新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证

来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试与资讯新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证HistoricalWitnesstoEthnicEquality,UnityandDevelopmentinXinjiang前言Foreword中国是统一的多民族国家。新疆自古以来就是中国多民族共同生活的家园。在漫长的历史长河中，生活在新疆的中华各族儿女密切交往、相互依存、休戚与共，共同开发建设新疆，共同维护边疆稳定、国家统一、民族团结，共同推动国家的发展进步。Chinaisaunifiedandmultiethniccountry.XinjianghasbeenhometoseveralofChina’sethnicpeoplessinceancienttimes.OverthelongcourseofhistorytheethnicgroupsinXinjianghavemaintainedcloserelationswitheachother,trustinganddependingoneachotherandsharingwealandwoetogether.TheyhaveworkedhardtobuildXinjiang,tosafeguardborderstability,nationalunificationandethnicunity,andtopromotethedevelopmentandprogressofChina.在国家的统一领导下，在少数民族聚居地方实行区域自治，是中国的一项基本政治，是中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路的重要内容和制度保障。在新疆实行民族区域自治制度，符合中国国情和新疆实际，维护了国家统一和新疆各民族平等团结发展。Undertheunifiedstateleadership,implementingregionalautonomyinareaswhereethnicminoritiesliveinconcentratedcommunitiesisabasicpoliticalsystemofChina.ItisanimportantsteponthecorrectpathtowardsresolvingethnicproblemsinaChinesemannerandaninstitutionalguaranteethatthepathwillbefollowed.ImplementingthesystemofethnicregionalautonomyinXinjiangisameasurethataccordswiththeprevailingsituationinChinaandwiththerealitiesoflifeandtheneedsofXinjiang.Doingsohasactedasabulwarktonationalunificationandtotheequality,unityanddevelopmentofallethnicgroupsinXinjiang.自1949年新疆和平解放，特别是1955年新疆维吾尔自治区成立以来，在国家的大力支持和全国各地的有力帮助下，在全区各族人民的共同努力下，新疆民生不断改善，各项事业全面进步，社会大局稳定，发展势头良好。SincethepeacefulliberationofXinjiangin1949,andthefoundingoftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregionin1955inparticular,Xinjianghasseencontinuedimprovementinitsstandardofliving,comprehensiveprogressinvariousareas,stabilityintheoverallsituationofsociety,andpositivemomentumfordevelopment.Allthishasbeenmadepossiblebystrongsupportfromthestateandotherpartsofthecountry,aswellasbythe来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯concertedeffortsofallofXinjiang’sethnicgroups.2010年和2014年，中央先后召开新疆工作座谈会，不断丰富完善治疆理念和治疆方略，新疆经济社会发展进入了新的历史时期。In2010and2014,thecentralgovernmentheldtwomeetingstodiscussworkrelatedtoXinjiang,resultinginasteadyimprovementoftheguidingprinciplesandstrategiesforgoverningXinjiang,usheringinaneweraintheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentoftheregion.新疆的发展进步，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全中国人民团结拼搏的伟大成果，是中国各族人民共同繁荣发展的生动体现，是中国民族区域自治制度在新疆的成功实践。ThedevelopmentandprogresswitnessedinXinjianghasbeenachievedbyallthepeoplesofChina-includingthevariousethnicgroupsinXinjiang-workingtogetherinpursuitofacommongoal.ItgivesavividexpressiontotheprogressmadebyChina’sethnicgroupstowardsachievingcommonprosperity,andmarksthesuccessfulimplementationofChina’ssystemofethnicregionalautonomyinXinjiang.一、实行民族区域自治制度I.ImplementingtheSystemofEthnicRegionalAutonomy新疆地处中国西北边疆，早在公元前60年就纳入中国版图，成为中国统一多民族国家不可分割的组成部分。历代中央政府根据新疆的实际情况，采取多种形式治理新疆。新疆各族人民在共同创建和发展中国统一多民族国家的历史过程中，形成了你中有我、我中有你的血肉联系。LocatedinChina’snorthwest,XinjiangwasdocumentedasformingpartofChina’sterritoriesasearlyas60BC,andwentontobecomeanintegralpartoftheunifiedandmultiethniccountry.Inlightoftheactuallocalconditions,thecentralgovernmentsinsuccessivedynasticperiodsadoptedvariousdifferentformsofgovernanceinthisregion.Duringtheprocessofcreatinganddevelopingaunifiedandmultiethniccountry,alltheethnicpeoplesofXinjiangdevelopedclosetiesandbecameintegratedasone.历史上，生活在新疆地区的各族人民，以其勤劳、智慧和勇敢，创造了灿烂的多民族文化，成为中华文化的重要组成部分，新疆也成为连通中外、传播文明的重要通道。Knownfortheirhardworking,wisdomandbravery,theethnicgroupsofXinjiangcreatedadistinctivemultiethnicculture,whichbecameanimportantpartofoverallChineseculture.XinjiangalsobecameakeygatewayconnectingChinawiththerestoftheworldanddisseminatingdiversecultures.1840年鸦片战争后，中国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会，新疆各族人民遭受着外国侵略者、封建势力和剥削阶级的压迫，社会地位极为低下。来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯AftertheFirstOpiumWar(1840-1842),Chinawasgraduallyreducedtoasemi-colonialandsemi-feudalsociety,andtheethnicpeoplesofXinjiangsufferedoppressionundertheforeignaggressors,feudalforcesandexploitingclasses,fallingtothebottomofsociety.到20世纪40年代末，南疆、伊犁和乌鲁木齐农业区的大部分土地都为少数地主所霸占，大部分农民只占有很少的土地。在南疆维吾尔农民聚居的偏远农村，还分散地、极少量地存有较完整的农奴主庄园，农奴主对农奴有支配一切的权力，农奴们无偿地为农奴主耕种土地，并承担各种家庭杂役。在北疆牧区，残留着封建氏族制度的社会关系，王公贵族、部落头领不仅占有大量的牲畜，而且享有种种封建特权。Bythelate1940s,mostofthearablelandinthefarmingareasofsouthernXinjiang,IliandUrumqihadbeenseizedbyahandfuloflandlords,leavingverylittletothemajorityofpeasants.IntheremotevillagesinhabitedbyUygurpeasantsinsouthernXinjiang,asmallnumberofserfowners’estatesexistedinrelativelycompleteform.Theoverlordsoftheseestatesownedtheirserfsfromheadtotoe,andtheserfswereforcedtoworktheirmasters’landswithoutpaymentandtoperformallkindsofdomesticchores.InthepastoralareasofnorthernXinjiang,remnantsofthefeudalclansystemwereevidentinthatthenobilityandtheclanchiefsnotonlyheldlargeherdsoflivestock,butalsoenjoyedallkindsoffeudalprivileges.新中国成立前，新疆经济社会发展严重滞后，各族人民生活十分贫困，根本无法享有基本人权。BeforethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,Xinjianglaggedfarbehindtherestofthecountryineconomicandsocialdevelopment,andtheethnicpeoplestherelivedindirepovertyandweredeprivedofbasichumanrights.1921年中国共产党成立后，就在为包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中国人民寻找一条实现民族独立、人民解放的正确道路。中国共产党成立初期，就有一些中共党员进入新疆地区从事革命工作。抗日战争时期，在中国共产党的领导下，新疆各族人民通过多种形式支援内地的抗战事业。一批各族进步青年受到先进思想的熏陶影响，积极追求进步，发动各族群众同反动落后势力进行斗争。共同的历史命运使新疆各族人民深信，唯有中国共产党才能救中国，这样的共识为后来新疆和平解放奠定了基本前提条件。Foundedin1921,theCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)tookasitsmissionthesearchforarightpathtorealizenationalindependenceandtheliberationofthepeople,includingtheethnicpeoplesofXinjiang.Initsearlydays,theCPCsentsomeofitsmemberstoXinjiangtocarryoutrevolutionarywork.DuringtheChinesepeople’sWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggression,thepeopleofallethnicgroupsinXinjianglenttheirsupporttothecauseofresistancethroughvariousmeansundertheleadershipoftheCPC.Anumberofrevolutionaryyouth,influencedbyprogressiveideas,activelymobilizedthepeoplesofXinjiangtofightagainstreactionaryandbackwardforces.ThecommoncallofhistoryconvincedthemthatonlytheCPCcouldsaveChina-aprerequisitefortheconsensusagainstwhichXinjianglater来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯greeteditspeacefulliberation.1949年9月，在新疆各族人民的努力下，新疆实现和平解放。10月1日，新疆各族人民同全国人民共同迎来了中华人民共和国的成立。新疆和平解放后，仍沿用过去的行省制。InSeptember1949,Xinjiangwasliberatedpeacefully,thankstotheeffortsmadebypeopleofallethnicgroupsthere.OnOctober1,togetherwithalltheirfellowcountrymen,theethnicpeoplesofXinjiangwitnessedthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Afterliberation,Xinjiangkeptitsprovincialsystem.1949年12月17日，在中共中央及中共新疆分局领导下，成立了以包尔汉为主席，由新疆各族各界代表组成的新疆省人民政府，掀开了人民民主政权建设新的一页。在中国共产党的领导下，在中国人民解放军的大力支持下，新疆省政府领导各族人民平叛剿匪、镇压反革命武装叛乱，同时还开展了改造起义部队、整编民族军等工作。OnDecember17,1949,undertheleadershipoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheCPCXinjiangBureau,theXinjiangprovincialpeople’sgovernmentwasestablished.RepresentedbydeputiesfromallethnicgroupsandsocialsectorsinXinjiang,andwithBurhanal-Shahidiaschair,thisopenedanewleafinthedevelopmentofanewpeople’sdemocraticgovernment.UndertheleadershipoftheCPC,andwiththestrongsupportoftheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy,theprovincialgovernmentofXinjiangledthelocalethnicpeoplesinsuccessfullyquellingrevolts,suppressingbanditsandputtingdownreactionaryarmedrebellions.Theuprisingtroopsoftheformerregimeandethnicarmedforceswereregrouped.根据民族平等、团结、互助的原则，新疆各族人民当家作主，第一次推选出各级人民代表大会代表。随后进行的以农村土地改革为中心的各项民主改革，废除了封建土地所有制，使无地、少地的各族农民分得了土地，从根本上改变了千百年来新疆各族劳动人民受压迫、受剥削的悲惨命运。Inlinewiththeprinciplesofequality,unity,andmutualassistanceforethnicgroups,thepeoplesofXinjiangbecamethemastersoftheregion,andforthefirsttimeelecteddeputiestothepeople’scongressesatalllevels.Thedemocraticreformthatfollowed,withrurallandreformatitscore,abolishedfeudallandownershipanddistributedlandtothedeprivedlocalpeasants,puttinganendonceandforalltocenturiesofoppressionandexploitationfortheworkingpeopleofXinjiang.新中国把坚持各民族平等团结和各民族共同繁荣发展作为解决民族问题和处理民族关系的基本原则，并确定在少数民族聚居地方实行民族区域自治制度。新中国成立时，在新疆聚居生活的主要有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、回、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯、塔吉克、满、乌孜别克、俄罗斯、达斡尔和塔塔尔等民族，其中维吾尔族人口居多。以上各民族呈“大杂居、小聚居”的特点，各民族之间存在密切而广泛的联系，这是新疆多民族共同聚居历史的延续。新疆实行民族区域自治制度，有力保障了新疆各民族人民当家作主的民主权利，对于加强各民族平等、团结、互助、和谐的关系，维护国家统一，加快新疆经济发展，促进新疆社会进步，都有来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯着十分重要的意义。ThePeople’sRepublicofChinahasupheldethnicequality,unity,commonprosperityanddevelopmentofallethnicgroupsasthebasicprinciplesinsolvingethnicproblemsandhandlingethnicrelations.Itmadeitastatepolicytopracticeethnicregionalautonomyinareaswherepeopleofethnicminoritiesliveinconcentratedcommunities.WhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949,theethnicpeoplesofXinjiangmainlycomprisedtheUygur,Han,Kazak,Hui,Kirgiz,Mongolian,Xibe,Tajik,Manchu,Uzbek,Russian,DaurandTartar,withtheUygursboastingthelargestpopulation.Eachoftheseethnicgroupswascharacterizedbylivinginhomogeneouscommunitiesofitsown,orbylivingtogetherwithormixingwithothergroups,andthevariouspeoplesmaintainedcloseandextensiverelations-acontinuationofthetraditionallifestyle.ThepracticeofethnicregionalautonomyinXinjianghasensuredthedemocraticrightsofallethnicpeoplesintheregion,makingthemthemastersofXinjiang.Itisalsoofgreatsignificanceinstrengtheningtheharmoniousrelationshipofequality,unityandmutualassistanceofthevariousethnicgroups,safeguardingnationalunification,acceleratingeconomicdevelopment,andpromotingsocialprogressinXinjiang.根据中央人民政府颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》相关，1952年8月22日，新疆省召开了第一届第二次各族各界人民代表大会，并于9月10日通过了《关于执行〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要〉的决议》，成立了新疆省民族区域自治筹备委员会。OnAugust22,1952,inaccordancewiththerelevantprovisionsoftheProgramofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforImplementingEthnicRegionalAutonomy,thesecondsessionofthefirstpeople’scongressofallethnicgroupsandwalksoflifewasheldinXinjiangprovince,passingtheResolutiononExecutingtheProgramofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforImplementingEthnicRegionalAutonomyandformingapreparatorycommitteeforexercisingethnicregionalautonomyinXinjiangprovinceonSeptember10.1953年12月22日，中央人民政府政务院批复同意《新疆省民族区域自治实施办法》，新疆自治地方筹建准备工作有序展开。截至1954年，经中央政府批准，新疆完成了州以下自治地方的筹建工作，成立了5个自治州，即：巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、昌吉回族自治州和伊犁哈萨克自治州；6个自治县，即：焉耆回族自治县、察布查尔锡伯自治县、木垒哈萨克自治县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县和巴里坤哈萨克自治县。InitsofficialwrittenreplyonDecember22,1953,theGovernmentAdministrativeCounciloftheCentralPeople’sGovernmentapprovedtheMeasuresforExercisingEthnicRegionalAutonomyinXinjiangprovince,initiatingthepreparatoryworkforestablishingautonomousareasinXinjianginanorderlyfashion.By1954,withtheapprovalofthecentralgovernment,Xinjianghadcompletedthepreparationsfortheestablishmentofautonomousareasatorbelowtheprefecturelevel,establishingfiveautonomousprefectures,i.e.,BayingolinMongolian,BortalaMongolian,Kizilsu来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯Kirgiz,ChangjiHuiandIliKazak,sixautonomouscounties,i.e.,YanqiHui,QapqalXibe,MoriKazak,HoboksarMongolian,TashkurghanTajikandBarkolKazak.各自治地方的建立为新疆维吾尔自治区的成立奠定了基础。中共中央新疆分局依照《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》，积极慎重地推进成立新疆维吾尔自治区的筹备工作。1955年9月13日，第一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议通过了成立新疆维吾尔自治区、撤消新疆省建制的决议，并以原新疆省的行政区域为新疆维吾尔自治区的行政区域。TheestablishmentoftheseautonomousprefecturesandcountieslaidthefoundationfortheestablishmentoftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregion.InaccordancewiththeProgramofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforPracticingEthnicRegionalAutonomy,theCPCXinjiangBureaumadeproactiveandprudentpreparationsforestablishingtheautonomousregion.The21stmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheFirstNationalPeople’sCongresspassedonSeptember13,1955theresolutiontoestablishtheXinjiangUygurautonomousregiontoreplacetheformerXinjiangprovince,withtheformerareasunderthejurisdictionoftheXinjiangprovincebeingputunderthejurisdictionofthenewlyestablishedautonomousregion.1955年9月20—30日，新疆省第一届人民代表大会第二次会议在乌鲁木齐召开。此次会议通过了《关于新疆维吾尔自治区筹备工作的》等文件，选举产生了以赛福鼎·艾则孜(维吾尔族)为主席，高锦纯(汉族)、买买提明·伊敏诺夫(维吾尔族)、帕提汗·苏古尔巴也夫(哈萨克族)为副主席的41人组成的新疆维吾尔自治区人民委员会。1955年10月1日，新疆维吾尔自治区宣告成立。InSeptember20-30,1955,thesecondsessionoftheFirstPeople’sCongressofXinjiangprovincewasconvenedinUrumqi.ThemeetingapprovedtheReportonPreparatoryWorkfortheEstablishmentoftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregionalongwithsomeotherinstruments,andelecteda41-memberPeople’sCommitteeofXinjiangUygurautonomousregion,withSeypidinEzizi(Uygur)aschair,andGaoJinchun(Han),MemetminIminof(Uygur)andPatihanSugurbayev(Kazak)asvicechairs.OnOctober1,1955,theXinjiangUygurautonomousregionwasofficiallyfounded.新疆维吾尔自治区的成立，标志着民族区域自治制度在新疆的全面贯彻实施。在中央政府的领导、关心和全国各兄弟省(区、市)的大力支持帮助下，新疆各族人民开展了大规模社会主义建设。TheestablishmentoftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregionmarkedthefullimplementationofthesystemofethnicregionalautonomyinXinjiang.Undertheleadershipandcareofthecentralgovernmentandwiththestrongsupportandhelpfromotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities,thepeopleofthevariousethnicgroupsinXinjiangplungedintotheconstructionofXinjianginamassivescale.1984年，国家颁布实施《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》，将民族区域自治制度确定为国家一项基本政治制度，为新疆各族人民在维护国家统一的原则下充分来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯行使自治权利提供了有力的法律保障。In1984,thestatepromulgatedandputintoeffecttheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonEthnicRegionalAutonomy,establishingethnicregionalautonomyasabasicpoliticalsystemofthestate,therebyprovidingapowerfullegalbasisforallethnicpeoplesinXinjiangtofullyexercisetheirrightofautonomybasedontheprincipleofsafeguardingnationalunification.2010年5月、2014年5月，中央先后召开第一、二次新疆工作座谈会，强调要坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，努力建设团结和谐、繁荣富强、文明进步、安居乐业的社会主义新疆，新疆各项事业发展进入了一个新阶段。InMay2010andMay2014,thecentralgovernmentheldtwomeetingstospeciallydiscussworkinrelationtoXinjiang,emphasizingtheimportanceofupholdingandimprovingthesystemofethnicregionalautonomy,andcallingforeffortstobuildasocialistXinjiangfeaturingunityandharmony,prosperityandvigor,civilityandprogress,andpeaceandcontentmentforitspeople.ThevariousundertakingsofXinjianghadenteredanewstageofdevelopment.二、坚持各民族平等团结II.UpholdingEthnicEqualityandUnity新疆维吾尔自治区成立以来，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，贯彻落实国家的民族政策，努力促进各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，发展和巩固了平等、团结、互助、和谐的新型社会主义民族关系。Sinceitsestablishmentin1955,theXinjiangUygurautonomousregionhasremainedcommittedtosupportingandimprovingthesystemofethnicregionalautonomy.IthasimplementedChina’sethnicpolicies,endeavoredtopromotetheunityandcommonprosperityofvariousethnicgroups,anddevelopedandconsolidatedthenewtypeofsocialistethnicrelationsofequality,unity,mutualassistanceandharmony.坚持各民族一律平等。在中国，各民族不论人口多少、发展程度高低，都具有同等地位，依法享有相同的权利，履行相同的义务。民族区域自治制度的建立，实现了保护少数民族合法权益和保障公民个人平等权利相统一。新疆各族人民享有平等的法律地位，享有宪法和法律赋予的选举与被选举的权利，同时还享有参与国家事务管理、宗教信仰自由、接受教育、使用本民族语言文字、继承本民族传统文化等各项权利。Theprincipleofequalityamongallethnicgroupshasbeenupheld.AllethnicgroupsinChina,regardlessofthesizesoftheirpopulationandlevelsofdevelopment,areequal.Theyenjoyequalrightsandarerequiredtofulfillthesameobligationsinaccordancewiththelaw.Theestablishmentofthesystemofethnicregionalautonomyservedtoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofethnicminoritiesandsafeguardtheequalrightsandinterestsofindividualcitizens.PeopleofallethnicoriginsinXinjiangareensuredanequallegalstatus.TheyenjoytherightstovoteandstandforelectionasprescribedbytheConstitutionandthelaw,therightofequalparticipationintheadministrationofstateaffairs,therightofreligiousbelief,therighttoreceive来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯education,therighttousetheirownspokenandwrittenlanguages,therighttoinheritandcarryonthetraditionalcultureoftheirownethnicgroups,etc.自治区着力消除历史遗留下来的民族隔阂，坚决反对任何形式的民族压迫和歧视，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。各级自治地方既尊重和保护本地区各民族的权利，同时还担负着维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定的责任。Theregionhasfocusedoneliminatingethnicmisunderstandingscarriedoverfromthepast;ithasfirmlyopposedanyformofethnicoppressionordiscrimination,andoutlawedanyactionthatmightsabotageethnicunityorinciteethnicseparatism.Inadditiontorespectingandprotectingtherightsandinterestsofallethnicpeopleswithintheirjurisdiction,governmentsofethnicautonomousareasatvariouslevelsshoulderatthesametimetheresponsibilityofsafeguardingnationalunification,ethnicunityandsocialstability.自主管理本民族、本地区的内部事务。新疆维吾尔自治区是多民族共居的自治地方，也是全国唯一三级自治地方(区、州、县)俱全的自治区。自治区内设有5个自治州、6个自治县和42个民族乡。自治地方的各族人民共同选举出人民代表大会(以下简称“人大”)代表，组成自治机关，行使管理本地区内部事务的权利。自治机关在历届人大代表组成以及干部配备上，坚持各民族平等参与、共同管理的原则。2014年，自治区第十二届人大代表名额共550名，有14个民族成份，其中少数民族代表占66%，比少数民族人口在新疆总人口中的比例高出3个百分点。目前，在9位现任自治区人大常委会主任、副主任中，有少数民族6名。自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长均由实行区域自治民族的公民担任，绝大多数地区的专员以及市长、县长、区长也由少数民族干部担任。新疆各民族还享有平等参与管理国家事务的权利。2014年，出席第十二届全国人大的新疆代表共60名，其中少数民族代表38名，占63.33%。还有一批少数民族干部在中央和国家机关中担任领导职务。Internalaffairsoftheethnicautonomousareasareadministeredindependently.Hometomorethanadozenmajorethnicgroups,theXinjiangUygurautonomousregionistheonlyautonomousregioninChinawiththreelevelsofautonomousadministrativedivisions(region,prefectureandcounty).Itboastsfiveautonomousprefectures,sixautonomouscountiesand42ethnictownships.Thepeopleofeachethnicautonomousareaelecttheirowndeputiestothepeople’scongressandformtheself-governmentorgansofpowertoexercisetherighttomanagetheirowninternalaffairs.Inthecompositionofdeputiestothepeople’scongressesandtheappointmentofofficials,theregion’sself-governmentorgansateachlevelhavealwaysadheredtotheprinciplesofequalparticipationandcommonmanagement.In2014,the550deputiestothe12thPeople’sCongressoftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregioncamefrom14ethnicgroups,with66percentbeingethnicminoritiesthemselves,threepercentagepointshigherthantheproportionofthetotalpopulationofallethnicgroupsinXinjiang.OfninechairpersonandvicechairpersonsoftheStandingCommitteeofthecurrentregionalpeople’scongress,sixarecitizensofethnicminorityorigins.InXinjiangnow,theheadsoftheautonomousregion,alltheautonomousprefecturesandallautonomouscountiesarecitizensfromtheethnic来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯group(s)exercisingregionalautonomyintheareasconcerned.Moreover,anoverwhelmingnumberoftheheadsofotherprefectures,citiesandcountiesarecitizensofethnicminorityorigins.EthnicgroupsinXinjiangalsoenjoytherightofequalparticipationintheadministrationofstateaffairs.Of60deputiesfromXinjiangwhoattendedthe12thNationalPeople’sCongressin2014,38,orover63percent,wereethnicminorities.TherearemanypeopleofethnicminorityoriginsfromXinjiangholdingleadingpostsincentralandstateorgans.根据《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》的规定，民族自治地方有权依照当地特点制定自治条例和单行条例，对法律、行政法规、地方性法规作出变通规定。这些规定对保障和维护各少数民族合法权益、促进自治地方经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。AccordingtotheConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonEthnicRegionalAutonomy,ethnicautonomousareashavetherighttoenactautonomousandseparateregulationstoadapttheprovisionsofthestatelaw,administrativeregulationsandlocalregulationsinaccordancewiththeirlocalconditions.Thesestipulationshaveplayedanimportantroleinsafeguardingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsoftheethnicminoritiesandpromotingeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinethnicautonomousareas.保障各民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利。新疆是多语言文字地区，主要使用10种语言。自治区颁布《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播影视、网络等领域以及日常生活中得到广泛应用。政府机关在执行公务、各类机构在招聘及晋级考试时，使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。自治区中小学教育共使用7种语言教学，广播、电视用5种语言播放节目，图书、音像和电子出版物用6种语言文字出版。Allethnicgroupsareguaranteedtherighttouseanddeveloptheirownspokenandwrittenlanguages.Xinjiangisaregionofmultiplespokenandwrittenlanguages,ofwhichtherearetenprincipalones.TheregionhasenactedtheRegulationsforWorkConcerningSpokenandWrittenLanguagesintheXinjiangUygurautonomousregion,whichprovidesalegalbasisfortheextensiveuseofthespokenandwrittenlanguagesofethnicminoritiesinsuchfieldsasjustice,administration,education,newsmedia,publishing,radio,movies,televisionprograms,theInternetanddailylife.Governmentorgansinhandlingpublicaffairsandvariousotherorganizationsinrecruitmentandpromotiontestsallusethelanguage(s)oftheethnicgroupsexercisingautonomyinagivenarea.Sevenlanguagesareusedasteachinglanguagesinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsintheregion,fivelanguagesareusedinbroadcastingandtelevisionprograms,andsixlanguagesareusedinpublishingbooks,audio-visualproductsandelectronicpublications.根据《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》，普通话和规范汉字为国家通用语言和文字。自治区积极倡导少数民族学习国家通用语言和文字，在中小学对少数民族学生进行通用语言文字教育，提倡各民族相互学习语言，增进各民族间的了解和沟通。自2010年起，自治区要求新录用公职人员正式上岗前必须具备基本来源：国新办网站|整理：CATTI考试资料与资讯的国家通用语言和少数民族语言能力，并提供“双语”的机会和条件。TheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaontheStandardSpokenandWrittenChineseLanguagerulesthatthestandardspokenandwrittenChineselanguageisPutonghua(acommonspeechwithpronunciationbasedontheBeijingdialect)andthestandardizedChinesecharacters.TheautonomousregionencouragesethnicminoritiestostudythestandardspokenandwrittenChineseandoffersappropriatecoursesinprimaryandsecondaryschools,anditalsoencouragesethnicminoritypeoplestostudyoneanother’slanguagessoastoenhancemutualunderstandingandcommunication.Since2010,theautonomousregionhasrequiredthatnewlyrecruitedcivilservantsmustacquirebasicskillsinboththestandar