountyArmagh,in1795,inoppositiontotheDefenders,aCatholicsecretsociety.ItwasarevivaloftheOrangeInstitutionfoundedin1688tosupportWilliamIIIofOrange,whosevictoryovertheCatholicJamesIIattheBattleoftheBoynein1690hasbeencommemoratedannuallybyProtestantsinparadessince1796.OrangemanisamemberofoneoftheUlsterProtestantOrangesocietiesfoundedinNorthernIrelandin1795tomaintainthepoliticalandreligiousascendancyofProtestantism.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:CN-gypsygypsy(Paragraph12)Amemberofaraceofpeople,originallyfromAsia,whotravelaroundandtraditionallyliveincaravans.Manygypsygroupshavepreservedelementsoftheirtraditionalculture,includinganitinerantexistence,tribalorganization,andtheRomanylanguage.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:authorbio-1RobertsonDavies,oneofCanada’sforemostwritersofplays,novels,andsatire,wasbornonAugust28,1913,inthesmallvillageofThamesville,Ontario.HewaseducatedatUpperCanadaCollege,Queen’sUniversity,andearnedadegreeinliteraturefromOxford.Afterafewyearsintheatricallife,heshiftedintojournalism,astheliteraryeditorofSaturdayNightmagazine,andlatertheeditorofthePeterboroughExaminer.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:authorbio-2Duringthisperiod,hebegantowriteplays,andthennovels,startingwithTempest-Tostin1951.Hewrote10othernovels,groupedintotrilogies,aswellasmanyplays.In1961,DavieswasappointedMasterofMasseyCollegeattheUniversityofToronto,thepostwhereheremaineduntilhisretirement.HediedonDecember2,1995,attheageof82.TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructureG-R:structureanalysis-1TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructurePart1(Para1-2)introductorypartwhichtellsofpeople’sdifferentreactionstosuperstitionandtherampantsuperstitionamonglearnedpeople.Part2(Para3-6)theauthordescribesandexplainsonebyonethefourmanifestationsofsuperstition.Part3(Para7-8)therelationshipofsuperstitionandpsychology,religionandscience.G-R:structureanalysis-2TextIntroduction|CultureNotes|Author|StructurePart4(Para9-11)thepersistentpopularityofsuperstitionanditsreasonPart5(Para12)concludingremarksDR-p0-textAFEWKINDWORDSFORSUPERSTITIONRobertsonDavies“AFewKindWordsforSuperstition”originallyappearedinNewsweekmagazine(November20,1978).Lookingcloselyatwhysomepeoplebelieveinmagicandchance,Daviesdividessuperstitionintocategoriesforthepurposeofanalyzingthiscomplextopic.Thefourdivisionshepresentsarecertainlyfamiliartomostofus,thoughfewofushavetakenthetimetolabelthem.Intakingarationalapproachtowhatmanypeopleconsidertobeanirrationalsubject,Daviesofferssomefascinatingobservationsabouthumannature.DetailedReadingDR-p1-text1.Ingravediscussionsof“therenaissanceoftheirrational”inourtime,superstitiondoesnotfigurelargelyasaseriouschallengetoreasonorscience.Parapsychology,UFOs,miraclecures,transcendentalmeditation,andallthepathstoinstantenlightenmentarecondemned,butsuperstitionismerelydeplored.Isitbecauseithasanunacknowledgedholdonsomanyofus?DetailedReadingDR-p2-text2.Fewpeoplewilladmittobeingsuperstitious;itimpliesnaïvetéorignorance.ButIliveinthemiddleofalargeuniversity,andIseesuperstitioninitsfourmanifestations,aliveandflourishingamongpeoplewhoareindisputablyrationalandlearned.DetailedReadingDR-p3-text3.Youdidnotknowthatsuperstitiontakesfourforms?Theologiansassureusthatitdoes.FirstiswhattheycallVainObservances,suchasnotwalkingunderaladder,andthatkindofthing.YetIsawadeeplylearnedprofessorofanthropology,whohadspilledsomesalt,throwingapinchofitoverhisleftshoulder;whenIaskedhimwhy,hereplied,withawink,thatitwas“tohittheDevilintheeye.”IdidnotquestionhimfurtherabouthisbeliefintheDevil,butInoticedthathedidnotsmileuntilIaskedhimwhathewasdoing.DetailedReadingDR-p4-text4.ThesecondformisDivination,orconsultingoracles.AnotherlearnedprofessorIknow,whowouldscorntosettleaproblembytossingacoin(whichisahumbleappealtoFatetodeclareitself),toldmequiteseriouslythathehasresolvedamatterrelatedtouniversityaffairsbyconsultingtheIChing.Andwhynot?TherearethousandsofpeopleonthiscontinentwhoappealtotheIChing,andtheirgenerallevelofeducationseemstoabsolvethemofsuperstition.Almost,butnotquite.TheIChing,totheembarrassmentofrationalists,oftengivesexcellentadvice.DetailedReadingDR-p5-text5.ThethirdformisIdolatry,anduniversitiescanshowplentyofthat.Ifyouhaveeversupervisedalargeexaminationroom,youknowhowmanyjujus,luckycoins,andotherbringersofluckareplacedonthedesksofthecandidates.Modestidolatry,butwhatelsecanyoucallit?DetailedReadingDR-p6-text6.ThefourthformisImproperWorshipoftheTrueGod.Awhileago,Ilearnedthateveryday,forseveraldays,a$2bill(inCanadawehave$2bills,regardedbysomepeopleasunlucky)hadbeentuckedunderacandlestickonthealtarofacollegechapel.Investigationrevealedthatanengineeringstudent,worriedaboutagirl,thoughtthatbriberyoftheDeitymighthelp.WhenItalkedwithhim,hedidnotthinkhewaspricingGodcheapbecausehecouldaffordnomore.Areasonableargument,butperhapsGodwasproudthatweek,forthescientificoraclewentagainsthim.DetailedReadingDR-p7-text7.Superstitionseemstorun,asubmergedriverofcrudereligion,belowthesurfaceofhumanconsciousness.Ithasdonesoforaslongaswehaveanychronicleofhumanbehavior,andalthoughIcannotproveit,Idoubtifitismoreprevalenttodaythanithasalwaysbeen.Superstition,thetheologianstellus,comesfromtheLatinsupersisto,meaningtostandinterroroftheDeity.Mostpeoplekeeptheirterrorwithinbounds,buttheycannotrootitout,nordotheyseemtowanttodoso.DetailedReadingDR-p8-text8.Themoretheteachingofformalreligiondeclines,ortakesasociologicalform,thelessGodappearstogreatnumbersofpeopleasaGodofLove,resuminghisolderformofawatchful,minatorypower,tobeplacatedandcajoled.Superstitionmakesitsappearance,apparentlyunbidden,veryearlyinlife,whenchildrenfearthatsteppingoncracksinthesidewalkwillbringillfortune.Itmaypersistevenamongthegreatlylearnedanddevout,asinthecaseofDr.SamuelJohnson,whofeltitnecessarytotouchpoststhathepassedinthestreet.Thepsychoanalystshavetheirexplanation,butcallingasuperstitionacompulsionneurosisdoesnotbanishit.DetailedReadingDR-p9-text9.Manysuperstitionsaresowidespreadandsooldthattheymusthaverisenfromadepthofthehumanmindthatisindifferenttoraceorcreed.OrthodoxJewsplaceacharmontheirdoorposts;sodo(ordid)theChinese.SomepeoplesofMiddleEuropebelievethatwhenamansneezes,hissoul,forthatmoment,isabsentfromhisbody,andtheyhastentoblesshim,lestthesoulbeseizedbytheDevil.HowdidtheMelanesianscomebythesameidea?Superstitionseemstohavealinkwithsomebodyofbeliefthatfarantedatesthereligionsweknow—religionswhichhavenoplaceforsuchcomfortinglittleceremoniesandcharities.DetailedReadingDR-p10-text10.PeoplewholikedisagreeablehistoricalceremoniesrecallthatwhenRomewasindecline,superstitionproliferatedwildly,andthatsomethingofthesamesortishappeninginourWesternworldtoday.Theypointtothepopularityofastrology,anditistruethatsobernewspapersthatwouldscorntodealinlovephilterscarryastrologycolumnsandthefashionmagazinescountthemamongtheirmostpopularfeatures.Butwhenhasastrologynotbeenpopular?Nousesayingsciencediscreditsit.Whenhastheheartofmangivenadamnforscience?DetailedReadingDR-p11-text11.Superstitioningeneralislinkedtoman’syearningtoknowhisfate,andtohavesomehandindecidingit.Whenmymotherwasachild,sheinnocentlyjoinedherRomanCatholic11friendsinkillingspidersonJuly11,untilshelearnedthatthiswasdonetoensureheavyrainthedayfollowing,theanniversaryoftheBattleoftheBoyne,whentheOrangemenwouldholdtheirparade.IknewanItalian,agoodscientist,whowatchedeverymorningbeforeleavinghishouse,sothatthefirstpersonhemetwouldnotbeapriestoranun,asthiswouldcertainlybringbadluck.DetailedReadingDR-p12-text12.Iamnotonetostandalooffromtherestofhumanityinthismatter,forwhenIwasauniversitystudent,agypsy14womanwithachildinherarmsusedtoappeareveryyearatexaminationtime,andaskashillingofanyonewhotouchedtheLuckyBaby;thatswarthyinfantcostmefourshillingsaltogether,andIneverfailedanexamination.Ofcourse,Ididitmerelyforthejoke—orsoIthoughtthen.Now,Iamhumbler.DetailedReadingDR:p1-2AnalysisParagraphs1-2AnalysisThetwoparagraphsmakeuptheintroductorypartwhichtellsofpeople’sdifferentreactionstosuperstitionandtherampantsuperstitionamonglearnedpeople.DetailedReadingDR:p3-6AnalysisParagraphs3-6AnalysisFromParagraph3toParagraph6theauthordescribesandexplainsonebyonethefourmanifestationsofsuperstition.Whatisworthournoticeisthatalltheexamplesusedintheseparagraphsareaboutlearnedpeople,eitherprofessorsorcollegestudents,thusprovingthatsuperstitionisnotapreserveoftheignorantandnaïvé.DetailedReadingDR:p7AnalysisParagraph7AnalysisAfterhedescribesthefourformsofsuperstition,theauthorgoesontoexploreitshistoryanditsrelevancetohumanpsychology.DetailedReadingDR:p8AnalysisParagraph8AnalysisThisparagraphtellsusthatsuperstitionhasaspellthatsomewhatdiffersfromreligionandcannotbedispelledbyscience.DetailedReadingDR:p9-10AnalysisParagraphs9-10AnalysisInthesetwoparagraphs,theauthorpointsoutoneofthecharacteristicsofsuperstition—itspersistentpopularity,regardlessoftime,race,creedandevenmodernscience.DetailedReadingDR:p11AnalysisParagraph11AnalysisInthisparagraph,theauthorprovideshisownexplanationofwhysuperstitionhasbeensopopular—ithastodowith“man’syearningtoknowhisfate,andtohavesomehandindecidingit.”DetailedReadingDR:p12AnalysisParagraph12AnalysisInthisconcludingparagraph,theauthoradmitsthatasahumanbeinghecouldnotbeleftuntouchedwhensuperstitionprevails,hence“Now,Iamhumbler.”DetailedReadingDR-Question-p1-2Paragraphs1-2:QuestionWhatisthecommonassumptionaboutpeoplewhobelieveinsuperstition?Howdoestheauthordiscreditthisassumption?DetailedReadingItiscommonlyassumedthatpeoplewhobelieveinsuperstitionareusuallyignorantandnaïvé.Buttheauthornoticestheflourishingsuperstitionamongmanylearnedpeopleinhisuniversity.DR-Question-p3Paragraph3:QuestionWhatdoestheauthorimplywhenhesays“...hedidnotsmileuntilIaskedhimwhathewasdoing”?DetailedReadingTheimplicationisthatthelearnedprofessortrulybelievedinwhathewasdoingandperformedthewholethingseriously.DR-Question-p4Paragraph4:QuestionHowshouldtheexpression“Almost,butnotquite”beinterpretedinitscontext?DetailedReadingThisexpression,whichisanellipticalsentence,isaresponsetotheprecedingstatement“...theirgenerallevelofeducationseemstoabsolvethemofsuperstition.”Theauthorsuggeststhattheeducationtheyhavereceivedmaynotbeabletohelpthemtocompletelygetridofsuperstition.DR-Question-p5Paragraph5:QuestionWhydidtheexaminationcandidateshavethethirdformofsuperstition?DetailedReadingBecausetheybelievedthatsomeparticularobjectswouldbringthemgoodluckinexaminations.DR-Question-p6Paragraph6:QuestionWhydidtheengineeringstudenttucka$2billunderacandlestickinthechapel?DetailedReadingBecausehebelievedthatGodwasbribableandhopedthatthemoneywouldgainsomehelpfromHim.DR-Question-p7Paragraph7:QuestionWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheLatinword“supersisto”inrelationtohumanpsychology?DetailedReadingTheLatinword“supersisto”means“standinginterroroftheDeity.”Theauthorbelievesthatsuperstitionfindsitswaytothehumanheart,becausepeoplecannotrootoutterroralthoughtheycanmanagetokeepitwithinbounds.DR-Question-p8-1Paragraph8:Questions1.Whydoestheauthormentionthepsychoanalysts?DetailedReadingTheauthorsuggeststhatscientistsmightbeabletoprovidereasonableexplanationsforsuperstition,buttheycannotrootitout.DR-Question-p8-2Paragraph8:Questions2.WhichofthefourformsofsuperstitiondoesthecaseofDr.SamuelJohnsonbelongto?DetailedReadingThecaseofDr.SamuelJohnsonfallsintothefirstcategory—VainObservances.DR-Question-p9Paragraph9:QuestionHowdoestheauthorprovethatpeopleofallracesaresuperstitious?DetailedReadingBysupplyingexamplesoftheOrthodoxJews,theChinese,peopleinMiddleEuropeandtheMelanesians,theauthorprovesthatsuperstitions“haverisenfromadepthofthehumanmind”andthereforehavethesameappealtoallhumanbeings.DR-Question-p10Paragraph10:QuestionWhydoestheauthormentionastrology?DetailedReadingTheauthorusesthisexampletoshowthatsuperstitionisindifferenttotimeandscience,becauseithasbeenpopularallthetime,whetherinancientRomeorincontemporarysociety,whetherinsobernewspapersorfashionmagazines.DR-Question-p11Paragraph11:QuestionWhy,inthefinalanalysis,arepeoplesofascinatedwithsuperstition?DetailedReadingAccordingtotheauthor,itisduetopeople’syearningtoknowtheirfateandtohavesomepowertocontrolit.DR-Question-p12Paragraph12:QuestionWhatdoestheauthormeanby“Now,Iamhumbler”afterherelateshispersonalexperience?DetailedReadingTheauthormeansthatwhenhewasauniversitystudenthewasnotsuperstitious.Infacthethoughtwhathedidwiththegypsywomanwassimplyajoke.Butnow,afterhisdescriptionandanalysisofthevariousformsofsuperstitionwithallkindsofpeoplethroughouthistory,hefindsthatthereissomerationalityinit.LPT-Ingravediscussionsof“Ingravediscussionsof“therenaissanceoftheirrational”inourtime,superstitiondoesnotfigurelargelyasaseriouschallengetoreasonorscience.”DetailedReadingParaphraseInseriousdiscussionsof“therenaissanceoftheirrational”inourtime,peopledon’tthinkthatsuperstitionisagreatthreattoreasonorscience.LPT-figurefigurevi.tobelievethatsomethingistrue,althoughyoudonotknowforcertain;usedforsayingthatsomethingseemsreasonableDetailedReadinge.g.Theirnamesdidnotfigureaspotentialhelpers.Ineverfiguredthatthiswouldhappen.Itfigures.LPT-UFOsUFOsUFOisanabbreviationfor“unidentifiedflyingobject.”ItisanobjectseenflyingintheskyorlandingontheEarththatcannotbeidentified,andisoftenbelievedtobeavehiclefromanotherplanet.DetailedReadingLPT-instantenlightenmentinstantenlightenmentenablingpeopletogetgreatunderstandingorknowledgeinamagicalandincrediblyfastwayDetailedReadingLPT-anunacknowledgedholdonsomanyofus“anunacknowledgedholdonsomanyofus”DetailedReadingParaphraseunrecognizedinfluenceoversomanyofusLPT-Iseesuperstitioninitsfourmanifestations“...Iseesuperstitioninitsfourmanifestations,aliveandflourishingamongpeoplewhoareindisputablyrationalandlearned.”DetailedReadingParaphrase...Iseefourwaysinwhichsuperstitionshowsitse