中考现在完成时讲解与习题

初中现在完成时时态讲解 一、注意弄清时态的实际意义 现在完成时示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果。 They have left.  --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里 I have had my lunch. --我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿 也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能有可能停止，或有可能继续延续下去。。 He has learned English since 2001.  -从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢 二、基本句型结构 现在完成时的构成形式：  have /has (助动词)+done(过去分词) I/You/They/We  have talked .    He/She has talked. 现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词have或has后加上否定词not； I/You/They/We  haven’t(have not) talked .    He/She hasn’t(has not) talked. 其一般疑问句就是将助动词have或has提到句首， Have  I/You/They/We  talked .  Has he/she talked. 肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语＋have/has.，否定的简略回答是：No，主语＋have/has not.。 如：  I have seen the film. →Have you seen the film？           Yes， I have./No， I haven’t. 三、 注意掌握两种基本用法 1. “过去的经历”：动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束，但未说明动作发生的具体时间或情景，强调该经历(即动作发生后)对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。如：     I have heard of the man. 我听说过这个人。 2. “完成情况”：表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。 ①句子中有“已发生了多久”的时间状语的短语或从句。如： I have lived in Shanghai since I was ten years old. 我从十岁起就住在上海。 ②说明“到说话时为止，已完成了多少”。即句中，含有表示“完成了多少”的宾语或表示动作发生次数的状语。如：I have read the book three times. 这本我看了三遍。 四．一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；       现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 I saw this film yesterday.  （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film.   （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） 2）一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用;     现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1990, in October, just now,from..on,                                       -- 具体的过去时间状语 　现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,  up to now, in the past few years, recently,          --模糊的时间状语 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时， 不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时 　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. 　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,                                    teach,  learn, work, study, know. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,                         get married等。 She joined the League three years ago.      (加入的动作不是延续的) She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago). (在团内的状态可延续) She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago).是团员的状态可持续) 五．比较延续动词与瞬间动词  延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 He has finished the work.  他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I’ve known him since then.  我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 注意延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法 1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间(时间点)连用。如： He joined the Party three years ago. 他入党三年了。(他三年前入党的) 2. 用“It is/has been＋时间段＋since…”句型。如：It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。(从买这本书起到现在已三年了) 3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如： He has been in the Greener China for three years.---- He has been a member of the Greener China fot three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。 The old man died 4 years ago.     ----The old man has been dead for 4 years.    He joined the Party 2 years ago.    -----He has been in the Party for 2 years.      I bought the book 5 days ago.     ---- I have had the book for 5 days. 英语延续动词与非延续动词的转换 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。    表示时间段的短语有:       for+一段时间:for 2 years; since从句,since he came here;       since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago;       how long; for a long time等。 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例:He died 5 years ago. 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave --- be away          borrow --- keep          buy --- have        begin/start --- be on        die --- be dead          finish --- be over open sth --- keep sth open    fall ill ---  be ill        get up---be up catch a cold --- have a cold  come here --- be here      go there --- be there become --- be            come back --- be back      fall asleep --- be asleep get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in)  leave --- be away from    get to know --- know go (get) out →be out        put on→ wear 比较since和for since 用来说明动作起始时间— “自从……” for用来说明动作延续时间长度— “长达……”   I have lived here for more than twenty years.   I have lived here since I was born.   My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.　   I have not heard from my uncle for a long time. 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时   I worked here for more than twenty years. 　 (我现在已不在这里工作。)   I have worked here for many years.    (现在我仍在这里工作。) 比较 have/has  been  to      have/has  gone  to  have/has  been  in He went to Shanghai last week  上周他[做了一件事:那就是]去了上海 He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海  [在他人生中曾经有过这样的经历,但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了] He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了 [也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里] He has been in Shanghai for 10 years. 他呆在上海迄今为止已经10年了 [现在还在上海没有离开呢] He lived in Shanghai for 10 years. 以前他在上海住过10年  [现在不在上海了] 六、现在完成时的标志词及需要用现在完成时的常见句型 1、现在完成时的时间状语及其他标志词: for, since;so far,up to now, by now; ever, never, just, before, yet, already；till/until, in the past few years; recently, lately; ......times;    how long等。 需要用现在完成时的常见句型   ①在表示将来的时间状语和条件句中用现在完成时代替一般现在时   ②It’s the +序数词+time that +现在完成时的从句     It’s the first time that I have been here.   ③It’s/This’s the +形容词最高级+名词+that +现在完成时的从句     This is the fantastic film that I have ever seen.   ④It’s +基数词+years/hours等+since......   ⑤It has been+基数词+years/hours等+since......   ⑥基数词+years/hours等 has passed +since......   延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化 He died 10 years ago. --- He ____ ____ ____ for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago.      --- He ____ ____ the book for 2 weeks. 3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ---He ____ ____ the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago.  --- He ____ ____ here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago.      --- The light ____ ____ ____ for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago.      --- He ____ ____ ____ from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago.      --- The film ____ ____ ____ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago.    --- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago.    --- The door ____ ____ ____ for an hour. 10. He joined the army last year.        --- He ____ ____ a ____ for a year.                                      --- He ____ ____ ____ the army for a year.                                     --- It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. 现在完成时专项练习 一、    单项选择。 1、Both  his  parents  look  sad . Maybe  they ______what's  happened  to  him .     Ａ.  knew    Ｂ. have known  Ｃ.  must know    Ｄ.will know 2、He  has ___ been  to  Shanghai , has  he ?   Ａ.  already Ｂ.never  Ｃ.ever    Ｄ. still 3、Have  you  met  Mr  Li ____？   Ａ.  just    Ｂ.  ago  Ｃ.before  Ｄ.  a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .   Ａ. is  writing  Ｂ.was  writing    Ｃ.wrote    Ｄ.has  written 5、—Our country  ____ a lot so far .　—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .   Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better  Ｄ. changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already  ______in this school for two years .   Ａ. was ; studying  Ｂ. will ; study　Ｃ. has ; studied  Ｄ. are ; studying 7、We ______ Xiao  Li  since  she  was  a  little  girl .   Ａ. know      Ｂ.  had  known    Ｃ. have  known      Ｄ.  knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .   Ａ.  will  see    Ｂ.  have  seen      Ｃ.  saw          Ｄ.see 9、—These  farmers  have  been  to  the  United  States .     —Really ? When _____  there ?   Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did  they  go　Ｃ. do they go  Ｄ. have they gone 10、—______ you ___ your  homework  yet ?—Yes . I _____  it  a  moment  ago .   Ａ. Did ; do ; finished                  Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished   Ｃ. Have ; done ; have  finished          Ｄ. will ; do ; finish 11、 His  father  ______ the  Party  since  1978 .   Ａ.  joined    Ｂ.  has joined    Ｃ.  was in    Ｄ.  has  been  in 12、—Do you know him well ?  —  Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago .   Ａ.  were    Ｂ. have been      Ｃ. have become      Ｄ. have made 13、—How long have you  ____ here ?  —About two months .   Ａ.  been    Ｂ.  gone          Ｃ.  come          Ｄ.  arrived 14、Hurry  up! The  play __________ for  ten  minutes .   Ａ.  has  begun  Ｂ.  had  begun  Ｃ.  has  been  on  Ｄ.  began It ___ ten  years  since  he  left  the  army .     Ａ. Is        Ｂ. has      Ｃ. will    Ｄ. was 16、 Miss  Green  isn't  in  the  office . she_______  to  the  library .   Ａ.has  gone    Ｂ. went        Ｃ.will  go  Ｄ.  has  been 17、My  parents ______  Shandong  for  ten  years .   Ａ.  have been in Ｂ. have been to　Ｃ. have gone  to  Ｄ. have been 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ____?     A. so they      B. don’t they    C. have they    D. haven’t they 19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he ____ to China?     A. How soon, comes              B. How often, got      C. How long, came              D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle ____for more than 9 years.     A. has come here  B. has started to work  C. has lived there  D. has left the university 二、    句型转换。 1、He has never surfed, ____________ ?（改成反意疑问句）  2、They have been here since 2000. (提问) _______________________ have they been here? 3、The old man _________ last year. He  ____________for a year. (die) （动词填空） 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)   This factory  ____________________ for twenty years. 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.  (同义句转换)   Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago. 6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） 　 Her  mother _______ the  Party  three  years  ________ . 7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)     _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)  ___________________________________________                                      三、汉译英。 1、    吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。____________________________________ 2、    他昨天收到一封信。________________________________________________ 3、    我父亲以前到过长城。________________________________________________ 4、    她还没有看过那部新电影。________________________________________________ 5、    她去过上海。____________________________________________________________ 6、    他这些天上哪儿去了？________________________________________________ 参考： 一、单项选择。 1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。 2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2应选B。 3、C 4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so  far（到目前为止），in  the  past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。 5、C 6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。 7、C 8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three  times（三次），several  times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。 9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last  week , a  moment  ago等）连用。故9的正确答案为B。 10、B 11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。 12、B    13、A    14、C    15、A。 16、“have/has  gone  to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has  been  in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has  been  to  +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故16的正确答案为A。 17、A    18、D    19、C    20、C 二、句型转换。 1、has he?        2、How long          3、died, has been dead  4、has been open    5、has been away    6、joined；ago 7、It is, since        8、The bus has been here for ten minutes. 三、汉译英。 1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now. 2、He received a letter yesterday. 3、My father has been to the Great Wall before. 4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.