硕士研究生英语考试复习

硕士研究生考试复习 词法考点 A. 一(特殊动词的用法 英语动词众多，用法复杂，全部掌握的确比较困难，但大学英语四级考试语法部分实际上只测试少数特殊动词的用法，主要有三类: 1(感觉动词 常用的感觉动词有hear、see、feel、smell、find等，主要测试二方面内容: a) 时态。此类动词通常都没有进行时态，前面时态一节已讨论，不再赘述。 b) svoc结构中宾语补足语的成分。在svoc结构中，上述动词的宾语补足语可以是现在分词(表示动作正在进行)或不带to的不定式(强调动作的整个过程)。但在被动语态结构中，必须用带to的不定式。 此类试的特点是选择项为动词非谓语形式和动词原形，解题的关键是注意空格前的动词是否感觉动词。如果是感觉动词的主动语态，应选择动词原形;若是感觉动词的被动语态，则选择不定式。 但是，若宾语不是其补足语的动作执行者，必须用过去分词，可以根据补足语与宾语之间的逻辑关系确定其正确形式。 e.g. When you were talking to the policeman, I saw a teenager ______. A. getting on your car and driving off B. got on your car and drive off C. getting on your car and drive off D. get on your car and drive off B、C中and引导的并列成分不一致，首先排除。感觉动词see后加现在分词作宾补表示动作的一部分，跟动词原形作宾补表示动作全过程，时间从句暗示主句动作正在进行，故A正确。 2(使动词 如make、let、have、get、keep等。上述动词作“使动词”用，常见于svoc结构中，具体结构如下: make/let/have + someone + do make/let/have + something + done get + someone + to do或get + something + done keep + someone + doing/done 涉及上述动词的试题主要是测试svoc结构中宾语补足语的形式，牢记上述结构，灵活运用，问题就迎刃而解了。 e.g. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how our business was going on. A. to be informed B. on informing C. informed D. informing 根据“keep + someone + doing / done”这一结构判断，A、B都是错误的，而宾语补足语部分的inform与宾语me之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，应使用过去分词作宾语补足语，故C正确。 e.g. The students were made ______ in the dormitories after 11 p.m.. A. staying B. to stay C. stay D. stayed 选择项为stay的谓语形式和非谓语形式。题句中were made是解题的关键，暗示其后只能跟不定式作主语补足语，故B正确。 3(歧义动词 如remember、forget、stop、regret、try、mean等，此类动词后可跟动词不定式或动名词作宾语，但在意义上有很大区别。 “remember to do sth”意为“记住去做„„” “remember doing sth”意为“记得做过„„” “regret to do sth”表示“遗憾„„” “regret doing sth”则表示“后悔„„” 1 ―forget to do sth”表示“忘记去做„„” ―forget doing sth”表示“忘记做了„„” ―stop to do sth”表示“停下去做„„” ―stop doing sth”表示“停下做„„” ―try to do sth”表示“„„努力、企图做某事” ―try doing sth”表示“试着做，试验、试一试某种办法” ―mean to do sth”表示“打算做„„” ―mean doing sth”表示“意味做„„” 例如:Remember ____to the post office and post the letter for me on your way to school. A. going B. to go C. gone D. go 题句为祈使句结构，根据上述原则，remember后应接不定式作宾语，故B正确。 e.g. I remember my father ______ me to the beach when I was a small boy. A. to take B. takes C. taking D. take 题句中remember后出现名词，及表示过去时间的状语，依据上述原则，应选择动名词作宾语，故C正确。 e.g. Do you remember ______ to Prof. Smith during your last vacation? A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have introduced 因该题为一般疑问句，应选择动名词作宾语，这样只能在B、C中选择。因动名词动作与其逻辑主语you之间存在动宾关系，应用动名词被动语态，故C正确。 e.g. I regret _____ you that the materials you ordered are out of stock. A. telling B. having told C. to tell D. told 正确答案为C。 e.g. I regret ______ hard at school. A. to have worked B. not having worked C. to work D. having not worked 根据regret的用法判断，本题应选择动名词作宾语，故只能选择B或D，因动名词的否定要把not放在助动词前，所在正确答案为B。 二、非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括动名词、动词不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)，也是大学英语四级考试中一个必测项目。 该类测试题的选择都是动词的非谓语形式，有时也出现动词原形，因而往往无法根据选择项本身的错误排除，使解题简化。只有在选择项中出现非谓语动词的否定形式时，才可以根据其用法排除错误的否定结构。在看完选择项明确测试内容后，应立即扫视空格前后，确定空格在题句中的成分，从而判断该选择属何种非谓语动词。 常见考点: 动词后接动名词还是不定式，或两者均可，这是个约定俗成的习惯用法问题。根据实际应用的规律，可分为以下三类: 1) 动词不定式-----只能接不定式做宾语的动词有: decide, hope, learn, manage(打算), offer, prepare , agree, refuse, fail(未), pretend, happen(碰巧),promise, plan(打算, ) 注意: 不定式的一些特殊的用法: 在had better, would rather… than, cannot but, can but 等词语后和句型“Why…?‖或―Why not…‖中，动词不定式须省掉to;介词except和but前若有动词do的某种形式，他们后面的不定式一般不带to，反 2 之则需带to. E.G. I would rather die than surrender. 动词不定式是大学英语四级考试的重要测试项目，主要包括如下几点: a) 测试作宾语时不定式带补语的结构 动词不定式作宾语带有自己的补语时，必须用先行词it作形式宾语，将不定式放在补语后面，可使用这种结构的常用动词有:find、think、consider、make等，基本句型是: v. + it + adj + to do e.g. Do you consider ______ wise to ignore him? A. it is B. it to be C. it as being D. it 根据上述句型判断，正确答案为D。 b) 不定式在svoc句型中的应用 在svoc句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语，解题的关键是记住带不定式作宾语补足语的动词，如:ask、tell、allow、enable、expect、get、require、request、cause、urge、want、force、order等。 e.g. They don’t allow _______ in the library, but they allow people ______ in the restroom. A. to smoke … to smoke B. smoking … smoking C. to smoke … smoking D. smoking … to smoke allow为及物动词，只能跟动名词作宾语，在svoc句型中，必须用不定式作宾语补足语，符合这两个条件的只有D，因而正确答案为D。 c) 不定式作定语的用法 不定式作定语主要测试: (1)与其他非谓语形式或谓语形式的区别 在这种类型的测试题中，凡是谓语形式的选择项都可以首先排除，因为一个简单句中只能有一个主谓结构，不能同时出现两个主谓结构。另外，要注意区别不定式作定语与现在分词或过去分词作定语所表达的不同时间概念等。 e.g. The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased. A. to be debated B. debates C. debating D. debated B项是谓语动词，根据句子结构特点可以首先排除;C项为现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行，但tomorrow为将来时间状语，显然矛盾。另一方面，现在分词与其所修饰名词间为动宾关系，应用被动语态;D项为过去分词，表示动作完成，而句子中时间状语为将来时间，D也不对。而动词不定式被动语态作定语可表示将来动作，故A正确。 (2)介词的使用 英语中如果不定式与其所修饰的名词或代词之间是动宾关系，我们称之为反射不定式,反射不定式如果此时是不及物动词，须加上适当介词, 这里的介词一般不能省。例如: He hasn’t decided which hotel to stay at. There are some things to be grateful for. e.g. The boy’s father bought him a large toy train ______. A. which to play with B. to play with it C. to play with D. at which to play “疑问词 + 不定式”只能作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语，显然该题缺少的正是定语，所以可以排除A;D项结构错误，而选择项B介词后的宾语多余，故正确答案为C。 d) 不定式的时态、语态 主要测试不定式的完成时态，不定式完成时被动语态和不定式一般时被动语态。 不定式完成时表示不定式动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，不定式被动语态表示不定式的逻辑主语是其动作 3 的承受者，be sorry、be glad、seem或say、find、hear、report等动词的被动语态后加不定式完成时态较为常见。 e.g. The new power station is reported _____ within three years. A. to have completed B. to have been completed C. having been completed D. to complete 此题中不定式与其逻辑主语间存在动宾关系，应用被动语态，可首先排除A、D，而C项为现在分词，只能作定语或状语，不能作主语补足语，故B为正确答案。 e.g. Mr. Johnson preferred ______ heavier work to do. A. to be given B. to be giving C. to have given D. having given 四个选择项为动词give的非谓语形式，用来作prefer的宾语，不管是不定式还是动名词都与其逻辑 主语(即句子主语)之间存在动宾关系，必须使用被动语态，B、C、D三个选择项都是主动语态，可以排 除，正确答案为A。 e) 不定式作状语 主要测试不定式作目的状语时的否定和不定式作程度状语的二种基本结构。 不定式的否定可在不定式符号to前加not，但作目的状语时不可以使用这种形式，必须用in order not to或so as not to表示。 e.g. The police inspector spoke to the little girl kindly _____ her. A. not to frighten B. in order to not frighten C. so as not to frighten D. so not as to frighten 该题的不定式作目的状语，正确否定形式是C，故C为正确答案。 不定式作程度状语，主要测试enough to do和too … to这二种基本结构，只要记住这种句型就能选出正确答案。 e.g. He moved away from his parents, and missed them ______ enjoy the exciting life in New York. A. too much to B. enough to C. very much to D. much so as to 该题的不定式作程度状语，符合上述句型的只有选择项A，故A正确。 2) 动名词 主要测试动名词在特定句型中的使用，以及动名词的逻辑主语、时态、语态。解题的关键是牢记常跟动名词作宾语的动词，以及一些常用结构。 a) 只能接动名词做宾语的动词有: miss, mind, enjoy, suggest, practise, persist, quit, admit, appreciate, deny, escape, complete, fulfil, acknowledge, favour, delay, postpone, finish, avoid, prevent, recall, recollect, risk, consider b) 只能接动名词的一些常用句型\结构: It’s no good/use/fun (in) doing sth…. There is no need/point/use/sense (in) doing sth. be busy/ be worth doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth…. spend/waste time (in) doing sth… can’t help doing sth…. confess to, object to, be opposed to, look forward to，contribute to, be used to, be devoted to, be dedicated to， lead to, refer to, equal to, stick to, belong to, thanks to, be accustomed todoing sth 4 c) 既可接动名词又可接动词不定式做宾语的有: ? 接动词不定式和动名词作宾语而意义差别不大的动词: love, like, dislike, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, propose, etc. ? 可跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语但意义有差别的动词:歧义动词中已讲。 ? need, want, require, deserve + 动名词/ +不定式被动态, 表被动意义。 The pencil needs sharpening. (to be sharpened) 在选择动名词时，需要考虑其时态、语态，还要注意逻辑主语的表达方式。动名词时态可根据动名词动作与主句谓语动作发生的先后顺序判断。动名词动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，用完成时，其他情况用一般时;语态则根据动名词动作与其逻辑主语之间的关系确定，二者之间存在主谓关系，用主动语态，二者之间存在动宾关系，则用被动语态。 e.g. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination. A. to prepare B. preparing C. to be prepared D. being prepared 此题中，be busy后加动名词作宾语为一特定句型，应选择动名词。另外，动名词动作与其逻辑主语即句子主语she之间属主谓关系，应用主动语态，故B正确。 e.g. I appreciate ______ to your home. A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invited appreciate为及物动词，后只能跟动名词作宾语，所以A、B错误，此处动名词与其逻辑主语之间存在着动宾关系，应使用被动语态，故D为正确答案。 e.g. I had to postpone _____ to his plan to a later date. A. me listening B. myself listening C. my listening D. mine listening 动名词逻辑主语应用人称代词所有格或名词所有格(’s属格)。在口语中，动名词不在句首时，可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，但在正式文体中应避免这样用法。由此可见，C为正确答案。 3)分词-----也是一种非限定动词，它兼有动词和形容词的特征。 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。大学英语四级考试中分词部分主要测试分词作状语，有时也涉及到分词作定语。 及物动词write 不及物动词go 主动语态 被动语态 现 Writing being written Going 一般式 在 having having been 分 having gone 完成式 written written 词 过 去 written gone 分 词 a) 现在分词和过去分词的区别: 语态上不同，现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。 e.g. a moving film 一部感动人的电影 a moved audience受感动的观众 时间关系上不同，一般来说，现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往已经完成， e.g. boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 已经煮开过的水(可能是凉开水) 5 例句: Seeing these photos, I could not help thinking of my childhood days in Los Angeles. Not knowing what to do, she went to the godfather for help. Frustrated, he went back to his hometown. 注意:修饰过去分词常用much，修饰现在分词和形容词化了的过去分词(如interested, excited)则 用very。 b) 分词作状语 ? 分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、 条件、让步、方式时，通常可以换为相应的状语从句，表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换成一个并列的谓语成 分。 Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up. (When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.) Heated, ice will be changed into water. (When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.) ? 分词作状语与主语的关系 ? 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. ? 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语的承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. ? 分词作状语时前面可用连词if, while, when, once, unless等引导的状语从句，若其主语与主句的主 语相同时，可保留该连词，其余部分则简化为分词短语，相当于省略的状语从句。 If falling ill, I’ll see my doctor. Even though given every opportunity, they would not try. 此类测试题的主要特点是题句句首出现空格，四个选择项包括现在分词、过去分词，有时也会出现谓语动 词或不定式或that引导的名词从句。解题时首先排除谓语动词和that从句，动词不定式作状语放在句首很少， 在语法测试中则更少见，也可以直接从选择项中排除，然后根据空格部分动词与主句谓语之间的逻辑关系确定 分词的形式。在选择现在分词时还需要考虑其时态、语态，如果分词动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，应选择现 在分词完成时，要是二者之间同时又存在动宾关系，应使用现在分词完成时被动语态。 e.g. _______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all. A. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing 首先排除B，空格部分与主句主语之间存在动宾关系，应使用过去分词作状语，故C、D错误。过去分词作 状语时，往往可以在前面加上when、while、if或though等从属连词来表示出分词作状语的确切意义，所以正 确答案为A。 e.g. ______ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school A. Accused of B. That he was accused of C. Accusing of D. To be accused of 首先排除B、D，空格部分与主句主语之间存在动宾关系(accuse someone of)，应用过去分词作状语，故A 正确。 另外，独立分词结构作状语也是十分常见的测试项目，常见题型有二种: ?句子开头为“名词或代词 +_____”，或“with + 名词或代词 + _____”，选择项为动词非谓语形式和谓 语形式。解题时，凡选择项中出现不定式或谓语动词都可以直接排除，因为谓语动词与名词或代词构成独立句 子，不能用逗号隔开，with不能引导句子;不定式放在名词后只能作定语，构成名词短语，不能单独使用，然 后根据分词与逻辑主语之间关系判断。 e.g. A new technique _____, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. 6 A. working out B. having worked out C. having been worked out D. to have worked out 根据上述原则，首先排除B、D，a new technique与work out之间存在动宾关系，故应选择现在分词的被 动式，所以C正确。 e.g. With the guide _____ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night. A. leading B. led C. to lead D. leads 因C、D项分别为不定式、谓语动词，可以首先排除，分词与guide之间存在主谓关系，应用现在分词，所 以A正确。 ?题句开头逗号前全部空缺，四个选择项中包括独立结构、简单句，解题时可以直接排队选择项中的简单 句，然后根据分词与逻辑主语之间的关系确定分词的正确形式。 e.g. ______, the next problem was how to make a good plan. A. The decision having made B. The decision had been made C. The decision was made D.The decision having been made B、C二项均为简单句，可以排除。A、D为名词与现在分词构成的独立结构，因分词与逻辑主语之间存在动 宾关系，应使用现在分词被动语态，所以D正确。 c) 分词做定语 主要测试分词性质以及它与不定式被动语态作定语时的区别。 e.g. Some of the questions _____ the students were very difficult to answer. A. raised by B. raising by C. to be raised by D. had been raised by 很显然，本题测试非谓语动词作定语，D项是谓语动词，一个简单句只能有一个主谓结构，故D错误。不 定式被动语态作定语时表示将来动作，但句子谓语为过去时表明动作已发生，C也不对，所以只能用分词作定 语，因分词与其修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，只能使用过去分词作定语，因而A正确。 Test Yourself 1. I would appreciate _______ it a secret. (95.6) A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep 2. Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (95.6) A. having been fined B. to have been fined C. to be fined D. being fined 3. I don’t mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late. (00.1) A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make 4. _______ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. (99.1) A. The girl to be educated B. The girl’s being educated C. The girl educated D. The girl was educated 5. She was so angry that she felt like _______ something at him. (92.6) A. to throw B. throwing C. to have thrown D. having thrown 6. The man in the corner confessed to ______ a lie to the manager of the company. (97.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 7. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture. (98.1) A. to have students B. for students’ being C. for students to be D. to students’ being 7 8. I remember _______ to help us if we ever got into trouble. (93.6) A. once offering B. him once offering C. him to offer D. to offer him 9. If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in. (96.1) A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed 10. The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy _______ back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon. (92.6) A. to send B. sending C. to be sent D. being sent 11. Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. (95.6) A. separating B. to separate C. having separated D. for separating 12. When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. (97.1) A. cheat B. cheating C. to cheat D. to be cheating 13. Tryon was extremely angry, but cool-headed enough to ________storming into the boss’s office. (02.1) A. avoid B. prohibit C. turn D. prevent 14. Don’t get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class. (90.1) A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change 15. Your hair wants _______. You’d better have it done tomorrow. (97.6) A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 16. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches, chairs or boxes. (00.1) A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 17. _______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Comparing 18. ______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96.1) A. Being published B. Published C. Publishing D. To be published 19. ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. (96.6) A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed 20. The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain. (99.6) A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated 21. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _______ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. (99.6) A. being B. been C. to be D. having been 22. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97.6) 8 A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 23. All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. (98.6) A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered 24. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (99.1) A. were canceled B. having been canceled C. had been canceled D. have been canceled 25. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _______. (95.1) A. to correct B. correcting C. having corrected D. being corrected 26. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girl as well as boys _______ to go to school. (97.1) A. to be encouraged B. being encouraged C. been encouraged D. be encouraged 27. All flights _______ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. (02.1) A. were canceled B. having canceled C. has been canceled D. having been canceled 28. The day ______ fine, we decided to go to the park. A) is B) been C) be D) being 29.The moon having no atmosphere, ______. A) and there can be no wind C) there can be no wind B) so there can be no wind D) where can be no wind 30. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. A) being tied C) to be tied B) having tie D) tied 31. ______ the tree now tall, we get more shade. A) With B) Because C) When D) For 32. Their task ______, they went home. A) has been fulfilled C) has fulfilled B) having been fulfilled D) had fulfilled 33. The last bus ______, we had to walk home. A) has gone B) left C) having gone D) leaving 参考答案:1-5 A D B B B 6-10 D D B A B 11-15 A B A B C 16-20 C A B B A 21-25 A A A B D 26-30 B D D C D 31-34 A B C 三、情态动词 常见考点: 1. 情态动词的完成式 大学英语四级考试中“情态动词+动词完成式”是一个常测项目，表示对过去情况的推测，重点测试这些用 9 法之间的区别。 1) must have done ----表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定，准是，肯定”，其否 定形式是can’t / couldn’t have done，意为“决不可能，不太可能”。 e.g. Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 2) should / ought to have done----表示过去应该做的却没有做，常含有后悔、责备、埋怨的口吻，意 为“本应该„„”，“应该„„就好了”; e.g. With all the work finished, I should have gone to your birthday party last night. 3) shouldn’t / ought not to have done----表示过去不该做的事却给做了，也常含有责备、不满之意， 意为“本不该„„”。 e.g. You shouldn’t have gone back to work yesterday without the doctor’s permission. 4) may / might have done----表示对过去事情的推测，但不十分有把握，意为“可能，或许已经„„”。 e.g. A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt. 5) could have done----表示过去有可能或有能力做某事，而实际未做、未能 实现的事;有时也表示轻度 批评，意为“本来可以……, 完全可以……”。 e.g. The gas leakage could have been avoided if the gas company took immediate measures after the warning call. 6) needn’t have done----表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“其实没有必要„„”。 e.g. I needn’t have bought all that wine---only three people came. 2. 可作情态动词用的短语 would rather, would sooner, would (just)as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, cannot but, may/might as well 英语四级考试主要测试上述结构在用法上的区别，解题时往往只能根据上下文从逻辑意义上的连贯性去判 断，如果选择项中出现must的否定形式可以直接排除该项。 e.g. You ___ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A. needn’t have done B. must not have done C. shouldn’t have done D. can’t have done 首先排除B，由上下文可知，本来“有计算机可以做那事(计算)，”所以“你没有必要亲自做”，这里谈的 是必要性，故A正确。 e.g. I _____ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards. A. ought to have written B. must have written C. couldn’t have written D. needn’t have written 由上下文得知，因为“他此后很快给我打电话”，故“我本没必要给他写信”，也是谈必要性，所以D正确。 e.g. You ______ those letters. Why didn’t you? A. should post B. must have posted C. should have posted D. ought to post should do或ought to do都表示将来动作，但是句中的时态暗示动作已发生，故A、D错误，“why didn’t you?”，表明过去应该做的事没有做，含有责备的意思，因此，C正确。 Test Yourself 1) This box is too heavy,______ give me a hand?(1998.1) A. would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to 2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _____ during the day. (1999.1) 10 A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you____ it. (1998.6) A. mustn’t have done B. wouldn’t have done C. mightn’t have done D. didn’t have to do 4) If you don’t like to swim, you___ stay at home. (1995.1) A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well 5) You____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.(2000.6) A. shouldn’t follow B. mustn’t follow C.couldn’t have been following D. shouldn’t have been following 6) You___ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. (1996.1) A. needn’t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can’t have seen 7) The room is in a terrible mess; it___ cleaned.(1996.6) A. can’t have been B. shouldn’t have been C. mustn’t have been D. wouldn’t have been 8) Even if I had had the time to write to her, I _______ done so as I didn’t know her address. (92.6) A. can not have had B. will not have had C. must not have had D. might not have had 9) Some women _______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (00.1) A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made 10) Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class; she ______ have studied very hard. A. may B. should C. must D. ought to 11) With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night. (89.1) A. mustn’t go B. wouldn’t go C. oughtn’t go D. shouldn’t have gone 参考答案: 1-5 B C D B D 6-11 D A A D C D 评析: 1)情态动词自身结构要正确 结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后有连带成分。测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰项，如?。 四个选项都与请求有关，但would you mind 后接动名词，一般说 would you like to 而不是 will you like , will you please 后用原形动词，答案是 would you please? 2)注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。在情态动词的推测性用法中， must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为: must只用于肯定句中。 can/could不能用于肯定句中。 may/might不能用于疑问句中。 另外还应注意can’t 表示“不可能”，may not表示“可能不”。 考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, can’t用而不是may, may not. 如; He can’t have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person. Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited. 11 3)注意推测用语中谓语动词发生的时间。 如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。 There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone. 如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。 They must be talking about something very secret. 如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词 He must be badly ill. He looks so pale 如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might. There may be a terrible storm in the following few days. 四、比较级 主要测试形容词、副词的比较级和同级比较，试题的表现在如下几方面: 1(常考的比较句型 1) 含有倍数的比较结构 四级考试经常测试“倍数+as…as”的比较结构。解题的关键是从这一结构考虑，往往能通过排除法从选择项中直接找到正确答案。 e.g. She didn’t regret paying 200 dollars for the bookstore. As a matter of fact, she would gladly have paid _____ for it. A. as much twice B. much as twice C. as twice much D. twice as much 根据“倍数+as…as”结构，D为正确答案，此处as引导的比较状语从句省略。 e.g. Staying in a hotel is ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a week. A. twice much as B. as much as twice C. twice as much as D. as much twice as 对照“倍数+as…as”结构可知，只有C正确。 2) 连词的选择:解题时必须首先弄清楚比较级和同级比较的结构，然后从题句寻找线索。只要题句中出现形容词或副词的比较级，必须选择than;当题句中出现“as + 形容词/副词”结构时，应选择as构成同级比较结构，使句子保持完整。 e.g. It’s more important that she should be free _____ she should live a luxurious life. A. than B. that C. more than D. than that 题句中more important是形容词比较级，必须用than引导比较状语从句，只能在A、D之间选择。此题是主语相比较，主句主语是that引导的从句，因比较的成分须一致，所以从句也必须是that引导的从句，故D正确。 3) 比较对象的一致性 在比较结构中，比较的双方必须在句子成分、对象(内容)上保持一致，试题的特点是要求选择比较的另一方，通常出现在从句中，解题时往往要从题句中寻找解题信息，确定比较对象。 e.g. I like watching TV ______ to the cinema. A. more than to go B. than going C. more than going D. rather than to go 选择项B中than引导比较结构，但题句中没有形容词或副词的比较级，故错误，rather than引导平行结构，前后成分应一致，这里显然不一致，D应排除，A、C的区别在于其后的成分不一致，因题句中是动名词(watching TV)，所以被比较部分也应是动名词，由此可见，正确答案为C。 有时，为了避免重复，可用that、those或do、did等替代相同的成分。 12 e.g. His salary as a bus driver is much higher than _____. A. a teacher B. those of a teacher C. that of a teacher D. a doctor 根据比较对象一致的原则，比较的双方应是“公共汽车驾驶员的工资”和“教师的工资或医生的工资”，如选择A或D就成了“工资”与“教师或医生”的比较，二者之间没有可比性，故A、D都不对。而those、that分别替代可数名词复数，可数名词单数或不可数名词，salary是不可数名词，只要用that替代，故C正确。 4) would sooner…than, would as soon…as (宁可…而不愿) I’d sooner/rather resign than take part in such dishonest deals. 5) more of A than B (与其说像B,倒不如说更像A) The newcomer is more of a salesman than a scholar. 新来的人与其说是位学者,不如说是位推销员. 6) as much A as B (不仅B,也同样A) The fault may be as much with the whole society as with the young people. 7) not so much A as B (与其说A, 不如说B) The selfish man did that not so much for his wife as for himself. 这位自私的人那样做与其说是为他妻子,倒不如说是为了自己. 8) more than + adj./adv./v./n. (不只是, 非但…) He is more than anxious about it. 对此他不只是着急而已. He more than complained, he threw the whole book of rules at me. 9) more than to do sth. (很…而不致于…) Kate knew better than to go with such a rude man. You are wiser than to believe his story. 2(特殊比较级 英语中一部分来自拉丁文以ior结尾的词,本身已是比较级, 与比较介词to 联用,并不能再在这些词前用 more. inferior, superior, junior, senior, prior, posterior E.G. She would make a doctor far superior to the average. He is 7 years junior to me. Test Yourself 1. Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6) A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means C. are the three most common means D(are three the most common means 2. If tap water were as dangerous as some people think,_______ would be getting sick.(1998.1) A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us 3. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his loudness______ by his lack of talent.(1999.1) A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 4. Americans eat _____ as they actually need every day. (1998.6) A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much 5. There are few electronic applications_____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities 13 than robots. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely 6. The little man was_____ more than one meter fifty tall. (1995.1) A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 7. Certain programs work better for some _____for others. (1995.1) A. and B. than C. as D. but 8. It is not unusual for workers in that region ______. (1995.1) A. to be paid more than a month late B. to be paid later than more a month C. to pay later than a month more D. to pay late more than a month 9. The little man was_______ one meter fifty high. (1997.1) A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as 10. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _______ other musicians. (94.1) A. superior to B. more superior to C. more superior to D. superior than 11. People ______ older ones are more likely to prefer pop songs and become enthusiastic sports fun. (96.6) A. other than B. more than C. less than D. rather than 12. He likes doing some reading at home _______ to the cinema. (91.1) A. than to go B. than going C. rather than to go D. more than going 13. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _____ at the beginning. (93.6) A. which is B. which was C. they have D. it is 14. The little old man was ______ one meter fifty tall and is often mistaken for a teenager from behind. (96.1) A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as 参考答案:1-5 C D D A B 6-10 C B A B A 11-14 A D C B 评析: 1)比较级的修饰语 比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。 结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如?，?。 修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如?， 2)比较级结构与其它结构的区别 如?中形容修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，?中most the most的区别。 五、代词 英语代词种类很多，用法各异。但不定代词、关系代词、连接代词是考试中经常出现的项目，应引起高度 重视，这里只讨论不定代词的用法，有关关系代词、连接代词将在连词中分析。 大学英语四级考试重点测试不定代词在用法上的区别，即不定代词的词性、数、结构以及作主语与谓语动 词在数上的一致关系等。 14 解题时通常要从题句结构判断。 1(both、neither、either、all、none、each、any 上述不定代词除none之外，都可以作定语;both、all后接复数名词，neither、either、each、any后只跟单数名词。 both、neither、either只涉及两个人或物，而all、none、each、any由指三者或三者以上的人或物，作代词时，其后都可跟“of + 复数名词或复数代词。” both作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，neither、either、each作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 both的否定形式是neither，all的否定形式是none。 e.g. She tried ______ of her keys in the door but ______ worked. A. all…neither B. every…all C. either…none D. all…none 从数的对应关系看，all与neither、either与none之间在数上不一致，可以排除A、C，every只用作形容词，其后不能跟of短语，B也不对，正确答案为D。 e.g. ―Will you have tea or coffee?‖ ―______, thank you, I’ve just had some tea‖. A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. Any 根据上下文，要求在二者(tea和coffee)之间进行选择，而any指三者，不能选。上下文中“我刚喝过茶”暗示回答应是否定的，故C正确。 2(other、another 主要测试other、another在用法上的区别。other一般用作形容词，后跟复数名词，表示泛指;加定冠词后，the other特指二者中的另一个人或物，可以单独使用，也可以修饰单数可数名词，others为其复数形式，泛指其余的人或物，加定冠词则表示特指。another仅表示不定数目中的另一个，其后只能跟单数可数名词。 e.g. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have ______ one this month. A. another B. more C. the other D. other more只能修饰不可数名词或复数名词，不能修饰one，故B不对，other只能修饰复数名词，不能选择D。另外，the other是特指二者中的另外一个，而本题叙述的事还没有发生，所以不能用the other，因此，正确答案是A。 六、连词 连词包括并列连词和从属连词，除了连词之外，还有许多其他的词可以起连词作用，如连接代词、连接付词、关系代词和关系副词，都可以引导一个从句。在英语四级考试中，这些词经常结合在一起测试，是语法测试的重要内容。主要测试这些词的句法功能及用法上的区别，下面主要讨论并列连词的用法，因为从属连词引导状语从句放在句法里讲。 并列连词(如:and、but、or、nor、yet、however、for、so、either…or、neither…nor、both…and等)用以引导平行的词、词组或分句，这些并列成分常采用同一类型的语言结构。 测试题的特点是选择项为并列连词，有时也会出现从属连词。 解这类试题往往需要依据句子的逻辑意义着手分析。 e.g. I can’t buy a new suit now, ______ this old one will have to do for a bit longer. A. but B. so C. for D. or else 从句子的逻辑意义看，二个分句之间存在着因果关系，前面是原因，故后面是结果，只能用so引导并列句，表示结果，因此B正确。 七(介词 介词是大学英语四级考试的必测项目，主要测试一些固定搭配和常用成语介词的用法、意义及区别。 1(固定搭配 15 介词的使用在许多情况下是固定的，而且搭配能力很强，搭配方式灵活多变。解题时必须注意观察空格前后的名词、动词或形容词，据此确定它与选择项中介词的正确搭配关系。 e.g. The bridge was named ______ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A. after B. with C. by D. from 空格前动词name只能与A中的after搭配，故A正确。 e.g. The criminal always paid _____ cash so the police couldn’t track him down. A. on B. by C. for D. in 动词pay只能与for搭配，但介词for后的宾语必须是someone，所以不能选C，空格后的名词cash只能与in搭配“in cash”意为“用现金(付款)”，故D正确。 e.g. She accused the man ______ breaking into her house. A. of B. for C. at D. with “accuse someone of”是一固定搭配，意为“指控某人„„”，故A正确。 2(成语介词 成语介词是介词测试部分的主要内容，解这类试题必须了解常用成语介词的确切含义及基本用法，根据句子结构和逻辑意义判断。 e.g. ______ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time. A. In case of B. In spite of C. Because of D. But for 主句部分为虚拟语气，只有but for可以引导含蓄条件句，表示非真实的假设，故D正确。 e.g. ______ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes. A. Except for B. With regard to C. Despite D. Although although必须引导让步状语从句，但空格后却是名词短语，可首先排除D，A、B、C三个选择项都是介词或成语介词，无法从结构上确定，必须根据句子的逻辑意义判断。此句要表达的是“尽管他拥有大量财富，却一直清心寡欲”。因此C正确。 e.g. Some areas, ______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated. A. due to B. in spite of C. but for D. with regard to but for引导非真实条件句，主句必须用虚拟结构，而题句是一般现在时，可首先排除C;A、B、D三个选择项同为成语介词，从结构上无法确定，只能依照句子的逻辑意义判断。该句意为“某些地区人烟稀少是因为恶劣的天气条件。”二者之前存在因果关系，故A正确。 B. 句法考点 一、时态、语态 此类测试题的特点是选择项为某一动词的各种时态形式。解题时可按如下方法进行: (1)分析选择项中动词时态构成形式是否正确，将错误的予以排除。依据动词的性质(即及物动词与不及物动词，实义动词与系动词，动态动词与状态动词，延续性动词与短暂性动词等)及其用法，排除错误的选择项，多数系动词通常没有进行时态、完成时态、将来时态(be例外)，常用的系动词有，look, seem, appear, get等，状态动词(凡表示愿望、感觉、情感、认识、所属关系等的动词)不能用进行时态、完成时态，如:like, hate, wish, hope, require, find, see, hear, possess, belong to, think, believe, have(表示“有”)等。短暂性动词不能用进行时态(除非意义转变)，这类动词有:go, leave, arrive, get, open, close, jump, join等。 e.g. What’s the matter with you? You ______ pale. A. are looking B. look C. have looked D. looked 显然此题测试look作动词的用法，look既可作实义动词，也可用作系动词，因空格后是形容词，此处look 16 应为系动词，没有进行时和完成时，故A、C二项错误。前面句子暗示这里谈论的是现在的客观情况，应用一般现在时，故B正确。 e.g. I ______ a glass while I ______ the dinner. A. broke … cooked B. broke … was cooking C. was breaking … cooked D. was breaking … was cooking 从选择项中可以看到break为短暂性动词，不能用进行时态，所以C、D错误。另外，在带有while, when, as时间状语从句的复合句中，如果主句和从句发生的动作持续时间有长有短，持续时间长的用过去进行时，持续时间短的用一般过去时。cook为延续性动词，据此判断正确答案是B。 (2)利用标志时态的信息词。如时间状语与时态之间存在着一定的呼应配合关系，always, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely等常用于一般现在时或一般过去时;since, for, already, yet, just, so far, up to now, by the end of, by the time等引导时间状语或时间状语从句，常用于完成时态;ago, just now, yesterday, last等引导时间状语，须用一般过去时;tomorrow, soon, at once, immediately, in the future, next等应用于一般将来时;另外，定语从句的先行词有形容词最高级修饰，或有first, only, last等修饰时，常用完成时态。 e.g. Since then I ______ the mail. A. are expecting B. have expected C. was expecting D. have been expecting since引导时间状语，主句谓语动词必须用完成时态，所以A、C可以首先排除，此题expect主要强调动作的延续性，用进行时态更合适，故最佳答案为D。 e.g. By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ______ for Shanghai. A. am leaving B. shall have left C. will leave D. have already left 题句中by the time为标志时态的信息词，在其引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词为一般现在时，表示将来动作，与其配合的主句时态应为将来完成时，故B正确。 注意如果by the time引导的时间状语，时间从句中的动词是过去时，主句谓语动词应用过去完成时或过去将来完成时。 (3)时态测试的另一方面是时态一致，即主从复合句中时态配合。在英语中，某些从句(主要是宾语从句)的时态，要受主句中谓语动词时态限制。通常，主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句中动词时态不受主句动词时态影响，可根据需要选择合适的时态。如果主句谓语动词是过去时，从句谓语动词也必须用过去时，同时根据它与主句动作发生的先后顺序确定具体的时态。需要特别提醒的是:如果宾语从句中表示的是现在依然存在的状态或客观真理时，从句时态不受主句谓语时态限制，必须用一般现在时。大学英语四级考试中此类测试题有两种: a) 主句谓语动词是过去时，测试宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，依照时态一致原则判断。 e.g. She was told that the examination ______ on Friday. A. will be given B. has been given C. would be given D. is given 此题测试that引导的宾语从句中谓语动词give的时态，因主句谓语是过去时，从句谓语也必须是过去时，故C为正确答案。又如: e.g. The teacher told the children that water ______ at 100?. A. boils B. was boiling C. boiled D. was boiled 本题也是测试宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，虽然主句是过去时，但是从句中所表示的是一个客观真理，因而从句谓语时态不受主语限制，应用一般现在时，故A正确。 b) 在由时间状语从句构成的复合句中，测试主句或者从句谓语动词的时态。从句是现在时;主句必须是现在时或将来时，从句是过去时，主句必须是过去时，在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until等复合 17 句中，如主句、从句动作发生在不同时间，先发生的用过去完成时。 e.g. When I see Jean in the street, she always _______ at me. A. smiled B. has never been C. had been never D. smiles when引导的时间状语中谓语动词为一般现在时，主句必须是现在时或将来时，主句中always决定了此处 只能一般现时，故D正确。又如: e.g. As my mother ______ here before, I had to meet her at the station. A. had never been B. had been never C. has never been D. never was 首先看选择项，never是中位副词，必须放在助动词与实义动词之间，所以B错误，主句谓语是过去时， 根据时态一致原则，从句也必须是过去时，这样可以排除C;在as引导的时间状语从句中，before这一时间状 语暗示从句动作发生在主句之前，故从句必须用过去完成时，因而A正确。 (4)利用频度副词确定时态。在时态测试中，有些测试题的四个选择项都含有同一个副词，只要了解了副 词确切用法，问题也就迎刃而解了。这里主要测试频度副词。频度副词必须置于情态动词、助动词和系动词之 后，实义动词之前，常用的有:always, often, never, ever, usually, rarely, occasionally, hardly, just 等。 e.g. We ______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just had had B. just have had C. have just had D. had just had 此题A、B选择项是just的位置不对，可以排除。题句中when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是过去时， 主句谓语也必须是过去时，故D正确。 Band 4常见考点: 1(过去完成时 (had + done) 1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成了的动作。这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介 词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。 The factory had fulfilled its yearly plan of production by last November. We had not thought of the solution until they gave some hints. 2)过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for(有时可省去) 或since构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months. 3) 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型: ? hardly / scarcely / barely + 过去完成时(倒装形式)+ when + 过去时; Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. ? no sooner +过去完成时(倒装形式)+ than +过去时; No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. ? by (the end of ) + 过去时间主句谓语动词用过去完成时。 By the end of that year, Jack had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. 2(将来完成时: (will/shall + have done) 表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有by (the time/the end of) 表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子;when, after等 + 将 来动作的句子 By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. When you come tonight at eight o'clock, I shall have written my report. 3(完成进行时态:(has/have + been doing) (had been + doing) 18 表示动作在现在或过去某一时间以前开始，并延续到那个现在或过去的时间，而且可能还要继续进行下去。 It has been raining for three hours. He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours. 4(在由 after, as, as soon as, before, once, until, when, while 引导的时间状语从句和由as long as, if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中，若主句用将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。 5( 由This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time 引导的that从句往往用完成时态。 This is the first time (that) I’ve drunk Californian champagne. There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 6. 一般将来时的替代形式: 1) be going to do sth. 在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情; I’m going to buy a new house when we save enough money. 2) be to do sth. 表示计划安排将要做的事; thThere is to be a rail strike on July 18. 3) be about to do sth. 表示即将发生的事情; We are about to start. 4) be due to do sth. 表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事; His book is due to be published in October. 5) be on the point / verge of doing sth. 强调即将发生的某种事态; The country is on the verge of civil war. 6) be going/ coming/ leaving/ starting/ arriving/ returning等动词的进行时可表示计划或安排即将要发生的事情。 They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (5)语态的对策:a) 确定选择项中的动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，把不及物动词的被动语态予以排除。b) 判断被动语态的构成形式是否正确，把错误的予以排除。c) 注意题句空格后是否有宾语(动作承受者)，如没有宾语则谓语动词必须用被动语态。d) 利用时态标志词确定被动语态的正确时态。注意:被动语态没有完成进行时和将来进行时态。 e.g. We are working hard, so the job ______ by tomorrow. A. has done B. has been done C. will be done D. will do do是及物动词，而题句空格后没有宾语，故谓语动词必须用被动语态，A、D错误。题句中by tomorrow是将来时态标志词，故谓语动词要用将来时，所以正确答案为C。 e.g. The goods ______ when we arrived at the airport. A. were just unloading B. were just being unloaded C. had just unloaded D. were just been unloaded 选择项D的被动语态的构成是错误的，首先可以排除该项;unload是及物动词，而题句空格后没有动作承受者，故谓语动词必须用被动语态，由此可以排除A、C两项，正确答案是B。 . Test yourself 1. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she _______. (98.6) A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do 2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. (96.1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _______. (98.1) 19 A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted 4. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. (95.6) A. are often B. often see C. will often see D. have often see 5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ______ the newspaper completely. (95.6) A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace 6. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation. (96.6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 7. 10%. (96.1) A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 8. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends. (97.1) A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted 9. My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _______ by then. (99.1) A. will have left B. would leave C. had left D. has left 10. I figure that when you return from your five years’ study abroad all these old houses _______ down. (92.1) A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 11. Before the first non-stop(直航) flight made in 1949, it ______ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (96.6) A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 12. Until then, his family _______ from him for six months. (97.1) A. didn’t hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn’t heard D. hadn’t heard 13. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches. (99.6) A. had come B. coming C. come D. that came 14. He came back late, _____ which time all the guests had already left. (99.6) A. after B. by C. at D. during 15. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _______ too long. (00.1) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. reading 16. That was the first time the old lady _______ her sufferings to others. A. was telling B. had told C. tell D. told 17. By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _______ here for two days. (01.6) A. have been staying B. have stayed 20 C. shall stay D. will have stayed 18. By the time you get to New York, I ________ for London. (02.1) A. am leaving B. shall have left C. have already left D. would be leaving 19.The last half of the nineteenth century____the steady improvement in the means of travel. (1998.6) A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed 20.The grey building is where the workers live ,and the white one is where the spare parts____. (1995.1) A.are producing B.are produced C.produced D.being produced 21.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen____comfortably. (2000.1) A.is worn B.wears C.wearing D.are worn 22.As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think____.(1997.6) A.ought to be said B.must say C.have to be said D.need to say 23.Once environment damage_____,it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6) A.has done B.is to do C.does D.is done 参考答案: 1-5 A C C C D 6-10 D A B A A 11-15 C D A B A 16-20 B D B CB 21-23 B A D 二、虚拟语气 语气(mood) 是种动词形式，表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度，语气分三种: 1(直陈语气:表示讲话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。 2(祈使语气:表示讲话人对对方的请求或命令。 3(虚拟语气:表示讲话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、可能或纯粹的空 想。 虚拟语气是大学英语四级考试的一个必测项目，测试内容涉及到虚拟语气各方面，在解此类试题时，要迅 速发现解题信息词，确定虚拟语气类型，然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达方式，或根据结构，或句中的其它暗 示，确定动词的正确形式。 Band4 常见考点: 1(一般虚拟-----也就是由if引起的虚拟。 If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. If it rained tomorrow, I should/would stay at home. (1) 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用 if 引导的虚拟条件句的用法如下: 表示虚拟的时间 if条件句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 现在 were/did would (could, should, might) +do If I were in your place, I would not return the call. 过去 had done would (could, should, might) +have done If she had further considered the problem, she might have come to the correct conclusion. 将来 were to /should + do would (could, should, might) +do 21 If you were to /should go to the street tomorrow, you would be able to see the film star. 混合 根据具体的时间来决定所用的虚拟形式。 If I had a bike, I would have lent it to Tom yesterday. (条件含现在，事实为过去。) If Alan had followed the Doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. (过去条 件,现在事实) 此类试题的设计特点是:主句谓语部分空缺，或者条件状语从句谓语部分空缺，解此类试题关键在于牢牢掌握虚拟语气的结构特点，根据题句中谓语动词的形式来确定空格处该填什么。在主句谓语空缺的情况下，如果条件状语从句谓语动词是一般过去时或were + to do或should + do，那么主句谓语动词正确形式应是would(或should, might, could)+ do;反之，在条件句谓语空缺时，若主句谓语是would + do那么从句动词的时态要视具体情况确定;当条件状语从句谓语动词是过去完成时，主句谓语必须是would(或should, might, could)+ have done. e.g. The platform would collapse if all of you ______ on it. A. stand B. stood C. would stand D. had stood 本题主句谓语是would collapse, 暗示if从句的谓语形式应是一般过去时或were + to do或should + do，由此可见B正确。 e.g. If you had taken my advice, you ______ such a big mistake. A. couldn’t have made B. couldn’t make C. didn’t make D. hadn’t made 此题if引导的从句谓语是过去完成时，故主句谓语必须是would(或could, should, might)+ have done，显然A正确。 (2)非真实条件句省略if也是一个测试项目，试题的特点是: 从句部分空缺，选择项中出现if从句、倒装结构。这类测试题选择项中if从句通常都是错误的。可以首先排除，然后根据题句中谓语动词时态确定空格部分动词时态，再选择正确的倒装形式。在正式文体中，if 从句中没有had、were或should, if不能省略。 e.g. _____ for your help, we’d never have been able to get over the difficulties. A. Had it not B. Had it not been C. If it were not D. If we had not been 首先排除C、D两项。A项虽然是倒装结构，但缺少谓语动词，故错误，因此正确答案为B。 反之，如果题句开头是由were、had或should构成的倒装结构，则测试主句谓语的构成，选择项中凡没有情态动词的过去式都可以首先排除，然后依据虚拟语气的结构选择正确答案。 e.g. Had Alice been more hardworking, she ______. A. had not failed B. would not have failed C. would not fail D. could not be failed 题句开头由助动词had构成倒装结构，故本题属虚拟语气测试，首先可以排除A项;因条件句谓语动词是过去完成进行时，所以主句谓语须用would + have done，由此可见，正确答案是B。 Test yourself 1)If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you___now.(1999.1) A.wouldn’t be smiling B.couldn’t have smiled C.won’t smile D.didn’t smile 2)____for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.(1995.1) A.Not being B.Had it not been C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive 22 3)_______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.(1997.1) A.Had they arrived B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A.has to get B.were to get C.had got D.could have got 5)____right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A.Would she leave B.If she leaves C.Were she to leave D.If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he ____the exams.(1997.6) A.must have got through B.would have got through C.would get through D.could get through 7)If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(1999.6) A.was not planned B.has not been planned C.had not been planned D.were not planned 参考答案:1-5 A B D B C 6-7 B C 2(特殊虚拟 虚拟条件有时不是通过if从句明显地表达出来,而是隐含在副词、介词短语或上下文中。经常表示这种含蓄条件的有:otherwise 或or/ with(如果有了)或without(如果没有)but for (要不是，倘若没有)，相当于‖if it were not for…‖(表示与现在事实相反)，或if it had not been for… (表示与过去事实相反). I would have failed in the examination without your help. But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned. But for your guidance, we should/ would fail. (1)虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的应用也是一个常测项目: 解这类题的关键是注意观察题句中的信息词，即暗示假设的介词短语或副词等，常测的有without、but for、otherwise、but等，此类测试题通常选择would(或should、could、might)+ have done。 e.g. The traffic was very busy; otherwise I ______ here 50 minutes sooner. A. would be B. should be C. had been D. would have been 题句中otherwise为解题信息词，暗示后一个并列分句须用虚拟语气，因前一个分句谓语是一般过去时，表明假设的情况与过去事实相反，所以后一个分句的谓语应是would + have done，故D正确。 (2) 虚拟语气在以下从句中的应用也是一个常测项目，主要有下列几种情况: 情 况 动 词 形 式 ? 对将来发生的事情表示祝愿或愿望时，宾语从句谓语动词用 wish/ if only后的宾词从句 would(could, might)+ 动词原形; ? 表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，宾语从句的谓语动词用一般 过去时或过去进行时; ? 对过去发生的 事情表示遗憾或后悔时，宾语从句的谓语动词 用过去完成时或could/ would have done; 在 It’s (highly/ about) time that从句中的动词常用一般过去时 ( that)从句中 would rather, would sooner, 常用一般过去时表示现在或将来, 用过去完成时表示过去 would just as soon后的句中 23 在suggest, demand, require, iinsist等动词后的宾语从句中 ?坚持(insist) ?命令(command, order，direct) ?建议(advise, propose, suggest, move) ?要求(demand, require, request, ask, urge) 在与suggestion, proposal, motion(动议), requirement, order, decision, request, demand, plan, recommendation 等词有关(should) + 动词原形 的表语从句和同位语从句中 在下列形容词、过去分词和名词作 表语的“It's…that…”:important, crucial, vital, necessary, essential, advisable, reasonable proper, impossible, strange, natural; suggested, requested, proposed, ordered, insisted, desired; a pity, a shame, no wonder的句型中 lest, for fear that, in case 引 导的从句 a) 凡表示“命令、请示、要求、建议、劝告”等意义的动词所引导的宾语从句，或it is/was + 该类动词的过去分词引导的主语从句，或是此类动词的同源名词引导的表语从句、同位语从句，都需用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式是do或should do，常用的动词有:suggest、propose、insist、ask、demand、require、request、desire、order、advise等，解此类试题关键是从题句中找到上述动词或其同源名词，然后选择do或should do，当然要注意语态。 e.g. It was proposed that the matter _____ discussed at the next meeting. A. will be B. was C. be D. would be 题句中propose为信息词，其后从句用虚拟语气，应选择C。 e.g. We desire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans. A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed 题句中desire为信息词，desire所引导的宾语从句中谓语动词用虚拟结构，故A正确。 b) 不少形容词后所跟从句也使用虚拟语气，常用的有:necessary、essential、important、desirable、advisable、natural等，常见于“It is/was +形容词+that从句”结构中，从句谓语部分应用do或should do。 e.g. It was essential that the application forms ______ back before the deadline. A. must be sent B. would be sent C. be sent D. were sent 题句中essential为解题信息词，其后从句用虚拟语气，C项为被动语态原形，故正确答案为C。 c) wish引导的从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去时。wish往往表示无法实现的愿望或实现的可能性很小。表示与现在情况相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时;表示将来不可能实现的愿望时，从句谓语用would + do。判断的依据是题句中的明示或暗示的时间状语。 e.g. I wish that the weather _____ not so warm now. A. was B. were C. be D. is wish引导从句用虚拟结构，题句中时间状语为now，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，故B正确。 d) if only引导的感叹句，也表示一种难以实现的愿望，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式与wish引导的从句中谓语一致，只是更富有感情色彩。表示“但愿”，“要是„„就好了”。此外，as if/as though的用法也 24 与此相似。 e.g. Look at the terrible situation I am in ! If only I _____ your advice ! A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed 根据if only的用法可以首先排除A、D，前面句子暗示事情已发生，因而if only引导的感叹句表示的是 与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词应用过去完成时，故C正确。 e.g. I remember the story as if ______. A. I had just read it B. I read it just C. I have just read it D. just I read it 主句暗示动作发生在过去，as if引导的从句应用过去完成时，故A正确。另外，选择项B、D中just的 位置不对，可以排除。 e) would rather (’d rather), ’d sooner, d’ just as soon引导的从句常用虚拟结构，表示与现在或将 来相反的愿望时，从句谓语用一般过去时，表示与过去情况相反的愿望时，从句谓语用过去完成时，可根据句 中时间状语确定动词形式。意为“宁愿”，“最好”。 e.g. I would rather you ______ yesterday. A. came B. would come C. had come D. will come 题句中时间状语为yesterday，依据上述原则判断，正确答案为C。 f) in case，lest 和for fear that引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词形式是(should)do。 e.g. The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _____ wrong. A. had gone B. went C. goes D. go g) It’s (high, about) time that 从句，其虚拟是对将来动作虚拟，所以that从句只用一般过去时(没 有过去完成时)。 Test Youself 1.They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrble_____soon. A.had happened B.happened C.would happen D.has happened 2.We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ____him. (1995.6) A.would have telephoned B.must have telephoned C.would telephone D.had telephoned 3.Wouldn’t you rather your child_____to bed early?(2000.1) A.go B.went C.would go D.goes 4.Mike’s uncle insists____in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A.staying not B.not to stay C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay 5.Sometimes I wish I_____in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived 6.It is essential that these application forms____back as early as possible.(2000.1) A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent 7.It is recommended that the project____until all the preparations have been made.(1995.6) A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started 8.We are all for your proposal that the discussion _____.(1998.6) A.be put off B.was put off 25 C.should put off D.is to be out off 9.The suggestion that the mayor_____the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A.would present B.present C.presents D.ought to present 10.It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it is about time___?(1996.6) A.we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home 11.As Commander-in –Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures____for our defense.(1999.6) A.had collected B.must be collected C.be collected D.can be collected 12.It is vital that enough money_____to fund the project.(1997.1) A.be collected B.must be collected C.is collected D.can be collected 13.I don’t think it advisable that Tim _____to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A.is assigned B.will be assigned C.be assigned D.has been assigned 14.If only the committee_____the regulations and put them into effect as possible.(1997.1) A.appove B.will approve C.can approve D.would approve 15.He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they_____. A.didn’t exist B.don’t exist C.hadn’t existed D.were not existing 16.He operates the new computer as if he___special training in it. A.has received B.had received C.would receive D.received 参考答案:1-5 C A B DB 6-10 D C A BC 11-16CACDAB 评析: 1) 借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something,的结构，suggest后也可接 动名词。另外，这两个也有不同虚拟语气的句式，如insist表示“坚持认为”，suggest表示“说明”“表明”时，从句就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意。 2) It is+表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示“命令”“建议”“要求”的过去分词+that从句中用should+原形动词，should可省略。 常见句型: It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential…that…(should) It is strange/surprising/unbelievable…that…(should) It is a surprise/wonder…that…(should) It is suggested/requested/recommended…that…(should)… 注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable…that…(should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用 should have done的形式，如:It is strange that he should have failed in the election. 3) 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。该从句时态的选择原则是: ?如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时; ?如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如15); ?如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如16); ?如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might+原形动词, 如1)。 三、状语从句 26 从属连词用以引导状语从句。根据其用途，我们可将状语从句分为时间状语从句、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步及方式状语从句九种。 1. 时间状语从句 when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, since, once, as soon as, the moment, the minute/instant, instantly… 2. 地点状语从句 where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere 3. 原因状语从句 because, as, since, now that (既然;由于), considering that, on the ground that, seeing that, in that 4. 结果状语从句 so…that, such … that, with the result that 5. 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 目的状语从句常用情态动词may(might), shall(should), will(would). 6. 条件状语从句 if, unless, supposing, as long as, on condition that, suppose, provided(that), but that 7. 让步状语从句 though, although, even though/if, no matter…, as 8. 方式状语从句 as, as if/though, how, the way, Just as…so“正如…，…也…” 9. 比较状语从句 as…as, not so…as, than, the… the… 这类试题的设计特点是题句中有两个或更多主谓结构，连词空缺，选择项为从属连词、并列连词等。解题时，应先从结构着手，查看题句是否有要求与选择项某个词搭配的连接词，但有些情况下，利用结构无法解决，则须根据句子逻辑意义判断。 e.g. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _____ we all sat down to rest. A. when B. then C. than D. until 题句开头no sooner暗示了C项，no sooner…than是一固定搭配，相似的搭配还有:whether…or not, (not)long…before, not…but, so…that, such…that, hardly/scarcely…when等。 e.g. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ______ the guards discovered what had happened. A. before B. until C. since D. when 主句中的long表明它与选择项中before构成固定搭配，组成主从复合结构，故A正确。 Test Yourself 1(Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _______ other more well-informed experimenters failed. (98.1) A. which B. that C. what D. where 2(Not that John doesn’t want to help you, _______ it’s beyond his power. (95.1) A. in that B. but that C. for that D. and that 3(Criticism and self-criticism is necessary _______ it helps us to find and correct our mistakes. (98.6) A. by that B. at that C. on that D. in that 27 4(These two areas are similar ______ they both have a high rainfall during this season. (99.1) A. except that B. in that C. besides that D. to that 5. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _______ it forces people to test the relative merits(价值，长处，优点) of their attitudes and behaviors. (00.1) A. by which B. to which C. in that D. so that 6(Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom tests. (96.1). A. when B. since C. before D. after 7(They decided to chase the cow away _______ it did more damage. (90.1) A. unless B. until C. before D. although 8(A man escaped from the prison last night. It was long time _______ the guards discovered what had happened. (93.6) A. before B. until C. since D. when 9. You see the lightening ______ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. (97.1) A. the instant B. for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant 10(―When did he leave the classroom?‖ ―He left _______ you turned back to write on the blackboard.‖ A. the time B. until C. the minute D. before 11(Earthworms exist ________ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found. A. however B. and C. wherever D. but 12(_______ that my heard had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. (97.6) A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite 13(_______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. (98.1) A. As soon as B. As well as C. So far as D. So long as 14(______ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. (99.1) A. If only B. So long as C. Even if D. As far as 15(_______ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99.6) A. For B. Since C. Before D. While 16(Government cannot operate effectively _______ it is free from such interference. (94.1) A. so long as B. so that C. unless D. though 17(Five minutes earlier, _______ we could have caught the last train. (93.6) A. and B. but C. or D. so 18. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes____I heard voices. (1997.6) A.as B.when C.after D.while 19. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave，____something occurred which attracted my attention. (1996.1) A(unless B.until C.when D.while 20. _______quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. (1995.6) A.Before B.Until C.From D.Since 21. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (1995.6) A . since B. before C. after D. when 28 22. We’ll visit Europe next year _______ we have enough money.(1999.1) A. lest B. until C. unless D. provided 23. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, _________.(1996.6) A. however much it costs B. however does it cost much C. how much does it cost D. no matter how it costs 24. ______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (2000.6) A. Although much he likes her B. Much although he likes her C. As he likes her much D. Much as he likes her 25. I took no notice of him, ______ he flew into a rage. A. for that B. so that C. in that D. but that 26. I was advised to arrange for insurance _______ I needed medical treatment. (1999.1) A. nevertheless B. although C. in case D. so that 27. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____himself. (1998.1) A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure 参考答案:1-5 D B D B C 6-10 A C A A C 11-15 C B D C B 16-20 C A B C B 21-27 B D A D B C A 评析:状语从句 状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一，95年至2000年6月共设考题20题，占了10%。就状 语从句而言，主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要是弄清楚各种状语的 连词。 1(时间状语从句的连词有when,wheile,as,by the time,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as， 有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句，如the moment, the instant, each time, 有些是固定句型如:no sooner…than hardly/scarcely…when。在这些连词的使用中应注意 1) as强调同时，也表示“一边„„，一边„„”，while表示主句动作发生在从句的过程之中，要求从句 谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动词，when的使用则比较简单，相当于汉语的“当„„时候”。如: 2) 注意when的特殊句型 下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句，但考试中却常与其它时间状语从句的连词一块出题。 Were/was doing something when… Were/was about to do something when… Had just done something when… 3) 注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，如It won’t be long before„和It is …since 两类句型。It won’t be long before 可以有三个变体，即:It was(not)+ 一段时间 +before, It won’t be + 一段时间+before。 如95 年6月就有对此的考查: Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A.since B. before C. after D. when 2. 原因状语从句的连词because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that。 1)注意for, because, since/as 的区别。一般说来，for 不表示原因，其所连接的并列句，是一种解释 说明，尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。如: He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset. You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 2) 注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是 Considering/seeing that, 其用法与since/as 相同。如: Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistake. Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days. 29 3(条件状语从句的连词 涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多，如时态，虚拟语气等。但从状语从句的概念来讲，这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系，确定是条件状语从句，然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。 如: ? I am sure he is up to the job_____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1) A. if only B. in case C. until D. unless ?We’ll visit Europe next year _______ we have enough money.(1999.1) A. lest B. until C. unless D. provided ?______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. (1998.1) A. As soon B. As well as C. As far as D. So long as 从以上考题来看，就条件状语从句而言，同学们应掌握以下几点: 1)unless 与其它连词的差别， unless 表示的是If …not…的意思。 2)if only 或 only if 是一中强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless 肯定与否定条件的差别，可以判断?题答案为A。 3)provided (that) 表示唯一的条件，相当于if and only if, on condition that, 如?表示“明年只要有钱，我们就去欧洲。” 4)so/as long as 表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查，如?，四个短语都可以连接状语从句，但表达意思有别，考试的目的就是考查同学们对句子的理解能力。 5)另外注意，引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once 等。 4(让步状语从句的连词 引导让步状语从句的连词很多，但结构差别比较大，比较容易掌握，同学们只要掌握各连词的语文特点，准确把握主从句的关系，让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力，先看一下下面各题: ? I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, _________. A. however much it costs B. however does it cost much C. how much does it cost D. no matter how it costs (1996.6) ? ______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (2000.6) A. Although much he likes her B. Much although he likes her C. As he likes her much D. Much as he likes her ? _______ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. (1999.1) A. Even if B. As far as C. If only D. So long as ? ______ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other. (1998.1) A. But for B. for all C. Above all D. Except for 从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点:一是让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比，如?，另一种是让步状语从句连词自身的结构功能，如??两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从句的连词功能: 1)although/though 连接让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，从句用直陈语序，与汉语的结构类似。 2)as 引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，如?题。可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如: Child as he is ,he behaves like a grown-up. Fail as he did ,he was not disappointed at all. Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him. 3) No matter +疑问 词和疑问词+ever 引导让步状语从句，表示“不论谁”“不论什么时间/地点/方式/”等等，从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断上面?题答案为A。 30 4)For all 表示让步时后面可以接从句，也可以接名词短语，后接名词时常与其它类似短语比较，如?。注意接从句: For all that he has a master’s degree , I don’t think he can outdo me in many aspects. 5) 其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有 whether…or, even if. even though, 和“动词+疑问词+主语+情态动词”，如: Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year. So it’s better to keep silent. Doubt whom you may, you shouldn’t doubt me. 5. 方式状语从句的连词 相比之下，方式状语从句则简单了许多，四级考试中还从未涉及此项。用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如: I have made the change as you suggested. I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday. 6. 结果状语从句的连词 尽管这几年，四级考试中并没有考题涉及结果状语，同学们还是应该了解以下结果状语从句的一些用法。首先让我们先来熟悉一下结果状语从句所在句式: 1) so…that…./such…..that 该句式中重要考查的是so 和 such 的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结构: so nice a boy that….. such a nice boy that….. so beautiful/diligent/carefully…..that….. such (fine weather/great improvement) that….. 2) so that Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time. 该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别，如: I took no notice of him, ______ he flew into a rage. A. for that B. so that C. in that D. but that 由于so that 也可以引导目的状语从句，应特别注意从句中的时态的运用。 3)so much so that 该结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示“到如此程度以致于”，如: He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk. I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night. 4)注意结果状语从句与too… to… enough to…., so….as to 结构的不同。 7(目的状语从句的连词 目的状语从句是比较常用的，也是比较简单的状语从句，就目的状语从句而言，第一，同学们应该清楚的是引导目的状语从句各连词所表达的语义差别，对于个别的状语从句中的时态要求应有所了解。具体测试中，主要是根据从句的语意逻辑关系来判断从句的属性。如: ? I was advised to arrange for insurance _______ I needed medical treatment. (1999.1) A. nevertheless B. although C. in case D. so that ? The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure (1998.1) 从这两题我们可以看出。 1) 在解答状语从句的试题时，首先是判断主从句的逻辑关系，意思确定了，答案也就有了。如第一题，安排保险的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要医务治疗，而能表达这种目的含义的只有选项C。 2)注意状语从句中的时态，如lest 后常用should+原形动词，should 可以省略，而第二题也是对这一原 31 则的考查。 3)注意其它表目的连词的用法，如 for fear that 表示“恐怕”以免等: The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that might lose their job. 8. 地点状语从句 表示地点的自然是where 或wherever 引导，要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。如: Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _______other more well-informed experimenters failed. (1998.1) A. which B. that C. what D. where 四、名词性从句 连接代词和连接副词引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)，有的在句子中充当一定的语法成分，可以通过这一原则肯定或否定某一选择项，再根据空格在句子中的语法成分，确定具体的连接代词或连接副词。 e.g. ______ told you to quit smoking was quite right. A. Who B. Whoever C. Whomever D. What 主语从句缺少主语，必须选择A或B，该处显然强调主语从句的主语，故B正确。 e.g. Can you imagine ______ the boy said that? A. what B. that C. why D. who 显然imagine引导的宾语从句不缺主语或宾语。可以首先排除A、D，that引导宾语从句不作任何成分，用that连接，句意不通，why在宾语从句中作原因状语，故C正确。 1) 同位语从句: 在某些抽象名词后常用连接词that引出同位语从句，具体说明这些名词的内容。同位语的先行词通常为: belief (相信), conclusion (结论), evidence (证据), fact, hope, idea, 普通型 message, news, opinion, point (论点), problem, proof (证据), theory, thought, rumor (谣言), discovery, sign, notion, conclusion 疑问型 doubt (怀疑), question 虚拟型 demand, motion (提议), order, proposal (建议), suggestion, etc 只要上述名词后出现空格，就可毫不犹豫地选择that。 e.g. We are familiar with the idea ______ all matter consists of atoms. A. what B. when C. that D. which C为正确答案。 ※ 注意:区分同位语从句和that引导的定语从句。在同位语从句中，that 只起引入从句的连接作用，在从句中不担当任何成分，也没有具体词义。而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，其词意来自于所修饰的先行词。 ※同位语从句与先行词的分隔现象 原 因 例 句 Suddenly an idea occurred to me that she might lose her 1)主句谓语较短 husband. 2)先行词后嵌入一状语 There is a rumor in the town that her husband will desert her. He refused to consider the suggestion put forward by his 3) 先行词后有一作定语的colleagues that the party not be called off. 短语或从句 Everyone present was amazed at the evidence he revealed in court that the judge was the very murder. 32 2) 介词后的宾语从句往往用which引导，除以下:but that(而不是), except that(只是，除了), in that ( 因为，在于), save that。 Test Yourself 1. In some countries, _______ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people. (95.6) A. which B. one C. that D. what 2. By success I don’t mean ______ usually thought of when that word is used. (96.6) A. what is B. that we C. as you D. all is 3. Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders _______ will happen to her private life. (00.1) A. that B. what C. it D. this 4. I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure ______ I could have done with it. (92.1) A. whether B. why C. what D. when 5. The mere fact _______ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. (97.6) A. what B. which C. that D. why 6. Evidence came up _______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. (91.6) A. what B. which C. that D. whose 7. _______ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated. (99.6) A. It being B. It is C. There is D. There being 8. _______ I have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. (93.1) A. That B. Those C. What D. Whether 9. We agreed to accept ______ they thought was the best tourist guide. (00.1) A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever 10. When I try to understand _____ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes. (1998.1) A. why it does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is 11. They are teachers and don’t realize _____ to start and run a company. (1995.1) A. what it takes B. what takes it C. what they take D. what takes them 12. There are signs______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. (2000.6) A. that B. which C. in which D. whose 参考答案: 1-5 D A B C C 6-10 C C A D C 11-12 A A 评析 1) 名词性从句的考查主要集中在两点，一是从句的语序为直陈语序，另一点则是名词性从句的连词的选 择，而其中以what 的使用最为广泛，涉及 what 连词的占的5/8。连词what 为缩合连词，相当于all that/everything that 等，而与之经常在同一题出现的which 为疑问连词，表示“哪一个,”的概念，that 做 名词性从句中不做任何成分，也因此经常省略。在解这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义，最重要的是看连词在 从句中是否做主、宾语或表语。 2) 注意 whoever 与 who 的差别。whoever 相当于 anyone who，而 who为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看， 更倾向于whoever 与whatever, whichever 等的比较。也就是说，测试倾向于句子的理解，而不只是语法规则 的记忆。 33 3)除what外，when, where, why 也都可做缩合连词来用，考生也应引以注意，如: I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village. Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day? 4) 同位语从句一般以that 为连词, 这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词具体内容，连词that 没有任何词意义，也没有任何句法功能。 五、定语从句 关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句，是一个十分重要的语法测试项目。主要包括三方面:非限制性定语从 + which/whom”引导定语从句的结构以及固定搭配。 句、“介词 定语从是在复合句中起定语作用的主谓结构，它所修饰的名词或代词是它的先行词。定语从句由关系词引入，关系词的作用是引导定语从句并在从句中充当某一句子成分，其词汇意义等于先行词或介词加先行词。如:This is the book which tells about the moon.句中，which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，其词汇意义就是the book。 先 行 词 关系词在句中的功能 关 系 词 主语 who, that 宾语 whom, that 人 定语 whose 表语 that 主语，宾语 which, that 事物，动物 定语 whose 表语 that 主语，宾语 which, that 时间名词 状语 when,介+which 主语，宾语 which, that 地点名词 where, 状语 介词+ which 人，物 主语，宾语，表语 that reason 状语 why, for which way 状语 in which 前有 such, the same 主语，宾语，表语 as 一个句子 主语，宾语，表语 which, as 是all, everything, nothing, anything, something, little, that(不用which, who) much, that等 被序数词，最高级形容词，all, every, no, any, little, much, that(不用which, who) only, last, any等修饰 是who, which开头的问句 that(不用which, who) 无先行词 what 注意: ? 必须准确认定关系词在定语从句中充当的成分，否则就会选错关系词。 ? 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常与先行词保持人称和数的一致。 ? 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，从句谓语是不及物动词时，不要遗漏介词。如: I have lost the pen with which I often write. ? as 引导的非限制性定语从句含有“正如…”之意，并可置于主句前。Which无“正如…”之意，也不能置 于主句前。 ? 表部分关系的定语从句 “数量词 + of which (whom)…” The students, most of whom were girls, enjoyed the film. a) 非限制性定语从句 34 这类试题有一个很明显的特点，即空格前后都有逗号，空格后是一个主谓结构或谓语结构，四个选择项中指示代词、it、关系代词、关系付词，连接代词what混合出现。解题时，根据句子结构特点可以首先从选择项中排除指示代词、it、what以及that，然后根据先行词确定正确的关系代词或关系副词。换言之，如果先行词不是表示人的名词，可选择which或关系副词when、where等;如果谓语动词是say、know、point out、explain、expect等，应用which;非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，也要用which。 e.g. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, ______, of course, made the others jealous. A. who B. that C. what D. which 。 根据上述原则，首先排除B、C，此处非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句，并不修饰某一个成分，故应选择D e.g. Some metals are better conductors than others, ______ means that the former have atoms that contain more free electrons than the latter. A. that B. this C. which D. it 根据上述原则排除A、B、D，正确答案为C。 b) “介词 + which/whom”引导定语从句 定语从句的关系代词必须与先行词在人称上保持一致，同时还要考虑与先行词或从句的另一名词一起使用的另一个名词，解题时主要看从句中动词的性质或是否存在固定搭配关系。 e.g. The world ______ we live is made up of matter. A. in that B. in which C. on which D. that 先行词the world要求以that或which作关联词，live为不及物动词，必须加介词才能跟宾语，in the world是固定搭配，故B正确。 c) 固定结构 如果先行词有such或the same修饰时，必须用as引导定语从句。 e.g. It wasn’t such a good dinner ______ she had promised us. A. that B. which C. as D. what C为正确答案。 Test Yourself 1. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _______ obtaining water is not the least. (98.1) A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which 2. We need a chairman ______. (98.6) A. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on 3. There is hardly an environment on earth _______ some species of animal or other have not adapted successfully. (90.6) A. to which B. wherever C. so that D. as to 4. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _______ up to half will be from overseas. (98.6) A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 5. The residents, ______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. (93.6) A. all their homes B. all whose homes C. all of whose homes D. all of their homes 6. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly 35 higher than that of women. (00.6) A. whose B. that C. which D. what 7. A survey was carried out on the death rate of newborn babies in that region, _______ were surprising. (98.6) A. the results of which B. as results C. the results of it D. which results 8. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. (92.6) A. as B. when C. until D. before 9. He never hesitates to make such criticisms _______ are considered helpful to others. (92.6) A. that B. as C. which D. what There was such a long line at the exhibition _______ we had to wait for about half an hour. (02.1) 10. A. so B. as C. that D. hence 11. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ______is often the case in other countries.(1998.6) A.as B.what C.so D.that 12. We were struck by the extent____which teacher’s decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6) A.to B.for C.in D.with 13. Melted iron is poured into the mixer much____tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.(1996.6) A.in the same way like B.in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as 14. I’ve never been to Beijing, but it is the place______.(1999.6) A.where I ’d like to visit B.in which I’d like to visit C.I most want to visit D.that I want to visit it most 15. ____might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(1996.6) A.As B.That C.It D.What 参考答案1-5 C B A D C 6-10 A A B B C 11-15 A A D C A 评析 1) 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when,where或why，关系词在从句中应该 是做状语，否则的话应该用which/that等。如上面14.中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词不能用where， 而只能是that/which. 再如: I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country. 2) 关系词做代替的成分在句中不能再次出现。 3) 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如: There are signs_____restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A.that B.which C.in which D.whose (2000.6) 由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰的关系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，关系词 代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，表示sign的内容。 六( 语序 大学英语四级考试有关语序的测试题主要是倒装句的语序，形容词、副词的位置，名词性从句的语序。 36 倒装句的语序是语法测试中的重点项目。试题的设计特点是题句倒装结构，要求选择构成倒装的词或短语，或者，题句出现构成倒装的词或短语，要求选择正确的倒装形式，包括助动词、情态动词或系动词的时态、主谓在数方面一致等。 解题的关键是必须切实掌握必须倒装的词汇和构成倒装的特定句型，通常下列情况必须使用倒装语序: 1(语法结构上的倒装 1)省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句 ―Were there no air or water,…‖, 这在虚拟语气部分已讨论过，不再赘述。 2)表语，as/ though +主语，link.V. 让步状语从句“Busy as he is,‖ V，as +主，谓语(部分) “Try as I might,‖ 原形 3)So, Nor, Neither 引导的句子置于句首 so用于肯定句，表示“也如此”，特点是so引导的倒装结构的主语与前面分句主语不同;但so在表示同意对方意见，意为“是的或的确如此”时，主谓不能倒装，特点是主语与前面分句主语相同。解这类试题只要判断二个句子主语是否相同即可。 e.g. John had been working hard and ______. A. so his brother had B. so had his brother C. so was his brother D. so his brother did 从选择项看so引导的并列句主语his brother与前面句子主语John不一致，必须用倒装语序，四个选择项中有二个倒装结构B和C，and引导的并列句时态应一致，前面句子是过去完成时，后面句子也应相同，故B正确。 e.g. She never laughed, ______ lose her temper. A. or she ever did B. nor did she ever C. or did she ever D. nor she ever did 首先从选择项判断，or不能引导倒装结构，nor放在句首时主谓必须倒装，所以C、D都是错误的，在A项中，ever是频度副词，应放在助动词后，A也可以排除，故B正确，nor引导倒装语序。 2(修辞上的要求 1)以否定词或带有否定意义的词位于句首。 never, not, nowhere, hardly, rarely, scarcely, barely, little, seldom ,under no circumstances, in no case, at no time, by no means, in no way, in vain, not only…but also, hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, not until(引导的从句主谓不倒倒装，主句的主谓结构必须倒装。 --Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. ※ -not否定主语时不倒装。 ※ 否定意义有抵消时:not infrequently(经常) e.g. ______ should any money be given to a small child. A. On no account B. From all accounts C. Of no account D. By all accounts 题句为倒装语序，必须使用否定的介词短语，故只能选择A或C，但C项中of no account只能作定语，不能放在句首，因而A正确。 e.g. Never ______ such a marvelous place as the Great Wall before I got here. A. did I see B. have I seen C. I saw D. had I seen never为否定副词置于句首，主谓必须倒装，A、B、D三个选择项都能构成倒装，区别在于时态不同。因before引导的时间状语从句是过去时，主句也必须用过去时，且从句暗示主句动作发生在前，应用过去完成时，所以D正确。 2)only + 副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句，主谓部分倒装; 37 ※ only + 主语时不倒装 b) “only + 状语”置于句首 e.g. Only once _____ his view of life. A. did the gentleman mention B. did the gentleman did mention C. the gentleman mentioned D. does the gentleman mention “only + 状语”置于句首，主谓必须倒装，只能在A、D二个倒装结构之间选择，once作时间状语与一般过去时连用，句子谓语必须是过去时，助动词应用did，因而A正确。 3) 特定句型，如: not noly … but also, neither … nor, no sooner … than, hardly/scarcely … when, so … that, such … that e.g. ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent. A. So clever are the construction robots B. So clever the construction robots are C. Such construction robots are clever D. Such clever construction robots are 该题选择项和题句都很长，看似很难，实际上非常简单，先看选择项，四个选择项开头分别出现so或such，题句空格后是that引导的从句，显然本题测试so…that或such…that中so或such置于句首时的倒装语序，A、B、C、D中只有A是正确的倒装结构，故A正确。 3(形容词、副词的位置 测试的重点是频度副词的位置及enough的用法。。 1) 频度副词(always、often、usually、seldom、never、ever、hardly、rarely、sometimes等)通常放在助动词或情态动词或be动词之后，实义动词之前，往往与时态一道测试，但在省略结构中，必须放在助动词、情态动词或be之前。 e.g. San Francisco is usually cool in summer, but Los Angeles ______. A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely 因这后面是个省略句，A、D二项中频度副词rarely、scarcely位置不对，可以排除这二项，题句中but表示转折，前后内容相反，所以but引导的应是否定句，usually的反义是rarely，故B正确。 2) enough是一个常测词，主要测试它与形容词连用时修饰名词时的位置，基本结构是: (a/an + )adj. + enough + n. e.g. I couldn’t find ______, and so I took this one. A. a large enough coat B. an enough large coat C. a large coat enough D. a coat enough large 选择项C、D结构错误，选择项B中enough放在形容词large前，一定是形容词，它必须修饰可数名词复数，故B错误，因而正确答案为A。 3) 三个或更多的形容词修饰名词时，形容词的顺序。 常用的顺序:限定词+一般描绘性形容词+表示大小、长短、高低的形容词+表示形状的形容词+表示年龄、新旧的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+表示物质、材料的形容词+表示用途、类别的形容词+被修饰的名词。 e.g. Mary has bought a ______ carpet. A. Chinese beautiful green B. green beautiful Chinese C. beautiful green Chinese D. Chinese green beautiful 依据上述排列顺序，正确答案为C。 4(名词性从句的语序 38 名词性从句必须使用正常语序。 e.g. The phone recording tells a caller what time ______. A. the movie start B. starts the movie C. does the movie start D. the movie starts what time引导宾语从句，应用正常语序，四个选择中只有A、D属正常语序，A显然是错误的，因主谓在 数上必须一致，因此D正确。 Test Yourself 1. ________ for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand. (95.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 2. _______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (00.6) A. As he likes her much B. Although much he likes her C. Much as he likes her D. Much although he likes her 3. The organization had broken no rules, but _______ had it acted responsibly. (96.1) A. neither B. so C. either D. both 4. Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground. (00.6) A. should he have arrived B. had he arrived C. did he arrive D. would he have arrived 5. Never before _______ so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale. A. man has been B. will be man C. has man been D. man is 6. We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. (99.6) A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use 7. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusion. A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can 8. Only under special circumstances _______ to take make-up tests. (97.6) A. are freshmen permitted B. permitted are freshmen C. freshmen are permitted D. are permitted freshmen 9. So confused _______ that he didn’t know how to start his lecture. (95.1) A. since he became B. would he become C. that he became D. did he become 10. I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the importance of it. (1995.1) A. if only I could not B. no more than I could C. or I could not D. nor could I 参考答案:1-5 B C A C C 6-10 A A A D D 七、 强调句型 在英语中，如果要强调主语、宾语或状语时，通常采用一种惯用结构即强调句型:It is (was) + 被强调 部分 + that (who, whom) + 句子其余部分。 一般说来，若原句中用的是现在时态，强调句型中用is;若原句中用的是过去时态，强调句型中用was。 强调句型用来强调状语时，一般只能强调时间、地点、原因、方式、目的等状语，而不强调其他状语。 39 现举例说明。如果原来的句子是: I saw Mr. White in the library this morning. 可用强调结构来分别强调句中的主语、宾语、地点状语或时间状语。例如: 1) It was I who saw Mr. White in the library this morning. 2) It was Mr. White that I saw in the library this morning. 3) It was in the library that I saw Mr. White this morning. 4) It was this morning that I saw Mr. White in the library. 强调句型主要有以下两种类型: 一、“It is (was)…that…”型 这种结构可用来强调主语、宾语、时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、方式状语、目的状语、时间状语从句、地点状语从句或原因状语从句等。 二、“It is (was ) not until+time that…”型 这种结构常用来强调时间状语或时间状语从句，译作“直到„„才„„”。例如: It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy. 八、 平行结构 英语中的平行结构是指表达平行概念时要用相同的语法结构，即词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子，前后都要对等。常见的平行结构形式主要有两种: 一、连词连接的平行结构 并列连词and, but, as well as, or else, both …and, either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also, whether… or, rather than等以及从属连词than均可连接平行结构。 1(连词连接的平行结构 并列连词and, but, as well as, or else, both and, either or, neither nor, not only but also, whether or, rather than 等以及从属连词than均可连接平行结构。 1)连接的词或短语的形式一致 e.g. She is a beautiful and elegant woman. 她是一位美丽而优雅的女子。 2) 连接的非谓语动词形式一致 e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有人觉得游泳远比坐在家里读书有趣。 3) 连接的谓语形式一致 e.g. This is the lady who listens to the poor and ministers to their wants. 这就是那位能倾听穷人意见并能照顾他们需要的女士。 4) 连接的句子结构一致 e.g. He asked me whether I had received the check and whether I had cashed it. 他问我是否受到了支票并把它兑换成现金了。 2(特定的平行结构 除了以上四种平行结构现象外，在某些词后面以及某些结构中都要用固定的平行结构。这类常用的词和结构有: 1) prefer后面接的平行结构 prefer to do sth. prefer sth. to sth. prefer doing (sth.) to doing (sth.) 40 prefer to do (sth.) rather than do (sth.) 2) 在would /had rather/sooner 以及would /had as soon as 结构中要用平行结构 would/ had rather /sooner do (sth.) than do would/ had as soon do (sth.)as do (sth.) e.g. I would as soon stay at home as go shopping. 我宁愿呆在家里也不愿去逛街购物。 Test Yourself 1. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______ . A) than more on efficiency B) and more efficiency C) and more on efficiency D) than efficiency 2. Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and ______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not 3. They usually have less money at the end of the month than ______ at the beginning. A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is 4. He paid more attention to what he ate than ______. A) what he wore B) that he wore C) that which he wore D) to what he wore 5. He would sooner resign than ______ part in such dishonest business deals. A) to take B) taking C) take D) have taken 6. Communication has created a world economy in which working smarter is more important than ______ . A) work harder B) working hard C) to work harder D) to working harder 7. I was advised ______ for reservation. A) to either telephone or to write the hotel B) either to telephone or to write the hotel C) that I should telephone or either write the hotel D) I ought either to telephone or write the hotel 8. Having gone there and ______ out the truth, she started to cry. A) finding B) finds C) found D) to find 9. Having no money but ______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. A) not to want anyone B) not wanting anyone C) wanted no one D) to want no one 10. Nowadays people usually prefer driving to ______ . A) walking B) walk C) to walk D) walked 11. The physician considers going to bed early to be more sensible ______ late. A) but staying up B) for staying up C) than to stay up D) than staying up 参考答案:1-5 C C C A C 6-11 B B C B A D 九、一致关系 一致关系(Concord or Agreement)是指两个或几个语法成分须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致。现归纳 如下: 1( 由or, nor, either…or, neither… nor, not only…but (also)连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单、 41 复数要与它邻近的主语的数一致。如: 1)Either you, or I am going to be in charge of this matter. 2)Not only the nurses but also the doctor is patient enough to attend to the invalids. 2(当主语后面跟有with, along with, including, as well as, in addition to, except, no less than, as much as, besides, like, but, rather than, together with等引起的短语时，其谓语动词不受这些词组的影响，而是依主语的单、复数而定。如: 1)Justice, as well as the law, demands that these bandits be severely punished. 2)The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the loss. 3(ics结尾的学科名称，如physics, statistics, linguistics, mathematics, economics, phonetics, semantics等作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，但如果这些词表示“学科”以外的其他意义时，谓语动词用复数。例如: )Statistics not as difficult as some people think. 1is 2)Statistics show that there is a great increase in production. 4(英语中单复数同形的名词，如means, series, species, crops, aircraft, sheep, works等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据它们所隐含的意义来确定。如: 1)Every means has been tried, but in vain. 2)All available means have been adopted to save the badly-hurt workers. 5. 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等名词的复数作主语时，通常作整体看待，动词用单数形式。如: 1)Ten dollars seems a fair charge for the repair. 2)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 6(有些形式为单数，意义为复数的名词，如people, police, cattle, militia, clergy, poultry等作主语时，后面的谓语动词总是用复数。如: 1)The police are making enquiries about the murder. 2)The cattle are grazing in the fields. 7(如果主语由“the + 形容词(或分词)”结构担任时，谓语动词一般用复数。如: 1)The very wise avoid such temptations. 8(each或由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如: 14) Each of the girls whom I invite to take part in the discussion has indicated that she will be happy to come. 15) Anyone who fails the examination can lose their licence. 9(either和neither作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如: 16) Although both clocks strike cheerfully, neither keeps good time. Test Yourself 1. Two weeks ____ quite a short time for us to finish the work. A. have been B. is C. are D. are being 2. Each of you ____ responsible for the accident. A. are B. is C. am D. be 3. Every man and every woman working here ____along well with me. A. is getting B. get C. are getting D. is got 4. The girl as well as the boys____ to drive a car. A. have learned B. are learned C. has learned D. are learned 5. Although the first part is easy, the rest ____. 42 A. is supposed difficult B. are difficult C. has proved difficult D. could have been difficult 6. The manager or his assistant ____ planning to go. A. was B. were C. be D. will 7. Every means ____ been tried since then. A. has B. have C. are D. is 8. In the Library of Congress ____ to be found books in various kinds. A. has B. have C. is D. are 9. Jack reminded ____that the door was open. A. themselves B. herself C. himself D. ourselves 10.British wine and American wine ____much lighter than Chinese wine. A. is B. are C. was D. were 11.News of victories ____ pouring in. A. keep B. keeps C. have kept D. is kept 12.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ____ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 13.Ten minutes ____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A. seemed B. to seem C. seem D. seems 14.The agreeable ____ not always the useful. A. is B. are C. being D. has 15..Mary, along with her three other students, ____ to represent the union at the meeting. A. is B. are C. be D. to be 16..Many a boy ____ to swim before he can read. A. learn B. learns C. learned D. have learned 17.Two-fifths of the people present ____ against the plan. A. have B. has C. are D. is 18.Either Tom or I____ to buy the disk. A. are B. is C. am D. were 19. The naughty boy as much as his parents ____ responsible for the accident. A. is B. are C. have D. has been 20.The department store sells what ____ most welcomed by the citizens. A. is B. are C. has D. have 参考答案:1-5 B B A C B 6-10 A A D C B 11-15 B A D B A 16-20 B C C A B 总之，词汇和语法结构是语言的基础，学习英语必须重视英语词汇和英语语法的学习。要学好词汇和语法， 不能满足于记住多少词汇和短语、多少语法规则，更重要的是要掌握它们的用法，这是取得好成绩的基础。这 就好像造房子，打好牢固的地基最重要，地基打得不牢固，造好的房子也会坍塌。希望大家平日不断积累词汇、 词组，经常复习、巩固已学的语法基础知识，勤学苦练，持之以恒，就一定能取得丰硕的成果。 43 语 法 练 习 Never put off what you can do today till tomorrow. 今日事,今日毕。 1. They wonder ______ the figures are accurate. A. that B. whether C. which D. as if 2. Hardly had he finished his speech ______ the audience started cheering. A. and B. as C. that D. when 3. The ancient Egyptians believed all illnesses were related to ______ was eaten. A. which B. how C. what D. when 4. An ambulance was waiting in the street. Somebody ______ hurt or killed. A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been 5. It’s no use ______ to repair the car. It’s too old. A. having tried B. by trying C. to try D. trying 6. Without the computer, we ______ the tremendous medical advancements in the last few decades. A. would not make B. could not make C. will not have made D. could not have made 7. Never before that night ______ the extent of my own power. A. had I felt B. did I feel C. I felt D. I had felt 8. The monkeys are full of mischief and think ______. A. it to play tricks on us great fun B. to play tricks on us great fun C. it great fun to play tricks on us D. great fun to play tricks on us 9. My sister wasn’t in Paris last month so you ______ her there. A. can’t have seen B. ought not to have seen C. couldn’t have seen D. must not have seen 10. ______ the doctor right away, he might be alive today. A. If he went to B. Should he have gone to C. Were he to go to D. Had he gone to 11. Mr. Smith is supposed ______ for Italy last week. A. to have left B. to leave C. having left D. to be leaving 12. ______, we started looking for work. A. Having been spent all the money B. All the money was spent C. We had spent all the money D. All the money having been spent 13. There is crowd of people in front of the house over there. What do you suppose ______ there? A. is happened B. has happened C. happening D.to have happened 14. ______ of the excuses that he gave made any sense at all. A. All B. some C. Any D. None 15. ______ from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal. A. Not hearing B. Not heard C. Not having heard D. Having not heard 44 16. ______ she rang up her old friend John. A. Hardly she had arrived in London B. She had scarcely arrived in London than C. She had no sooner arrived in London when D. No sooner had she arrived in London than 17. ______, our next step is how to put it into practice. A. Making the plan B. The plan to have made C. Having made the plan D. The plan having been made 18. He is not such a reliable person ______ we expected him to be. A. who B. as C. that D. but 19. ―Did your father go to Beijing last week?‖ ―No, The doctor asked that he ______ there.‖ A. not to go B. not going C. not go D. would not go 20. The Yangtze River at Nanjing is even wider and deeper than ______. A. Wuhan B. it at Wuhan C. at Wuhan D. that at Wuhan 21. ______ three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting. A. Having defeated B. Having been defeated C. To have defeated D. Because being defeated 22. They planned ______ the task before last Saturday, but they failed owing to the shortage of the raw materials. A. to fulfill B. to have fulfilled C. fulfilling D. having fulfilled 23. Peter ______ to the match, but he went. A. didn’t need to go B. didn’t need to have gone C. needn’t go D. needn’t have gone 24. He studied hard at school when he was young, ______ contributed to his success in later life. A. which B. therefore C. it D. so that 25. I didn’t mean ______ anything, but those apples looked so good I couldn’t resist ______ one. A. to eat / trying B. eating/trying C. to eat / to try D. eating/to try 26. Mary insisted that she ______ someone in the house. A. had heard B. hear C. heard D. should have heard 27. Millions of dollars in the city bank is said ____ during the black-out yesterday. A. to be stolen B. to have been stolen C. stolen D. having been stolen 28. It is necessary that you ______ be present at the meeting. A. could B. should C. may D. will 29. It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A. a so unusual B. such an unusual C. to stay at D. such unusual 30. I haven’t decided which hotel ______. A. to stay B. is to stay at C. to stay at D. is for staying 31. Colour-blind people often find ______ difficult to distinguish between blue and green. 45 A. that B. it C. that is D. it being 32. The new student is having trouble ______ his English pronunciation correct. A. getting B. for getting C. to get D. to be getting 33. I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. A. do B. didn’t have C. don’t have D. didn’t do 34. I remembered ______ for the job, but I forgot the exact amount. A. to be paid B. get paid C. that I receive pay D. being paid 35. Rather than ______ the vegetables to go bad, Tom sold them at half price. A. allow B. allowed C. allowing D. he allowed 36. Tom and John have arrived, but ______ students in the class aren’t here yet. A. other B. the others C. others D. the other . ______ four years since John left school. 37 A. It was B. They have been C. It is D. Those are 38(You are requested to be present at the English evening ______ in our auditorium on the fifth next month. A. holding B. to be held C. held D. being held 39. Mr. Brown advised us to withdraw ______. A. so as not to get involved B. as not to get involved C. so as to get involved D. as to get not involved 40. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar， ______ write correctly. A. you will B. can you C. you can D. can’t you 41. ―Has Jennie finished typing those reports?‖ ―No, and they ____an hour ago‖. A. should to be finished B. should have been finished C. should finish D. should have finished 41. Having been served lunch, ______. A. the problem was discussed by the members of the committee B. the committee members discussed the problem C. it was discussed by the committee members the problem D. a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee 42. The city is said ______ into an industrial center. A. to develop B. to have developed C. that has been developed D. that is developed 43. ―Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?‖ ―No, I would gladly have paid ______ for it‖. A. twice so much B. as much twice C. twice as much D. so much twice 44. The day will come _______ coal and oil will be used as raw materials rather than fuels. A. as B. while C. when D. whether 45. We are all opposed to ______ the meeting off. A. put B. putting C. having put D. being put 46. ______ the first to use nuclear weapons. A. At no time China will be B. At no time will be China C. At no time will China be D. China will at no time be 47. The streets are all wet. It ______ during the night. 46 A. must be raining B. must have been rained C. had to rain D. must have rained 48. I wish that you ______ such an ill-manner before my friend. A. hadn’t B. didn’t have C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have 49. He didn’t want to get himself ______ in the matter. A. involved B. to involve C. involving D. to be involved 50. You ______ such a long essay. Mr. Smith only asked for 300 words, and you have written 1000. A. needn’t have written B. didn’t need to write C. needn’t write D. didn’t need write 51. The applicants ______ are required to bring all the necessary papers. A. interviewing B. to be interviewed C. to interview D. have been interviewed 52. I didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise I ______ him. A. telephoned B. would have telephoned C. had telephoned D. must have telephoned 53. He wore dark glasses to avoid ______. A. having been recognized B. to be recognized C. being recognized D. recognized 54. So little _____about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me. A. I know B. I knew C. did I know D. do I know 55. ______the 1500’s _____ the first European explored the coast of California. A. It was not until/then B. It was not until/that C. It is until/that D. It is not until/when 56. As a junior clerk he is now earning only ______ he used to. A. half as much as B. half as many C. a half as much D. a half much as 57. When ______ the English standards of Malayan and Chinese secondary pupils, the professor gave no comment. A. asking to compare with B. asked to be compared C. asked to compare D. ask to compare 58. The reason he has been such a success is ______he never gives up. A. because B. that C. what D. which 59. All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A. what is needed B. for our needs C. the thing needed D. that is needed 60. We haven’t seen ______ her sister ______ her. A. neither … nor B. neither … or C. either … or D. either … nor 47 词汇语法练习 Interest is the best teacher. 兴趣是最好的老师。 1. Several men dropped with ______ during the long march. A) difficulty B) force C) fatigue D) confidence 2. From ancient times, the valley of the Nile has been made _____ by the river’s floods. A) poor B) bare C) barren D) fertile 3. There seems to be a ______ of oil on the water. A) layer B) sheet C) film D) coat 4. The lake water passes through a ______ before it is piped to our homes for use. A) tank B) mixer C) pipe D) filter 5. He was ______ $ 100 for driving drunk. A) punished B) fined C) paid D) fired 6. It is good ______ in troubled waters. A) catching B) fishing C) fish D) gain 7. Everything seems so ______ since Robert left. A) flat B) tasty C) tasteless D) tasteful 8. Quite a number of his songs were strongly imbued with folk ______. A) emotion B) affection C) flavour D) favour 9. We can easily bend a piece of wire; it is ______. A) foldable B) delicate C) flexible D) extensible 10. After the two women had each said a few words at the meeting, George took _____. A) turn B) floor C) a floor D) the floor 11. She speaks ______ though not very correct English. A) good B) wonderful C) fluently D) fluent 12. We often have bad ______ on the south coast during winter. A) smokes B) fumes C) flames D) fogs 13. Both the pink and blue dresses are pretty, but I like the ______ better. A) fore B) front C) former D) last 14. The drinks are not ______. You have to pay for them. A) expensive B) cheap C) excusable D) free 15. We saw the horse ______ away as fast as he could go. A) trotted B) rushed C) walked D) galloped 16. He hunted zebra, antelope, and other _____ in Africa. A) stock B) birds C) game D) games 17. Some countries give animals to important foreign visitors as a ______ of friendship. A) posture B) gesture C) way D) measure 18. Mother has ______ for making people feel home. A) a nature B) an ability C) a desire D) a gift 19. The angry father ______ at his son for using bad language. A) stared B) gazed C) glared D) aimed 20. The figure skater ______ over the ice gracefully. 48 A) slid B) glided C) slipped D) collided 21. Beside him sat a rich lady ______ with jewels. A) glittering B) flickering C) flashing D) glistening 22. He is a ______ man; he never looks cheerful. A) successful B) poor C) gloomy D) quiet 23. John’s mother ______ with happiness when he won a prize. A) screamed B) glowed C) startled D) jumped 24. This contract was ______ for three months. A) available B) effect C) forceful D) good 25. ______ for power, the general conceived a plan to overthrow the government. A) Desirous B) Keen C) Envious D) Greedy 26. The frightened child ______ its mother’s arm. A) kept B) gripped C) caught D) took 27. He had always considered her an ideal ______ for his brother. A) company B) companion C)companionship D) accompaniment 28. She suffered from a ______ of feelings of her career. A) confrontation B) difference C) conflict D) pain 29. The expedition was completely ______ with civilization for months. A) lost in contact B) lost connection C) out of contact D)out of contract 30. The brain needs a ______ supply of blood. A) rising B) plentiful C) continual D) continuous Keys: 1-10 C D C D B B A C C D 11-20 D D C D D C B D C B 21-30 A C B D D B B C C D 49 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。 1. I really appreciate ______ to help me, but I am sure that I will be able to manage by myself. A) you to offer B) your offering C) that you offer D) that you are offering 2. If he ______ the storekeeper’s scissors, he would have forgotten to buy a pair. A) would not see B) had not seen C) having not seen D) has not seen 3. ______ today, he would get there by Friday. A) Would he leave B) Was he leaving C) Were he to leave D) If he leaves 4. My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he ______go there. A) not to B) won’t C) not D) to not 5. Having been asked to speak at the convention, ______. A) some notes were prepared for Dr. Casagrande B) Dr. Casagrande prepared some notes C) the convention members were pleased to hear Dr. Casagrande D) some notes were prepared by Dr. Casagrande 6. Being in no great hurry, ______. A) we went the long route with scenery B) the long, scenic route was our preference C) we took the long, scenic route D) our preference was taking the long, scenic route 7. Copernicus maintained that the earth ______ round the sun. A) moves B) moved C) moving D) move 8. My wallet is nowhere to be found. I ______ it when I was on the bus. A) must drop B) should have dropped C) must have dropped D) had dropped 9. Did you notice the little boy ______ away? A) took the candy and run B) taking the candy and run C) take the candy and run D) when taking the candy and running 10. – I can’t see the blackboard very well. – Perhaps you need ______. A) to examine your eyes B) to have your eyes examined C) to have examined your eyes D) to be examined your eyes 11. The new big factory is reported ______ within two years. A) to have completed B) having been completed C) to have been completed D) to completed 12. It was essential that all the necessary documents ____into the personnel office. A) are handed B) be handed C) are to hand D) must be handed 13. ______ pretty late, we decided to leave at once, as we didn’t want to risk missing the last bus. 50 A) Being B) It being C) As is being D) It was being 14. ______, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes. A) When well fitted B) When fitting well C) When being well fitted D) If to be fitted 15. Peter ______ for a job for a month, but he hasn’t found any. A) has been looking B) was looking C) has been finding D)is looking 16. The engineer looked at me closely, ______ one of the factory’s products. A) in order to examine B) so that he could examine C) as if examining D) like he was examining 17. ______ at a decision, they immediately set to work. A) Arriving B) Arrived C) Having arrived D) To be arrived 18. I ______ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way. A) should arrive B) would be arriving C) could have arrived D) arrived 19. ______ known you were coming today, I’d have met you at the station. A) Have I B) I have C) Had I D) I had 20. His article is better than ______ in the class. A) anyone’s B) anyone else C) anyone else’s D)anyone’s else 21. Send the note to ______ is in the office. A) whomever B) whichever C) whoever D)no matter who 22. There isn’t much milk ______ is left in the bottle. A) what B) which C) whatever D) that 23. I have to get ______ about the subject before I write the paper. A) a few more information B) a little more information C) a bit information more D) a little information more 24. I can speak ______ German. A) either Russian nor B) neither Russian or C) no Russian nor D) neither Russian nor 25. ______ you’ve found, you must give it back to its owner. A) That B) No matter what C) Because D) No matter how KEY: 1—5 B B C C B 6—10 C A C C B 11—15 C B B A A 16—20 C C C C C 21—25 C D B D B Golden opportunities are nothing to laziness, but Industry makes the commonest chances golden. 黄金般的机会对懒惰毫无用处，而勤奋使最变通的机会变 得如黄金般珍贵。 1. She tried to ______ up her nervousness as she waited. A) cover B) bring C) hold D) break 51 2. The capitalist refused to give the workers a rise wages, saying that it would cut ______ the profits of his factory. A) off B) back C) into D) out 3. A speeding car ______ in and nearly caused an accident. A) pulled B) cut C) broke D) drew 4. He waited until the excitement had ______. A) died down B) died off C) broken down D) passed down 5. None of us understood what the lecture was ______ at. A) explaining B) accounting C) driving D) driving out 6. The boy felt ______ ease when the headmaster spoke to him. A) ill B) at ill C) with ill D) ill at 7. A rumour was spread around ______ effect that the firm was in financial difficulties. A) of no B) without C) with the D) to the 8. When the hero returned home, his wife held out her arms and ______ him warmly. A) grasped B) embraced C) held D) seized 9. With high taxes and his small income Henry had great difficulty in ______ both ends meet. A) having B) making C) getting D) letting 10. The teacher will ______ the rules of the school. A) enforce B) force C) follow up D) pursue 11. John speaks Russian ______, but Jean speaks it much better. A) perfectly B) fluently C) after a fashion D) to a fault 12. This is a ______ color which will not wash out. A) dead B) fine C) slow D) fast 13. Is he favourable ______ the proposal? A) to B) for C) with D) of 14. Their mothers can’t afford to ______ meat and fish every day. A) supply them B) provide them C) feed them D) feed them on 15. Robert looked as if he were about to ______ up and tell me to mind my own business. A) start B) flare C) break D) spring 16. He tried to cheer us up by telling jokes, but they all ______. A) dropped dead B) feel flat C) went bankrupt D) came dead 17. He’s now revising the first ______ of his essay. A) copy B) issue C) edition D) draft 18. The engine has broken down and the boat is ______. A) floating B) drifting C) gliding D) moving 19. The rain came through the roof and ______ from the ceiling. A) dropped B) fell C) dripped D) draped 20. What _____ him to steal the money. A) made B) reduced C) drove D) attracted 21. The two classmates ______ their friendship for the next forty years. A) contained B) maintained C) reserved D) secured 22. The agreement will become ______ from May 1. A) effect B) effective C) efficient D) true 23. The police had to ______ force to break up the crowd. 52 A) resort B) rely C) exert D) employ 24. Travellers in space have to ______ many discomforts in their rockets. A) put up B) endure C) accept D) encounter 25. You were lucky to ______ punishment. A) encounter B) escape C) escape from D) stand 26. The country is ______, with no high hills. A) low B) average C) even D) smooth 27. He looked at his five children with ______ pride. A) seeming B) evident C) virtual D) lot 28. I like cooked vegetables with all the natural ______ still in. A) water B) fluid C) flesh D) juice 29. 1 warned Bill to keep ______ it, but he would interfere! A) out B) out of C) away D) back 30. His reception of us ______ in warmth. A) lacked B) was lack C) was lacking D) was short Keys: 1-10 A C B A C D D B B A 11-20 C D A D B B D B C C 21-30 B B D B B C B D B C 53 No pains, no gains. 不劳无获。 1. This is the same story ______ I heard ten years ago. A) that B) which C) about that D) of which 2. I advised her that in the presence of the princess she should not say anything until ______. A) being asked B) asked C) tobe asked D) having been asked 3. It is necessary that an efficient worker ______ his work on time. A) accomplishes B) has accomplished C) can accomplish D) accomplish 4. It was ______ he heard of the victory of the Chinese revolution. A) Stephen that B) by Stephen that C) from Stephen that D) with Stephen 5. He was attending a meeting, ______ come to your birthday party then. A) unless he would have B) or he would C) nevertheless he did not D) or he would have 6. The curious children watched the towers ______. A) erected B) be erected C) to be erected D) being erected 7. She never laughed, ______ ever lose her temper. A) so did she B) but she did not C) and nor she did D) nor did she 8. I regret ______ him a thief, but I regret even more his stealing my watch! A) to call B) to have called C) having called D) called 9. You are supposed to ______ in your composition yesterday. A) hand B) be handing C) have handed D) handing 10. A new technique ______ worked out, we set about our project. A) being B) to be C) having D) having been 11. Some people hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ______ the peasants of North China. A) faced B) faces C) facing D) to face 12. Ever since the Smiths moved to the suburbs a year ago, they ____better health. A) could have enjoyed B) had enjoyed C) have been enjoying D) are enjoying 13. He loves doing some reading at home ______ to the cinema. A) than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go 14. ______ of neglecting our education, my parents sent my sister and me to an evening school. A) Accused B) Accusing C) That they were accused D) To be accused 15. She never regretted paying $200 for the bookcase. As a matter of fact she would gladly have paid ______ for it. A) as much twice B) as twice much C) much as twice D) twice as much 16. I was held up by the traffic jam; otherwise I ______ here 50 minutes sooner. A) would be B) ought to have been 54 C) would have been D) must have been 17. That is the distinguished guest ______ the state dinner was given. A) whom B) for which C) that D) in whose honor 18. The driver carefully checked his car ______ it should go wrong. A) in order that B) so that C) lest D) or else 19. ______ his second heart attack if he hadn’t smoked? ——―He might not have.‖ A) Would he have had B) Would he have C) Had he had D) Were he to have 20. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother ______ to swim. A) how will it learn B) will it learn how C) it will learn how D) and it learns 21. She ______ not have seen you yesterday, for she was not there. A) might B) could C) should D) must 22. Though expensive, a coat made of synthetic material lasts longer than ______ made of cloth. A) that B) those are C) which is D) the ones 23. ―He gave me ______ $100!‖ he said with satisfaction. A) no less than B) no more than C) something like D) only 24. ______ dog was the first animal to be domesticated is generally agreed upon by authorities in the field. A) Until the B) It was the C) The D) That the 25. To get well, ______. A) we are going to operate on the patient B) an operation is necessary C) the doctors will perform an operation on the patient D) the patient needs an operation KEY: 1—5 D B D C D 6—10 D D C C D 11—15 C C C A D 16—20 C D C A B 21—25 B A A D D 55 全 真 试 题 练 习 Reading without reflecting is like eating without digesting. 读而不思,犹如食而不化。 (0212) 31. Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone _____ them. A. discovered B. will discover C. would have discovered D. discovers 32. Though ______ in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life. A. grown B. raised C. tended D. cultivated 33. The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He ______ have driven so fast. A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t 34. If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to _______ the skills they need to succeed. A. adopt B. acquire C. accumulate D. assemble 35. If I ______ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. A. worked B. were to work C. had worked D. were working 36. The shop assistant was dismissed as she was _______ of cheating customers. A. accused B. charged C. scolded D. cursed 37. All her energies are ______ upon her children and she seems to have little time for anything else. A. guided B. aimed C. directed D. focused 38. While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ______ by wild animals. A. should be attacked B. had been attacked C. must be attacked D. would be attacked 39. Everyone should be ______ to a decent standard of living and an opportunity to be educated. A. attributed B. entitled C. identified D. justified 40. His wife is constantly finding ______ with him, which makes him very angry. A. errors B. shortcomings C. fault D. flaw 41. Vitamins are complex ______ that the body requires in very small amounts. A. matters B. materials C. particles D. substances 42. Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy ______ housework as carrying water and firewood. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming 43. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _______ to the outside world. A. having been lost B. to be lost C. losing D. lost 44. The police are trying to find out the _______ of the woman killed in the traffic accident. A. evidence B. recognition C. status D. identity 45. All human beings have a comfortable zone regulating the ______ they keep from someone they talk with. A. distance B. scope C. range D. boundary 56 46. We have planned an exciting publicity______with our advertisers. A. struggle B. campaign C. battle D. conflict 47. _______ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation. A. Besides B. Regardless of C. But for D. Despite 48. ________ much is known about what occurs during sleep, the precise function of sleep and its different stages remains largely in the realm of assumption. A. Because B. For C. Since D. While 49. John doesn’t believe in ______ medicine; he has some remedies of his own. A. standard B. regular C. routine D. conventional 50. Owing to _______ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably. A. fierce B. strained C. eager D. critical 51. They always give the vacant seats to ______ comes first. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom 52. In Africa, educational costs are very low for those who are ______ enough to get into universities. A. ambitious B. fortunate C. aggressive D. substantial 53. Professor Wang, _______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students. A. knowing B. known C. to be known D. having known 54. Our manager is _______ an important customer now and he will be back this afternoon. A. calling on B. calling in C. calling up D. calling for 55. A fire engine must have priority as it usually has to deal with some kind of _______. A. precaution B. crisis C. emergency D. urgency 56. He said that the driver must have had an acciden; otherwise he ______ by then. A. would have arrived B. must have arrived C. should arrive D. would arrive 57. The film provides a deep _______ into a wide range of human qualities and feelings. A. insight B. imagination C. fancy D. outlook 58. It is high time that such practices _______. A. are ended B. be ended C. were ended D. must be ended 59. Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved if only the ______ charged on public transport were more reasonable. A. fees B. fares C. payments D. costs 60. The doctor had almost lost hope at one point, but the patient finally ________. A. pulled out B. pulled through C. pulled up D. pulled over Keys: 31-40 DBCBCADABC 41-50 DCDDABCDDA 51-60 ABBACAACBB (0206) 41. You could be _____ a risk to let your child go to school by himself. A. committing B. attacking C. offending D. running 42. He is always here; it is _____ you have never met him. A. unique B. strange C. rare D. peculiar 43. There has been a great increase in retail sales, ________ ? A. does there B. isn’t there C. hasn’t there D. isn’t it 44. We’d like to _______ a table for five for dinner this evening. 57 A. preserve B. reserve C. retain D. sustain 45. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do. A. being told B. telling C. to be told D. to tell 46.The European Union Countries were once worried that they would not have _____ supplies of petroleum. A. proficient B. efficient C. potential D. sufficient 47. In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than _____ in New York. A. to stay B. stayed C. staying D. having stayed 48. He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable _____ . A. ability B. figure C. personality D. opportunity 49. Britain has the highest ______ of road traffic in the world -- over 60 cars for every mile of the road. A. popularity B. intensity C. density D. prosperity 50. How is it ____ your roommate’s requests and yours are identical? A. if B. so C. what D. that 51. In my opinion, he is _______ the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets. A. in all B. at best C. for all D. by far 52. He didn’t have time to read the report word for word, he just ____ it. A. skimmed B. observed C. overlooked D. glanced 53. The leader of the expedition ______ everyone to follow his example. A. promoted B. reinforced C. sparked D. inspired 54. What a lovely party! It is worth ______ all my life. A. remembering B. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered 55. Who would you rather ______ with you, George or me? A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went 56. The _____ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly between researchers and teachers. A. intensive B. concise C. joint D. overall 57. The owner and editor of the newspaper _____ the conference. A. were attending B. were to attend C. is to attend D. are to attend 58. We left the meeting, there obviously ____ no point in staying. A. were B. being C. to be D. having 59. Their products are frequently overpriced and _______ in quality. A. influential B. inferior C. superior D. subordinate 60. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that ______ lot. A. valid B. vain C. vacant D. vague 61. These people once had fame and fortune; now _____ is left to them is just poverty. A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that all 62. To our _____, Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared. A. anxiety B. relief C. view D. judgment 63.Many people like white color as it is a _____ of purity. A. symbol B. sign C. signal D. symptom 64. The residents, _______ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the red cross. 58 A. all of their homes B. all their homes C. whose all homes D. all of whose homes 65. The research has attracted wide _____ coverage and has featured on BBC’s Television’s Tomorrow’s World. A. message B. information C. media D. data 66. I ’d never have_____ a court of law if I had not been so desperate. A. sought for B. turned up C. accounted for D. resorted to 67. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner _____ at the very moment of the crash. A. should have died B. must have died C. must be dying D. ought to die 68. The energy _____ by the chain reaction is transformed into heat. A. transferred B. released C. delivered D. conveyed 69. ______ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought. A. To have reviewed B. Reviewing C. Having reviewed D. Being reviewed 70. During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the _____ silk from damage. A. sensitive B. delicate C. tender D. sensible Keys: 41-50DBCBADBACA 51-60DADADDCBBC 61-70ABADCDBBBB (0201) 41. There was such a long line at the exhibition ________ we had to wait for about half an hour. A) so B) as C) that D) hence 42. Reading ________ the lines, I would say that the Government are more worried than they will admit. A) among B) behind C) along D) between 43. All flights ________ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. A) were canceled C) had been canceled B) having canceled D) having been canceled 44. He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members. A) considering C) to be considered B) being considered D) having considered 45. The ________ stuck on the envelope says "By Air". A) label B) signal C) mark D) diagram 46. There was a big hole in the road which ________ the traffic. A) kept down B) stood back C) held up D) set back 47. My brother's plans are very ________; he wants to master English, French and Spanish before he is sixteen. A) abundant B) ambitious C) arbitrary D) aggressive 48. None of us expected the chairman to ________at the party. We thought he was still in hospital. A) turn in B) turn up C) turn over D) turn down 49. Tryon was extremely angry, but cool-headed enough to ________ storming into the boss's office. A) avoid B) prohibit C) turn D) prevent 50. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. 59 A) am leaving C) have already left B) shall have left D) would be leaving 51. The football game comes to you ________ from New York. A) live B) lively C) alive D) living 52. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ________ alone. A) is seen B) having been seen C) seen D) to be seen 53. Sometimes children have trouble _______fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist. A) of separating B) for separating C) separating D) to separate 54. The twentieth century has witnessed an enormous worldwide political, economic and cultural ___________. A) transmission B) transformation C) tradition D) transportation 55. He is quite sure that it's ________ impossible for him to fulfill the task within two days. A) roughly B) exclusively C) fully D) absolutely 56. Mobile telecommunications ________ is expected to double in Shanghai this year as a result of a contract signed between the two companies. A) potential B) possession C) impact D) capacity 57. The article suggests that when a person _____ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. A) be B) was C) is D) were 58. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident. A) were set up B) was set up C) set up D) be set up 59. Things might have been much worse if the mother _______ on her right to keep the baby. A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insist 60. The statistical figures in that report are not ____. You should not refer to them. A) rigid B) delicate C) fixed D) accurate 61. ________ energy under the earth must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake. A) Gathered B) Accumulated C) Collected D) Assembled 62. There is no _______ to the house from the main road. A) edge B) avenue C) exposure D) access 63. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play ________ roles in raising children. A) insensible B) indispensable C) incapable D) infinite 64. The mother didn't know who ________ for the broken glass. A) blamed B) would blame C) to blame D) be blamed 65. He ________ to his customers and halved the price. A) leaked B) yielded C) drew D) quoted 66. Eye contact is important because wrong contact may create a communication ________. A) barrier B) tragedy C) vacuum D) question 67. The lawyer advised him to drop the _____, since he stands little chance to win. A) case B) event C) affair D) incident 68. The author of the report is well ________ with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years. A) informed B) enlightened C) acquainted D) acknowledged 60 69. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he ________ studying. A) did B) was C) does D) had 70. The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated ________ instead of mechanically. A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically Keys: 41-50CDDBACBBAB 51-60ACCBDDCDAD 61-70BDBCBAACAC 0012) ( 41. It is important that the hotel receptionist _____ that guests are registered correctly. A. has made sure B. made sure C. must make sure D. make sure 42. I suggest he should ____ himself to his new conditions. A. adapt B. adopt C. regulate D. suit 43. I’ll never forget ____ you for the first time. A. to meet B. meeting C. to have met D. having to be meeting 44. Cancellation of the flight ____ many passengers to spend the night at the airport. A. resulted B. obliged C. demanded D. recommended 45. That young man still denies ____ the fire behind the store. A. start B. to start C. having started D. to have started 46. _____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000. A. Judged the best B. Judging the best C. To be judged the best D. Having judged the best 47. Without proper lessons, you could _____ a lot of bad habits when playing the piano. A. keep up B. pick up C. draw up D. catch up 48. Everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we can meet the body’s need for it from natural sources without turning ____ the salt bottle. A. up B. to C. on D. over 49. He always did well at school ___ having to do part-time jobs every now and then. A. in spite of B. regardless of C. on account of D. in case of 50. _____ receiving financial support from family, community or the government is allowed, it is never admired. A. As B. Once C. Although D. Lest 51. All the key words in the article are printed in ____ type so as to attract readers’ attention. A. dark B. dense C. black D. bold 52. The basic features of the communication process are identified in one question: Who says ____ through what channel to whom? A. how B. when C. what D. such 53. I didn’t ____ to take a taxi but I had to as I was late. A. assume B. suppose C. mean D. hope 54. The hours ____ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. A. in which B. on which C. when D. that 55. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ____ a room with someone else. 61 A. share B. to share C. sharing D. to have shared 56. In Disneyland every year, some 800,000 plants are replaced because Disney refused to ____ signs asking this ―guests‖ not to step on them. A. put down B. put out C. put up D. put off 57. _____ difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another to overcome them. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whenever 58. So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off. A. were absent B. been absent absent D. being absent C. had been 59. On New Year’s Eve, New York City holds an outdoor ___ which attracts a crowd of a million or more people. A. incident B. event C. case D. affair 60. American football and baseball are becoming known to the British public through televised _____ from the United States. A. transfer B. deliveries C. transportation D. transmissions 61. He will surely finish the job on time ____ he’s left to do it in his own way. A. in that B. so long as C. in case D. as far as 62. If this kind of fish becomes ____, future generations may never taste it at all. A. minimum B. short C. seldom D. scarce 63. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____ in broad daylight yesterday. A. being robbed B. having been robbed C. to have been robbed D. robbed 64. Agriculture was a step in human progress ____ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age. A. in B. for C. to D. from 65. The same factors push wages and prices up together, the one ____ the other. A. emphasizing B. reinforcing C. multiplying D. increasing 66. No one had told Smith about ____ a lecture the following day. A. there being B. there be C. there would be D. there was 67. Operations which left patients _____ and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. A. exhausted B. abandoned C. injured D. deserted 68. I was halfway back to the cottage where my mother lived ____ Susan caught up with me. A. when B. while C. until D. though 69. _____ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment. A. Since B. For C. As D. With 70. The bed has been ____ in the family. It was my great-grandmother’s originally. A. handed out B. handed over C. handed down D. handed round Keys: 41-50 DABBCABBAC 51-60DCCDACBDBD 61-70BDCCBAAADC (8901) 41. Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ____ have studied very hard. 62 A) may B) should C) must D) ought to 42. ____ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. A) During the 1960's B) It was in the 1960's C) That it was in the 1960's D) It was the 1960's 43. He suggested ____ to tomorrow's exhibition together. A) us to go B) we went C) we shall go D) we go 44. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to ____. A) the other B) any other C) another D) other 45. With all this work on hand, he ____ to the cinema last night. A) mustn't go B) wouldn't go C) oughtn't to go D) shouldn't have gone 46. If you want ____ you have to get the fund somewhere. A) that the job is done B) the job done C) to have done the job D) the job that is done 47. There is more land in Australia than the government knows ____. A) what to do with B) how to do C) to do with it D) to do it 48. It's no use ____ me not to worry. A) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told 49. I have two boys but ____ of them likes sweets. A) both B) neither C) either D) none 50. Only by shouting at the top of his voice ____. A) he was able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself heard C) was he able to make himself hear D) was he able to make himself heard 51. ____ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. A) To be given B) Having been given C) Having given D) giving 52. If it ____ too much trouble, I'd love a cup of tea. A) isn't B) wasn't C) weren't D) hadn't been 53. My sister's professor had her ____ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee. A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting 54. Silver is the best conductor of electricity,copper____ it closely. A) followed B) following C) to follow D) being followed 55. They are considering ____ before the prices go up. A) of buying the house B) with buying the house C) buying the house D) to buy the house 56. She was glad that her success would ____ for the women who would follow. A) make things easier B) make it easier C) be easier D) be easier to make 57. They will have it finished in ____. A)three quarter of an hour time 63 B) three quarters of an hour time C) three quarter of an hour's time D) three quarters of an hour's time 58. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade. A) to have been translated B) to translate C) to be translated D) to have translated 59. He went ahead ____ all warnings about the danger of his mission. A) in case of B) because of C) regardless of D) prior to 60. We object ____ punishing a whole group for one person's fault. A) against B) about C) to D) for 61. Jack is good, kind, hard working and intelligent. ____, I can't speak too highly of him. A) As a result B) In a word C) By the way D) On the contrary 62. The man to whom we handed the forms pointed out that they had not been ____ filled in. A) consequently B) regularly C) comprehensively D) properly 63. I shall have a companion in the house after all these ____ years. A) single B) sole C) alone D) lonely 64. After a long and exhausting journey, they arrived ____. A) till the last B) at last C) by the end D) at the end 65. None of the servants were ____ when Mr. Smith wanted to send a message. A) available B) approachable C) attainable D) applicable 66. I can't ____ what that object is. A) make up B) make over C) make out D) make for 67. I want to buy a new tie to ____ this brown suit. A) go into B) go after C) go with D) go by 68. The newest satellites can ____ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time. A) carry B) extend C) bring D) take 69. I can ____ some noise while I'm studying, but I can't stand loud noises. A) come up with B) catch up with C) put up with D) keep up with 70. When the whole area was ____ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter. A) cut away B) cut down C) cut up D) cut off Keys: 41-50CBDADBABBD 51-60BACBCADACC 61-70BDDBACCACD (9101) 41.It is difficult to____the idea that machines can communicate information to us. A. admit B. receive C. accept D. convince 42. I have not the least ____ of hurting your feeling. A. concept B. intention C. mind D. purpose 43. As the shortage of certain metals approaches, others must be found to take their ____. A. share B. place C. role D. shape 44. The new power station is reported ____ within three years. A. to have completed B. having been completed 64 C. to have been completed D. to complete 45. Mary is in bed with a fever and she can't hope to ____ the cold in a few days. A. get over B. get away C. get off D. get out 46. Although the weather was very bad, the buses still ran on ____. A. list B. plan C. schedule D. arrangement 47. The situation today is obviously quite different from ____ it was only 50 years ago. A. what B. which C. when D. such 48. Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ____ U.S farmers. A. faced B. faces C. facing D. to face 49. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ____ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. have been enjoying C. had enjoyed D. are enjoying 50. It is much easier to talk about social change than to ____. A. bring it on B. bring it about C. bring it up D. bring it out 51. Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked ____. A. mindless B. unaware C. brainless D. unconscious 52. He likes doing some reading at home ____ to the cinema. A. than to go B. than going C. more than going D. rather than to go 53. ____ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school. A. Accused of B. Accusing of C. That he was accused of D. To be accused of 54. I bought a new house last year, but I ____ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. do not sell C. had not sold D. have not sold 55. She didn't regret paying 200 dollars for the bookcase. As a matter of fact, she would gladly have paid ____ for it. A. as much twice B. much as twice C. as twice much D. twice as much 56. By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ____ for Shanghai. A. am leaving B. shall have left C. will leave D. have already left 57. It was essential that all the necessary documents ____ to the president's office before the end of this month. A. be handed in B. must be handed in C. should hand in D. have been handed in 58. The car is quite ____ of petrol. A. economic B. economical C. saving D. sparing 59. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ____ here 50 minutes sooner. A. would be B. should be C. had been D. would have been 60. ____ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes. A. Except for B. With regard to C. Despite D. Although 61. The socks were too small, and it was only by ____ them that he managed to get them on. A. spreading B. extending C. lengthening D. stretching 65 62. Language can be defined as a tool by which human beings ____ with one another. A. associate B. connect C. communicate D. correspond 63. As a small boy, he was slow ____ learning to read and write. A. on B. with C. in D. about 64. Tony was ____ a mile of the hotel when he ran out of petrol. A. within B. inside C. about D. off 65. It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it will prove to be worth the money ____. A. in the long run B. in conclusion C. at long last D. at the end 66. I don't know why he ____ in the middle of a sentence. A. broke off B. broke out C. broke through D. broke away I'm sorry Andy didn't want to go to the conference. ____ willing to go, we would have paid all 67. his expenses. A. Being B. Was he C. He had been D. Had he been 68. The minister was the person ____. A. whom the state dinner was given in honor B. for whom the state dinner was given honor C. whose honor the state dinner was given D. in whose honor the state dinner was given 69. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ____ on the way. A. goes wrong B. would go wrong C. went wrong D. should go wrong 70. John had been working hard and ____. A. so his brother had B. so had his brother C. so was his brother D. so his brother did Keys: 41-50CBBCACACBB 51-60DCADDBABDC 61-70DCCAAADDDB (9106) 41. We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have ____ one this month. A. another B. more C. the other D. other 42. It was difficult to guess what her ____ to the news would be. A. impression B. reaction C. comment D. opinion 43. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ____. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 44. There were some ____ flowers on the table. A. artificial B. unnatural C. false D. unreal 45. We are interested in the weather because it ____ us so directly - what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel. A. benefits B. affects C. guides D. effects 46. Will all those ____ the proposal raise their hands? A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 47. Children are very curious ____. 66 A. at heart B. in person C. on purpose D. by nature 48. The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court. A. objected to having B. were objected to have C. objected to have D. were objected to having 49. The teacher doesn't permit ____ in class. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. to have a smoke 50. I like watching TV ____ to the cinema. A. more than to go B. than going C. more than going D. rather than to go 51. I appreciate ____ to your home. A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invited 52. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into ____ when judging my examination. A. regard B. counting C. account D. observation 53. You ____ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A. needn't have done B. must not have done C. shouldn't D. can not have done 54. Important people don't often have much free time as their work ____ all their time. A. takes away B. takes over C. takes up D. takes in 55.When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ____ it. A. got off B. got across C. got away D. got over 56. Many people complain of the rapid ____ of modern life. A. rate B. speed C. pace D. growth 57. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____. A. is rarely B. rarely is C. hardly is D. is scarcely 58. The speaker, ____ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience. A. having known B. being known C. knowing D. known 59. American women were ____ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle. A. ignored B. neglected C. refused D. denied 60. I couldn't find ____, and so I took this one. A. a large enough coat B. an enough large coat C. a large coat enough D. a coat enough large 61. I always ____ what I have said. A. get to B. hold to C. lead to D. see to 62. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ____ we all sat down to rest. A. when B. then C. than D. until 63. Evidence came up ____ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose 64. He moved away from his parents, and missed them ____ enjoy the exciting life in New York. A. too much to B. enough to C. very much to D. much so as to 65. He was ____ of having asked such a silly question. A. sorry B. guilty C. ashamed D. miserable 66. The last time we had a family reunion was ____ my brother's wedding ceremony four year ego. A. in B. at C. during D. over 67 67. What ____ would happen if the director knew you felt that way? A. do you suppose B. you suppose C. will you suppose D. you would suppose 68. ____ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. A. As for B. Besides C. Except D. Despite 69. How close parents are to their children ____ a strong influence on the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have 70. He ____ when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself Keys: 41-50ABDABDDACC 51-60DCACDCBDDA 61-70BCCACBADBA (9201) 41. I can't understand how you ____ these unpleasant surroundings. A. put out B. put down C. put forward D. put up with 42. ____ you decide to take up, you should try to make it a success. A. If only B. Unless C. Whenever D. Whatever 43. Harry did not attend the conference last night. He ____ too much work to do. A. had had B. must have C. must have had D. had to have had 44. John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly ____ his English. A. to improve B. improving C. to have improved D. improved 45. It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures ____ to solve the problem. A. be taken B. were taken C. must be taken D. take 46. I am ____ of your stupid conversation. A. annoyed B. worried C. tired D. angry 47. They are building the dam in ____ with another firm. A. association B. comparison C. touch D. tune 48. Most parents encourage their children to take an active part in social events, ____ those events do not interfere with their studies. A. lest B. though C. unless D. provided 49. Orlando, a city in Florida, ____ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom. A. which is well known B. being well known C. well known D. is well known 50. He is ____ a writer as a reporter. A. more B. rather C. not such D. not so much 51. Jim is sorry ____ so impolite to your guest last Saturday. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been 52. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all these old houses ____ down. A. will have pulled B. will have been pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 53. To be sure, some insects can build complex societies ____ different types of individuals performing different tasks. 68 A. taken from B. composed of C. made of D. developed from 54. The students will put off the outing until next week, ____ they won't be so busy. A. since B. as C. when D. while 55. I have not found my book yet; in fact, I am not sure ____ I could have done with it. A. whether B. why C. what D. when 56. If you do not fasten your safety belt, your chances of being ____ will be greater. A. hurt B. beaten C. damaged D. stricken ____ for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. 57. A. Having ignored him B. To be ignored C. Having been ignored D. To have been ignored 58. This bird's large wings ____ it to fly very fast. A. make B. cause C. ensure D. enable 59. The picture exhibition bored me to death I wish I ____ to it. A. have not gone B. did not go C. had not gone D. should not have gone 60. I don't swim now, but I ____ when I was a kid. A. used to it B. used to doing it C. used to D. used to do 61. I found my daughter sitting in the kitchen, crying ____. A. bitterly B. strongly C. heavily D. deeply 62. You are getting too old for football. You'd better ____ tennis instead. A. take in B. take for C. take up D. take over 63. When the two young people were married, the ceremony was anything ____ up to date. A. but B. beside C. except D. apart from 64. He didn't mention anything about the party, ____ the date. A. either even B. not even C. even neither D. even nor 65. After being rescued from the air crash, the people agree that they had much to ____. A. thank B. be thankful of C. be thankful D.be thanked 66. This new method not only saves time but also saves energy ____ operating on two batteries instead of four. A. by B. on C. in D. for 67. What ____ to him is whether the job allows him to pursue his studies. A. applies B. refers C. happens D. matters 68. He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any ____ about what was meant. A. doubt B. wonder C. question D. consideration 69. It is predicted that heavy rains are ____ to flood the area in a few days. A. frightening B. warning C. scattering D. threatening 70. In most of the United States, the morning newspaper is ____ by school age children. A. directed B. delivered C. derived D. discharged Keys: 41-50DDCAACADDD 51-60BBBCCACDCC 61-70ACABBADADB (9206) 41. Language has always been - as the phrase goes - one mirror to society. English is no ____. A) explanation B) excuse C) expectation D) exception 69 42. An investigation was made into the accident, ____ fifty people were killed. A) in which B) where C) when D) for that 43. Some confusion has ____ about who can join the association. A) retained B) lifted C) raised D) arisen 44. It was unwise of him to ____ the unreliable data in his speech. A) refer to B) add to C) keep to D) point to 45. The money will be used to keep a space vehicle on the moon busy ____ back to the earth photographs and other information about the surface of the moon. A) to send B) sending C) to be sent D) being sent 46.The ceremony was not for the____of the dead, but for the comfort of the living. A) sake B) purpose C) respect D) impression 47. Even if I had known her address, I ___ time to write to her. A) can not have had C) might not have had B) will not have had D) must not have had 48. It suddenly occurred to Anne that money couldn't ____ all that Bob had suffered in the past five years. A) live up to B) make out C) make up for D) live through 49. I think Red Team will win the final game; it's ____ that they will. A) almost surely C) rather possibly B) very likely D) quite certainly 50. Television was not invented by any one person. ____ into being overnight. A) Nor did it spring C) Nor has it sprung B) Nor does it spring D) Nor can it spring 51. She accused the man ____ breaking into her house. A) at B) for C) of D) with 52. He often stopped at the sound of his own steps and was afraid to look ____ his shoulder. A) round B) back C) over D) beyond 53. Go straight into the cave and find out what's in there, ____? A) don't you B) will you C) do you D) can you 54. The persons that have the greatest influence ____ children are their teachers. A) in B) to C) for D) on 55. Cambridge has announced plans to establish a business school ____ the master's degree in business administration. A) representing B) offering C) presenting D) supplying 56. Many Europeans ____ the continent of Africa in the 19th century. A) exploded B) expanded C) exposed D) explored 57. The police are ____ the records of all those involved in the crime. A) looking out B) looking after C) looking into D) looking on 58. Building that railway was very difficult and involved ____ ten tunnels. A) dig B) digging C) to have dug D) having dug 59. ____ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces. A) Dissatisfying thoroughly C) Being thoroughly dissatisfied B) To dissatisfy thoroughly D) To be thoroughly dissatisfied 60. ____ you are familiar with the author's ideas, try reading all the sections as quickly as you 70 possibly can. A) Now that. B) Ever since C) So that D) As long as 61. ____ its hot sun and beautiful beaches, Hawaii is a fine place to live in or to visit. A) As B)For C) From D) With 62. Bob's leg got hurt ____ the Parple Mountains. A) while he is climbing up C) while we climbed up B) while he climbed up D) while we were climbing up 63. There are certain ____ when you must interrupt people who are in the middle of doing something. A) occasions B) situations C)conditions D) environments 64. The time is not far away ____ modern communications will become widespread in China's vast countryside. A) as B) when C) until D) before 65. It was proposed that the matter ____ discussed at the next meeting. A) will be B) was C) would be D) be 66. He didn't go to the party, but he does wish he ____ there. A) had been B) has been C) would have been D) would be 67. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I ____ my bath by then. A) will have had B) will be having C) can have had D) may have 68. She was so angry that she felt like ____ something at him. A) to throw B) throwing C) to have thrown D) having thrown 69. You should hire a more ____ manager than the one you currently have. A) sufficient B) effective C) efficient D) respective 70. Pupils who pass the test will be ____ to the next grade. A) progressed B) proceeded C) promoted D) proposed Keys: 41-50DADABCCCBA 51-60CCBDBDCBCA 61-70DDABDAABCC (9301) 41.If you smoke in a non-smoking section, people ________. A) have objected B) objected C) must object D) will object 42.There was a ________ drop in support for the Union in the 1973 election. A) delicate B) distinct C) distant D) downward 43.The computer works very fast, _________ data at the speed of light. A) having handled B) handling C) handled D) handles 44. Throughout his life, Henry Moore _________ an interest in encouraging art in the city of Leeds. A) contained B) secured C) reserved D) maintained 45.They claim that _____1 ,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis. A) sufficiently B) approximately C) considerably D) properly 46.If you happen to ________ my lost papers while you're looking for your book, please let me know at once by telephone. A) come across B) come up C) come to D) come over 47.Her fluency in English gives her an advantage _________ other candidates. A) above B) over C) than D) with 71 48. It is _________ impossible to find a good educational computer program in this part of the country. A) barely B) hardly C) merely D) nearly 49.What he told us about the affair simply doesn't make any _________. A) sense B) idea C) meaning D) significance 50.As a mother, she is too _________ towards her daughter; she should let her see more of the world. A) hopeful B) protective C) modest D) confident 51.—―Doesn't he know that it is not _________?‖ --―Yes, he does.‖ A) truth B) some truth C) the truth D) any truth 52.That tree looked as if it _________ for a long time. A) hasn't watered C) hadn’t been watered B) didn't water D) wasn’t watered 53.Hitler set out to conquer all of Europe in the belief that the Germans were the master ______. A) race B) human C) blood D) brain 54.Ever since Picasso's paintings went on exhibit, there _______ large crowds at the museum every day. A) is B) has been C) have been D) are being 55.Don't forget to walk the dog while I am away, _______? A) can you B)shall you C) do you D) will you 56. It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have ________ weather. A) so fine B)such a fine C) such fine D) so fine a 57 There were beautiful clothes ________ in the shop windows. A) spread B) displayed C) exposed D) located 58. Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw ________. A) so that to get not involved C) so as not to get involved B) so as to get not involved D) so that not to get involved 59._________ in a seemingly endless war, the general was forced to evaluate the situation again. A) Since the loss of 50,000 soldiers B)Because of 50,000 soldiers having lost C)Having lost over 50,000 soldiers D)50,000 soldiers were lost 60.Knowing something as a whole is far from knowing all its ________. A) instance B) character C) items D) details 61.________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. A) Had it not been C) Weren't it B) It were not D) Had not it been 62. The minister had his secretaries ________ a press conference. A) arrange B) to arrange C) arranging D) arranged 63. She left the reception early because she _______ get up early the next morning. A) needed B) might C) used to D) had to 64. Let's not wait any longer, he might not ________ at all. A) turn over B)turn up C) turn on D) turn down 65. Anne couldn't concentrate _________ what she was doing while her family were watching TV. A) to B) on C) for D) in 66.My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _____ from you sometime. 72 A)to have heard B) to hear C) having heard D) hearing 67. ________men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. A) That B) Those C) What D) Whether 68. It's necessary __________ the dictionary immediately. A) that he will return C) that he return B) that he returned D) that he has to return 69. Franklin's ability to learn from observations and experience ______greatly to his success in public life. A) contributed B) owed C) attached D) related 70. The manager assured the customer that his complaint would be seen ______immediately. A) to B) at C ) on D) with Keys: 41-50DBBDBABDAB 51-60CCACDCBCCD 61-70AADBBDACAA (9506) 41.I would appreciate ______ it a secret. A) you to keep B) your keeping C) that you keep D) that you will keep 42. Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) being fined D) to be fined 43. No matter how frequently _______,the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A) performed B) performing C) to be performed D) being performed 44. It is recommended that the project ___ until all the preparations have been made. A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started 45. I wish I _______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A) have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) could have slept 46. We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we ______ him. A) had telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephone D) would have telephoned 47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. A) are often seeing B) will often see C) often see D) have often seen 48. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television ________ the newspaper completely. A) will replace B) have replaced C) replace D) replaced 49. An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _____from Marathon to Athens. A) distance B) the distance C) is the distance D) the distance is 50. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from ______ to suspend your tent. 73 A) there B) them C) where D) which 51. As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had ______ to ask my boss. A) many B) most C) much D) more 52. ______ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. A) Until B) Before C) From D) Since 53. The survival of civilization as we know it is ______ threat. A) within B) towards C) under D) upon 54. Scientists say it may be five or ten years ______ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A) since B) when C) after D) before 55. In some countries, ______ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people. A) which B) one C) that D) what 56.I walked too much yesterday and ________ are still aching now. A) my leg muscles B) my muscles of leg C) my leg's muscles D) my muscles of the leg 57. Radio, television and press ______ of conveying news and information. A) are the most three common means B) are the most common three means C) are the three most common means D) are three the most common means 58. Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume. A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that 59. When a fire ______ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed. A) broke off B) broke down C) broke out D) broke up 60. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could ______. A) stand up B) put up with C) come up with D) make up for 61.Then the speaker _____the various factors leading to the present economic crisis. A) went after B) went into C) went for D) went on 62. The student was just about to ______ the question, when suddenly he found the answer. A) arrive at B) submit to C) give up D) work out 63.When there are small children around, it is necessary to put bottles of pills out of ______. A) hand B) reach C) hold D) place 64. The ______ of blood always makes him feel sick. A) sight B) view C) form D) look 65. In Britain, the best season of the year is probably __________spring. A) late B) last C) latter D) later 66. Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ______ sicknesses. A) normal B) ordinary C) average D) regular 67. This hotel ______ $60 for a single room with bath. A) charges B) demands C) prices D) claims 68. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ______ to his confusion. 74 A) extended B) amounted C) added D) turned 69. A completely new situation will ______ when the examination system comes into existence. A) rise B) arise C) raise D) arouse 70. It took him several months to ______ the wild horse. A) tend B) cultivate C) tame D) breed Keys: 41-50BCAADDBABD 51-60CACDDACCCD 61-70BCBAABACBC (9601) 21.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 22. This ticket ____ you to a free meal in our new restaurant. A. gives B. grants C. entitles D. credits 23.You ____ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen 24. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____ the police. A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in 25. She was so ____ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door. A. attracted B. absorbed C. drawn D. concentrated 26. ____ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A. Being published B. Published C. Publishing D.To be published 27. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly ____ to another subject. A. committed B. switched C. favored D. transmitted 28. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ____ after 11 o'clock at night. A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play 29. Although I liked the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful ____ through the window. A. vision B. look C. picture D. view 30. Cancer is second only ____ heart disease as a cause of death. A. of B. to C. with D. from 31. Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot, the ____ movie could not hold our attention. A. three-hours B.three-hour C.three-hours' D. three-hour's 32. The manager needs an assistant that he can ____ to take care of problems in his absence. A. count on B. count in C. count up D. count out 33. The organization had broken no rules, but ____ had it acted responsibly. A. neither B. so C. either D. both 34. We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came ____ view. A. from B. in C. before D. into 35. They took ____ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping. A. fruitful B. beneficial C. valid D. effective 75 36. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C. before D. after 37. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs ____ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 38. In developing countries people are ____ into overcrowded cities in great numbers. A. breaking B. filling C. pouring D. hurrying It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ____ by about 39. 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 40. If I had remembered ____ the window, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed 41. There are other problems which I don't propose to ____ at the moment. A. go into B. go around C. go for D. go up 42. Don't get your schedule ____, stay with us in this class. A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change 43. It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and ____ knowledge. A. extensive B. expansive C. intensive D. expensive 44. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D.couldhave got 45. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, ____ something occurred which attracted my attention. A. unless B. until C. when D. while 46. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily ____ much sharing of interests and responsibilities. A. take over B. result in C. hold on D. keep to 47. The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine ____ invented. A. ever B. thus C. yet D. as 48. I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n) ____ promise to help you. A. exact B. defined C. definite D. sure 49. I have kept that portrait ____ I can see it everyday, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. A. which B. where C. whether D. when 50. The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally ____ because of the bad weather. A. set off B. broken off C. worn off D. called off Keys: 21-30CCDDBBBCDB 31-40BAADDADCAA 41-50ACABCBACBD 76 77