iso-14001--环境管理体系-要求及使用指南-中英文对照

Fourshortwordssumupwhathasliftedmostsuccessfulindividualsabovethecrowd:alittlebitmore.------------------------------------------author------------------------------------------dateISO-14001-2015-环境-要求及使用指南-中英文对照ISO-14001-2015-环境管理体系-要求及使用指南-中英文对照ISO-14001-2015-环境管理体系-要求及使用指南-中英文对照----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISO-14001-2015-环境管理体系-要求及使用指南-中英文对照--------------------------------------------------Environmentalmanagementsystems—RequirementswithguidanceforuseISO14001:2015(E)Thirdedition2015-09-15Introduction.............................1Scope...............................................2Normativereferences..................................3Termsanddefinitions.................................3.1Termsrelatedtoorganizationandleadership..3.2Termsrelatedtoplanning............3.3Termsrelatedtosupportandoperation.....................3.4Termsrelatedtoperformanceevaluationandimprovement4Contextoftheorganization......4.1Understandingtheorganizationanditscontext......4.2Understandingtheneedsandexpectationsofinterestedparties....4.3Determiningthescopeoftheenvironmentalmanagementsystem....4.4Environmentalmanagementsystem............5Leadership...........5.1Leadershipandcommitment........5.2Environmentalpolicy.......................5.3Organizationalroles,responsibilitiesandauthorities.6Planning.6.1Actionstoaddressrisksandopportunities...6.1.1General................6.1.2Environmentalaspects........6.1.3Complianceobligations.........6.1.4Planningaction................6.2Environmentalobjectivesandplanningtoachievethem....6.2.1Environmentalobjectives........6.2.2Planningactionstoachieveenvironmentalobjectives...7Support............7.1Resources.............7.2Competence.................7.3Awareness...................7.4Communication............7.4.1General......................7.4.2Internalcommunication..........7.4.3Externalcommunication...........7.5Documentedinformation................7.5.1General.................7.5.2Creatingandupdating..............7.5.3Controlofdocumentedinformation......8Operation.....8.1Operationalplanningandcontrol...........8.2Emergencypreparednessandresponse.....9Performanceevaluation.............9.1Monitoring,measurement,analysisandevaluation........9.1.1General.............9.1.2Evaluationofcompliance..........9.2Internalaudit......................9.2.1General....................9.2.2Internalauditprogramme..........9.3Managementreview................10Improvement................10.1General...................10.2Nonconformityandcorrectiveaction10.3Continualimprovement..........AnnexA(informative)GuidanceontheuseofthisInternationalStandard.AnnexB(informative)CorrespondencebetweenISO14001:2015andISO14001:2004..（略）Bibliography..................Introduction0.1BackgroundAchievingabalancebetweentheenvironment,societyandtheeconomyisconsideredessentialtomeettheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds.Sustainabledevelopmentasagoalisachievedbybalancingthethreepillarsofsustainability.Societalexpectationsforsustainabledevelopment,transparencyandaccountabilityhaveevolvedwithincreasinglystringentlegislation,growingpressuresontheenvironmentfrompollution,inefficientuseofresources,improperwastemanagement,climatechange,degradationofecosystemsandlossofbiodiversity.Thishasledorganizationstoadoptasystematicapproachtoenvironmentalmanagementbyimplementingenvironmentalmanagementsystemswiththeaimofcontributingtotheenvironmentalpillarofsustainability.0.2AimofanenvironmentalmanagementsystemThepurposeofthisInternationalStandardistoprovideorganizationswithaframeworktoprotecttheenvironmentandrespondtochangingenvironmentalconditionsinbalancewithsocio-economicneeds.Itspecifiesrequirementsthatenableanorganizationtoachievetheintendedoutcomesitsetsforitsenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Asystematicapproachtoenvironmentalmanagementcanprovidetopmanagementwithinformationtobuildsuccessoverthelongtermandcreateoptionsforcontributingtosustainabledevelopmentby:—protectingtheenvironmentbypreventingormitigatingadverseenvironmentalimpacts;—mitigatingthepotentialadverseeffectofenvironmentalconditionsontheorganization;—assistingtheorganizationinthefulfilmentofcomplianceobligations;—enhancingenvironmentalperformance;—controllingorinfluencingthewaytheorganization’sproductsandservicesaredesigned,manufactured,distributed,consumedanddisposedbyusingalifecycleperspectivethatcanpreventenvironmentalimpactsfrombeingunintentionallyshiftedelsewherewithinthelifecycle;—achievingfinancialandoperationalbenefitsthatcanresultfromimplementingenvironmentallysoundalternativesthatstrengthentheorganization’smarketposition;—communicatingenvironmentalinformationtorelevantinterestedparties.ThisInternationalStandard,likeotherInternationalStandards,isnotintendedtoincreaseorchangeanorganization’slegalrequirements.0.3SuccessfactorsThesuccessofanenvironmentalmanagementsystemdependsoncommitmentfromalllevelsandfunctionsoftheorganization,ledbytopmanagement.Organizationscanleverageopportunitiestopreventormitigateadverseenvironmentalimpactsandenhancebeneficialenvironmentalimpacts,particularlythosewithstrategicandcompetitiveimplications.Topmanagementcaneffectivelyaddressitsrisksandopportunitiesbyintegratingenvironmentalmanagementintotheorganization’sbusinessprocesses,strategicdirectionanddecisionmaking,aligningthemwithotherbusinesspriorities,andincorporatingenvironmentalgovernanceintoitsoverallmanagementsystem.DemonstrationofsuccessfulimplementationofthisInternationalStandardcanbeusedtoassureinterestedpartiesthataneffectiveenvironmentalmanagementsystemisinplace.AdoptionofthisInternationalStandard,however,willnotinitselfguaranteeoptimalenvironmentaloutcomes.ApplicationofthisInternationalStandardcandifferfromoneorganizationtoanotherduetothecontextoftheorganization.Twoorganizationscancarryoutsimilaractivitiesbutcanhavedifferentcomplianceobligations,commitmentsintheirenvironmentalpolicy,environmentaltechnologiesandenvironmentalperformancegoals,yetbothcanconformtotherequirementsofthisInternationalStandard.Thelevelofdetailandcomplexityoftheenvironmentalmanagementsystemwillvarydependingonthecontextoftheorganization,thescopeofitsenvironmentalmanagementsystem,itscomplianceobligations,andthenatureofitsactivities,productsandservices,includingitsenvironmentalaspectsandassociatedenvironmentalimpacts.0.4Plan-Do-Check-ActmodelThebasisfortheapproachunderlyinganenvironmentalmanagementsystemisfoundedontheconceptofPlan-Do-Check-Act(PDCA).ThePDCAmodelprovidesaniterativeprocessusedbyorganizationstoachievecontinualimprovement.Itcanbeappliedtoanenvironmentalmanagementsystemandtoeachofitsindividualelements.Itcanbebrieflydescribedasfollows.—Plan:establishenvironmentalobjectivesandprocessesnecessarytodeliverresultsinaccordancewiththeorganization’senvironmentalpolicy.—Do:implementtheprocessesasplanned.—Check:monitorandmeasureprocessesagainsttheenvironmentalpolicy,includingitscommitments,environmentalobjectivesandoperatingcriteria,andreporttheresults.—Act:takeactionstocontinuallyimprove.Figure1showshowtheframeworkintroducedinthisInternationalStandardcouldbeintegratedintoaPDCAmodel,whichcanhelpnewandexistinguserstounderstandtheimportanceofasystemsapproach.Figure1—RelationshipbetweenPDCAandtheframeworkinthisInternationalStandard0.5ContentsofthisInternationalStandardThisInternationalStandardconformstoISO’srequirementsformanagementsystemstandards.Theserequirementsincludeahighlevelstructure,identicalcoretext,andcommontermswithcoredefinitions,designedtobenefitusersimplementingmultipleISOmanagementsystemstandards.ThisInternationalStandarddoesnotincluderequirementsspecifictoothermanagementsystems,suchasthoseforquality,occupationalhealthandsafety,energyorfinancialmanagement.However,thisInternationalStandardenablesanorganizationtouseacommonapproachandrisk-basedthinkingtointegrateitsenvironmentalmanagementsystemwiththerequirementsofothermanagementsystems.ThisInternationalStandardcontainstherequirementsusedtoassessconformity.AnorganizationthatwishestodemonstrateconformitywiththisInternationalStandardcandosoby:—makingaself-determinationandself-declaration,or—seekingconfirmationofitsconformancebypartieshavinganinterestintheorganization,suchascustomers,or—seekingconfirmationofitsself-declarationbyapartyexternaltotheorganization,or—seekingcertification/registrationofitsenvironmentalmanagementsystembyanexternalorganization.AnnexAprovidesexplanatoryinformationtopreventmisinterpretationoftherequirementsofthisInternationalStandard.AnnexBshowsbroadtechnicalcorrespondencebetweenthepreviouseditionofthisInternationalStandardandthisedition.ImplementationguidanceonenvironmentalmanagementsystemsisincludedinISO14004.InthisInternationalStandard,thefollowingverbalformsareused:—“shall”indicatesarequirement;—“should”indicatesarecommendation;—“may”indicatesapermission;—“can”indicatesapossibilityoracapability.Informationmarkedas“NOTE”isintendedtoassisttheunderstandingoruseofthedocument.“Notestoentry”usedinClause3provideadditionalinformationthatsupplementstheterminologicaldataandcancontainprovisionsrelatingtotheuseofaterm.ThetermsanddefinitionsinClause3arearrangedinconceptualorder,withanalphabeticalindexprovidedattheendofthedocument.Environmentalmanagementsystems—Requirementswithguidanceforuse1ScopeThisInternationalStandardspecifiestherequirementsforanenvironmentalmanagementsystemthatanorganizationcanusetoenhanceitsenvironmentalperformance.ThisInternationalStandardisintendedforusebyanorganizationseekingtomanageitsenvironmentalresponsibilitiesinasystematicmannerthatcontributestotheenvironmentalpillarofsustainability.ThisInternationalStandardhelpsanorganizationachievetheintendedoutcomesofitsenvironmentalmanagementsystem,whichprovidevaluefortheenvironment,theorganizationitselfandinterestedparties.Consistentwiththeorganization’senvironmentalpolicy,theintendedoutcomesofanenvironmentalmanagementsysteminclude:—enhancementofenvironmentalperformance;—fulfilmentofcomplianceobligations;—achievementofenvironmentalobjectives.ThisInternationalStandardisapplicabletoanyorganization,regardlessofsize,typeandnature,andappliestotheenvironmentalaspectsofitsactivities,productsandservicesthattheorganizationdeterminesitcaneithercontrolorinfluenceconsideringalifecycleperspective.ThisInternationalStandarddoesnotstatespecificenvironmentalperformancecriteria.ThisInternationalStandardcanbeusedinwholeorinparttosystematicallyimproveenvironmentalmanagement.ClaimsofconformitytothisInternationalStandard,however,arenotacceptableunlessallitsrequirementsareincorporatedintoanorganization’senvironmentalmanagementsystemandfulfilledwithoutexclusion.2NormativereferencesTherearenonormativereferences.3TermsanddefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.3.1Termsrelatedtoorganizationandleadership3.1.1managementsystemsetofinterrelatedorinteractingelementsofanorganization(3.1.4)toestablishpoliciesandobjectives(3.2.5)andprocesses(3.3.5)toachievethoseobjectivesNote1toentry:Amanagementsystemcanaddressasingledisciplineorseveraldisciplines(e.g.quality,environment,occupationalhealthandsafety,energy,financialmanagement).Note2toentry:Thesystemelementsincludetheorganization’sstructure,rolesandresponsibilities,planningandoperation,performanceevaluationandimprovement.Note3toentry:Thescopeofamanagementsystemcanincludethewholeoftheorganization,specificandidentifiedfunctionsoftheorganization,specificandidentifiedsectionsoftheorganization,oroneormorefunctionsacrossagroupoforganizations.3.1.2environmentalmanagementsystempartofthemanagementsystem(3.1.1)usedtomanageenvironmentalaspects(3.2.2),fulfilcomplianceobligations(3.2.9),andaddressrisksandopportunities(3.2.11)3.1.3environmentalpolicyintentionsanddirectionofanorganization(3.1.4)relatedtoenvironmentalperformance(3.4.11),asformallyexpressedbyitstopmanagement(3.1.5)3.1.4organizationpersonorgroupofpeoplethathasitsownfunctionswithresponsibilities,authoritiesandrelationshipstoachieveitsobjectives(3.2.5)Note1toentry:Theconceptoforganizationincludes,butisnotlimitedtosole-trader,company,corporation,firm,enterprise,authority,partnership,charityorinstitution,orpartorcombinationthereof,whetherincorporatedornot,publicorprivate.3.1.5topmanagementpersonorgroupofpeoplewhodirectsandcontrolsanorganization(3.1.4)atthehighestlevelNote1toentry:Topmanagementhasthepowertodelegateauthorityandprovideresourceswithintheorganization.Note2toentry:Ifthescopeofthemanagementsystem(3.1.1)coversonlypartofanorganization,thentopmanagementreferstothosewhodirectandcontrolthatpartoftheorganization.3.1.6interestedpartypersonororganization(3.1.4)thatcanaffect,beaffectedby,orperceiveitselftobeaffectedbyadecisionoractivityEXAMPLECustomers,communities,suppliers,regulators,non-governmentalorganizations,investorsandemployees.Note1toentry:To“perceiveitselftobeaffected”meanstheperceptionhasbeenmadeknowntotheorganization.3.2Termsrelatedtoplanning3.2.1environmentsurroundingsinwhichanorganization(3.1.4)operates,includingair,water,land,naturalresources,flora,fauna,humansandtheirinterrelationshipsNote1toentry:Surroundingscanextendfromwithinanorganizationtothelocal,regionalandglobalsystem.Note2toentry:Surroundingscanbedescribedintermsofbiodiversity,ecosystems,climateorothercharacteristics.3.2.2environmentalaspectelementofanorganization’s(3.1.4)activitiesorproductsorservicesthatinteractsorcaninteractwiththeenvironment(3.2.1)Note1toentry:Anenvironmentalaspectcancause(an)environmentalimpact(s)(3.2.4).Asignificantenvironmentalaspectisonethathasorcanhaveoneormoresignificantenvironmentalimpact(s).Note2toentry:Significantenvironmentalaspectsaredeterminedbytheorganizationapplyingoneormorecriteria.3.2.3environmentalconditionstateorcharacteristicoftheenvironment(3.2.1)asdeterminedatacertainpointintime3.2.4environmentalimpactchangetotheenvironment(3.2.1),whetheradverseorbeneficial,whollyorpartiallyresultingfromanorganization’s(3.1.4)environmentalaspects(3.2.2)3.2.5ObjectiveresulttobeachievedNote1toentry:Anobjectivecanbestrategic,tactical,oroperational.Note2toentry:Objectivescanrelatetodifferentdisciplines(suchasfinancial,healthandsafety,andenvironmentalgoals)andcanapplyatdifferentlevels(suchasstrategic,organization-wide,project,product,serviceandprocess(3.3.5)).Note3toentry:Anobjectivecanbeexpressedinotherways,e.g.asanintendedoutcome,apurpose,anoperationalcriterion,asanenvironmentalobjective(3.2.6),orbytheuseofotherwordswithsimilarmeaning(e.g.aim,goal,ortarget).3.2.6environmentalobjectiveobjective(3.2.5)setbytheorganization(3.1.4)consistentwithitsenvironmentalpolicy(3.1.3)3.2.7preventionofpollutionuseofprocesses(3.3.5),practices,techniques,materials,products,servicesorenergytoavoid,reduceorcontrol(separatelyorincombination)thecreation,emissionordischargeofanytypeofpollutantorwaste,inordertoreduceadverseenvironmentalimpacts(3.2.4)Note1toentry:Preventionofpollutioncanincludesourcereductionorelimination;process,productorservicechanges;efficientuseofresources;materialandenergysubstitution;reuse;recovery;recycling,reclamation;ortreatment.3.2.8requirementneedorexpectationthatisstated,generallyimpliedorobligatoryNote1toentry:“Generallyimplied”meansthatitiscustomorcommonpracticefortheorganization(3.1.4)andinterestedparties(3.1.6)thattheneedorexpectationunderconsiderationisimplied.Note2toentry:Aspecifiedrequirementisonethatisstated,forexampleindocumentedinformation(3.3.2).Note3toentry:Requirementsotherthanlegalrequirementsbecomeobligatorywhentheorganizationdecidestocomplywiththem.3.2.9complianceobligations(preferredterm)legalrequirementsandotherrequirements(admittedterm)legalrequirements(3.2.8)thatanorganization(3.1.4)hastocomplywithandotherrequirementsthatanorganizationhastoorchoosestocomplywithNote1toentry:Complianceobligationsarerelatedtotheenvironmentalmanagementsystem(3.1.2).Note2toentry:Complianceobligationscanarisefrommandatoryrequirements,suchasapplicablelawsandregulations,orvoluntarycommitments,suchasorganizationalandindustrystandards,contractualrelationships,codesofpracticeandagreementswithcommunitygroupsornon-governmentalorganizations.3.2.10riskeffectofuncertaintyNote1toentry:Aneffectisadeviationfromtheexpected—positiveornegative.Note2toentry:Uncertaintyisthestate,evenpartial,ofdeficiencyofinformationrelatedto,understandingorknowledgeof,anevent,itsconsequence,orlikelihood.Note3toentry:Riskisoftencharacterizedbyreferencetopotential“events”(asdefinedinISOGuide73:2009,3.5.1.3)and“consequences”(asdefinedinISOGuide73:2009,3.6.1.3),oracombinationofthese.Note4toentry:Riskisoftenexpressedintermsofacombinationoftheconsequencesofanevent(includingchangesincircumstances)andtheassociated“likelihood”(asdefinedinISOGuide73:2009,3.6.1.1)ofoccurrence.3.2.11risksandopportunitiespotentialadverseeffects(threats)andpotentialbeneficialeffects(opportunities)3.3Termsrelatedtosupportandoperation3.3.1competenceabilitytoapplyknowledgeandskillstoachieveintendedresults3.3.2documentedinformationinformationrequiredtobecontrolledandmaintainedbyanorganization(3.1.4)andthemediumonwhichitiscontainedNote1toentry:Documentedinformationcanbeinanyformatandmedia,andfromanysource.Note2toentry:Documentedinformationcanreferto:—theenvironmentalmanagementsystem(3.1.2),includingrelatedprocesses(3.3.5);—informationcreatedinorderfortheorganizationtooperate(canbereferredtoasdocumentation);—evidenceofresultsachieved(canbereferredtoasrecords).3.3.3lifecycleconsecutiveandinterlinkedstagesofaproduct(orservice)system,fromrawmaterialacquisitionorgenerationfromnaturalresourcestofinaldisposalNote1toentry:Thelifecyclestagesincludeacquisitionofrawmaterials,design,production,transportation/delivery,use,end-of-lifetreatmentandfinaldisposal.[SOURCE:ISO14044:2006,3.1,modified―Thewords“(orservice)”havebeenaddedtothedefinitionandNote1toentryhasbeenadded.]3.3.4outsource(verb)makeanarrangementwhereanexternalorganization(3.1.4)performspartofanorganization’sfunctionorprocess(3.3.5)Note1toentry:Anexternalorganizationisoutsidethescopeofthemanagementsystem(3.1.1),althoughtheoutsourcedfunctionorprocessiswithinthescope.3.3.5processsetofinterrelatedorinteractingactivitieswhichtransformsinputsintooutputsNote1toentry:Aprocesscanbedocumentedornot.3.4Termsrelatedtoperformanceevaluationandimprovement3.4.1auditsystematic,independentanddocumentedprocess(3.3.5)forobtainingauditevidenceandevaluatingitobjectivelytodeterminetheextenttowhichtheauditcriteriaarefulfilledNote1toentry:Aninternalauditisconductedbytheorganization(3.1.4)itself,orbyanexternalpartyonitsbehalf.Note2toentry:Anauditcanbeacombinedaudit(combiningtwoormoredisciplines).Note3toentry:Independencecanbedemonstratedbythefreedomfromresponsibilityfortheactivitybeingauditedorfreedomfrombiasandconflictofinterest.Note4toentry:“Auditevidence”consistsofrecords,statementsoffactorotherinformationwhicharerelevanttotheauditcriteriaandareverifiable;and“auditcriteria”arethesetofpolicies,proceduresorrequirements(3.2.8)usedasareferenceagainstwhichauditevidenceiscompared,asdefinedinISO19011:2011,3.3and3.2respectively.3.4.2conformityfulfilmentofarequirement(3.2.8)3.4.3nonconformitynon-fulfilmentofarequirement(3.2.8)Note1toentry:NonconformityrelatestorequirementsinthisInternationalStandardandadditionalenvironmentalmanagementsystem(3.1.2)requirementsthatanorganization(3.1.4)establishesforitself.3.4.4correctiveactionactiontoeliminatethecauseofanonconformity(3.4.3)andtopreventrecurrenceNote1toentry:Therecanbemorethanonecauseforanonconformity.3.4.5continualimprovementrecurringactivitytoenhanceperformance(3.4.10)Note1toentry:Enhancingperformancerelatestotheuseoftheenvironmentalmanagementsystem(3.1.2)toenhanceenvironmentalperformance(3.4.11)consistentwiththeorganization’s(3.1.4)environmentalpolicy(3.1.3).Note2toentry:Theactivityneednottakeplaceinallareassimultaneously,orwithoutinterruption.3.4.6effectivenessextenttowhichplannedactivitiesarerealizedandplannedresultsachieved3.4.7indicatormeasurablerepresentationoftheconditionorstatusofoperations,managementorconditions[SOURCE:ISO14031:2013,3.15]3.4.8monitoringdeterminingthestatusofasystem,aprocess(3.3.5)oranactivityNote1toentry:Todeterminethestatus,theremightbeaneedtocheck,superviseo