心理学专业英语

心理学专业英语 Test of General Psychology (2) A. Multiple Choice ( 1 point each, 30 points in total) 1. The word big is flashed on a screen. A mental picture of the word big represents a __________ code; the definition “large in size” represents a __________ code; “sounds like pig” represents a ________code. (C) A.structural; phonemic; semantic B.phonemic; semantic; structural C.structural; semantic; phonemic D.phonemic; structural; semantic 2. Carl Rogers is to ________, as Abraham Maslow is to ________. (B) A. social cognitive; humanistic B. unconditional positive regard; hierarchy of needs C. environmental; psychological D. free will; externally controlled 3. Miles is listening as his mother rattles through a list of 15 or so things that he needs to remember to pack for an upcoming trip. According to George Miller, if Miles doesn?Ot write the items down as he hear them, he will probably remember: (D) A.fewer than 5 items from the list. B.about 10 to 12 items from the list. C.all the items from the list. D.5 to 9 items from the list. 4. Which statement best represents current evidence on the durability of long-term storage? (C) A.All forgetting involves breakdowns in retrieval. B.LTM is like a barrel of marbles in which none of the marbles ever leaks out. C.There is no convincing evidence that all one’s memories are stored away permanently. D.All long-term memories gradually decay at a constant rate. 5 . Overlearning: (D) A.refers to continued rehearsal of material after the point of apparent mastery. B.promotes improved recall. C.should not be done, since it leads to increased interference. D.does both a and b. 6. The 2-year-old child who refers to every four-legged animal as “doggie” is making which of the following error: (B) A.underextension B.overextension C.overregularization 1 D.underregularization 7. Based on the work with Kanzi, which statement best summarizes the current status of the research on whether chimps can learn language? (D) A.Chimps can acquire the use of symbols but cannot combine them into sentences or learn rules of language. B.Chimps are nearly as well suited for learning and using language as humans. C.Chimps are incapable even of learning the symbols of a language. D.Chimps can learn some basic language skills, but the linguistic capacities of humans are far superior. 8. Chomsky proposed that children learn language swiftly: (A) A.because they possess an innate language acquisition device. B.through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping. C.as the quality of their thought improves with age. D.because they need to in order to get their increasingly complex needs met. 9. Some theorists argue that a ________ exists for language development early in life, during which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language. (A) A. critical period B. creative period C. relativity period D. vowel period 10. You may think that it is colder outside if you see several low thermometer readings on your way to work, rather than basing your judgment on your actual experience of the cold. Your judgment is affected by the visual feedback you are receiving from the thermometers according to the (C) A. representational heuristic. B. algebraic heuristic. C. availability heuristic. D. algebraic algorithm. 11. Early psychologists interested in intelligence assumed that there was a single, general factor for mental ability, which they called (C) A. fluid intelligence B. the performance factor C. the g-factor D. emotional intelligence 12. If you score at the 75th percentile on a standardized test, it means that (C) A.75% of those who took the test scored better than you did. B.25% of those who took the test scored less than you did. C.75% of those who took the test scored the same or less than you did. 2 D.you answered 75% of the questions correctly. 13. Mr. and Mrs. Proudparent are beaming because their son, little Newton, has been selected for a gifted children program at school. They think Newton is a genius. What sort of advice do they need to hear? (B) A.Youngsters with a 130-140 IQ tend to be very maladjusted B.Most gifted children do not go on to make genius-level, major contributions to society that earn them eminence. C.They should prepare to be famous, based on their parentage of Newton. D.They should be warned that gifted children often have deficits in practical intelligence. 14. Jackson had a huge breakfast this morning and is still feeling stuffed when he arrives at work. However, one of his colleagues has brought some delicious-looking donuts to the morning staff meeting and Jackson just can’t resist. Although he feels full, he eats three donuts.His behavior is inconsistent with: (B) A.incentive theories of motivation. B.drive theories of motivation. C.evolutionary theories of motivation. D.the Cannon-Bard theory of motivation. 15. Rather than seeking to reduce an underlying drive, people and animals appear to be motivated to increase their overall level of stimulation and activity. Such arousal approaches could explain (B) A) hunger. B) thrill seeking. C) pain avoidance. D) none of the above. 16. Which theory of emotion implies that people can change their emotions simply by changing the way they label their arousal? (C) A.the James-Lange theory B.the Cannon-Bard theory C.Schachter’s two-factor theory D.opponent-process theory 17. Which of the following needs in Maslow's need hierarchy has to be satisfied before attention is paid to the others? (C) A. self-esteem B. love C. safety D. self-actualization 18. Which of the following birth defects results in a condition that is treatable? (A) A. phenylketonuria 3 B. sickle-cell anemia C. Tay-Sachs disease D. Down syndrome 19. Piaget's formal operational stage produces a new kind of thinking characterized as (D) A. egocentric thought. B. object permanence. C. concrete. D. abstract, formal, and logical. 20. Sixteen-year-old Foster wants to spend a few years experimenting with different lifestyles and careers before he settles on who and what he wants to be. Foster?Os behavior illustrates the identity status of: (A) A.identity moratorium. B.identity foreclosure. C.identity achievement.. D.identity diffusion 21. Always having been a good student, Irving is confident that he will do well in his psychology course. According to Bandura’s sociacognitive theory, Irving would be said to have: (A) A.strong feelings of self-efficacy. B.a sense of superiority. C.strong feelings of self-esteem. D.strong defense mechanisms. 22. Which of the following approaches to personality is least deterministic? (A) A.the humanistic approach B.the psychoanalytic approach C.Skinner’s approach D.the behavioral approach 23. Freud argued that to understand personality, it is necessary to expose what is in the unconscious. But because the unconscious ____________________, the content of the unconscious cannot be observed directly. (B) A. can never be known B. disguises the meaning of material C. contains subliminally perceived information D. engages in fantasy 24. Adler used the term "inferiority complex" to describe situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world. Early ____________ have an important effect on how well children are able to outgrow feelings of personal inferiority. (C) A. psychosexual stages 4 B. archetypes C. social relationships with parents D. Oedipal feelings 25. Rogers and Maslow believed that all people share a fundamental need for (A) A. self-actualization. B. self-efficacy. C. self-esteem. D. conditional positive regard. 26. The strongest support for the theory that personality is heavily influenced by genetics is provided by strong personality similarity between: (B) A.identical twins reared together. B.identical twins reared apart. C.fraternal twins reared together. D.nontwins reared together. 27. To create the MMPI-2, groups of psychiatric patients with a specific diagnosis, such as depression or schizophrenia, were asked to complete a large number of items on a test. The test authors then determined which items best differentiated members of these groups from a comparison group of normal participants. This process is called (C) A. norming. B. establishing reliability. C. test standardization. D. screening. 28. Adult development is characterized by _____________ in comparison with childhood. (D) A. more gradual physical changes B. more diverse social changes C. difficulty categorizing developmental stages D. all of the above 29. You want to ask someone for a date, but you are afraid to risk rejection. You are experiencing: (A) A.an approach-avoidance conflict. B.an avoidance-avoidance conflict. C.frustration. D.pressure. 30. Research suggests that a high level of arousal may be most optimal for the performance of a task when: (B) A.the task is complex. B.the task is simple. C.the rewards are high. 5 D.an audience is present. B. Defining Terms (4 points each, 20 points in total) 1. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows--- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information. 2. Mental images: Representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represeded. 3. Functional fixedness: The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use. 4. Universal grammar: Noam Chomsky’s theory that all the world’s languages share a common underlying structure. 5. Need for power: A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual. C. Blank Filling ( 1 point each, 20 points in total) 1. Getting information into memory is called _________; getting information out of memory is called _________.(encoding; retrieval) 2. The states of emotion include ________ , intense emotion and stress. (mood) 3. A researcher wants to see whether a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats are fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the diet fed to the two groups of rats is the __________ variable. (independent) 4. The ability to__________ inconsequential details about experiences, people, and objects helps us to avoid being burdened and distracted by trivial stores of meaningless data. (forget) 5. __________suggest that memory consists of mental representations of interconnected information clusters, which also would account for__________. (Associative models of memory; priming) 6. __________memories are memories around a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event. (Flashbulb) 7. The__________ is a score that takes into account an individual’s mental and chronological ages.( intelligence quotient / IQ) 8. According to Sternberg, people who are high in ____________ are able to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately. Consequently, tests of this type of intelligence measure the ability to employ broad principles in solving everyday problems. ( practical intelligence) 9. ____________, the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms, have biological, cognitive, and social aspects.( Motivation) 10. Most researchers suggest that a list of basic emotions would include, at the minimum, happiness, anger, fear, sadness, and____________ (disgust) 11. The ____________ approaches to personality are founded on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness or control.( psychodynamic) 12. The ego strives to balance the demands of the pleasure principle with the____________, which restrains instinctual energy in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society.( reality principle) 13. Developmental psychologists agree that genetic factors not only provide the____________ for particular behaviors or traits to emerge, but also place____________ on the emergence of 6 such behavior or traits.( potential; limitations) 14. Psychologists can utilize self-report measures that ask people about a relatively small sample of their behavior; although the questionnaire consists of only a few questions, the answers can be used____________ to about personality characteristics.( generalize) 15. A class of physical problems, known as psychophysiological disorders (e.g., high blood pressure, headaches, fatigue, etc.), often result from or are worsened by____________.(stress) 16. People of all ages report more physical symptoms and depression when they perceive that they have little or no control (a condition known as____________) than when they feel a sense of control over a situation.( learned helplessness) 17. Longitudinal studies assess change in intellectual ability over time, unlike cross-sectional studies, which assess differences among____________ .(groups) D(True or false ( 1 point each, 10 points in total) 1. The "tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon" refers to difficulty remembering a name that you can almost see or hear. (T) 2. Information processing is the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience, and that they can apply in problem-solving situations.(F) 3. The more distinctive a stimulus, the more likely we are to recall it later; however, we may not remember the source of the information. (T) 4. A lack of some basic biological requirement, such as water, produces an instinct to obtain that requirement. (F) 5. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions. (T) 6. Thalamus plays a major role in emotional experience. (F) 7. Adolescents believe that their experience is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else. Such personal fables may make adolescents feel invulnerable to the risks that threaten others. (T) 8. The TAT consists of showing a series of pictures to a person, who is asked toorganize several pictures into a story line. These responses are then used to draw inferences about the person's personality characteristics. (F) 9. The importance of the Type A behavior pattern lies in its links to coronary heart disease. (T) 10. Noncompliance is sometimes the result of psychological reactance, a negative emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom. (T) E. Essays (10 points each, 20 points in total) 1. Briefly describe the rooting, sucking, and startle reflexes. Why are they adaptive responses to environmental stimuli? Answer: Reflexes are unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. The rooting reflex causes newborns to turn their heads in the direction of stimuli that touch their cheeks. The sucking reflex causes newborns to suck at stimuli that touch their lips. The startle reflex causes newborns to fling out their arms, fan their fingers, and arch their backs when they hear a sudden noise. The rooting and sucking reflexes are adaptive because they ensure that newborns will eat. That is, if a nipple or bottle touches a baby's cheek, she will 7 turn toward it; if a nipple or bottle touches a baby's lips, she will begin sucking on it. The startle reflex is adaptive because it protects the baby. For example, a sudden noise may be associated with flying objects, and by thrusting out its arms a baby protects itself from being hurt. 2(Discuss some of the behavioral and psychological differences among people with Type A, Type B, and Type D behavior patterns. What association do these patterns have with coronary heart disease? Answer: People who are described as having Type A personality tend to be time-oriented, are aggressive, and show a driven quality about their work. They also tend to be hostile toward other people. Those who can be described as having Type B behavior patterns tend to be cooperative with others, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive. Type D personality refers to a distressed pattern of behaviors, and people who can be categorized as this type have insecurity, anxiety, and a negative outlook on life. Research has revealed a correlation between the Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease, and the link is particularly strong for the hostility component of the Type A pattern. People with Type A are more likely than those with Type B to suffer heart attacks or develop coronary heart disease. The Type D personality also appears to be positively correlated with the risk for heart attacks. 8