清华大学博士英语入学考试-完型

2009年清华大学博士考试完型填空 清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设置20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。 文章多为说明文和记叙文 完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为The use of English。 它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。主要是要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，能够使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。 基本要求：1）词汇和短语    2）语法知识    3）理解能力 应试要求：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。 Sample 1 Double Income and No Kids (DINK) becomes fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher incomes. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical. A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey company __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__ plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in __35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from the obligation of raising children. __37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects in failing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors. But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has come, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected. 31.  A. stable          B. available        C. achievable        D. liable 32.  A. had become      B. may become      C. became          D. becomes 33.  A. directed        B. induced          C. indicated          D. dictated 34.  A. no            B. not              C. hardly            D. scarcely 35.  A. elegant          B. abundant        C. similar          D. various 36.  A. tension          B. attention        C. intention          D. interaction 37.  A. Moreover        B. However        C. According        D. Generally 38.  A. most            B. more            C. latest            D. less 39.  A. into            B. to              C. at              D. from 40.  A. wanted          B. should want      C. want            D. had wanted Sample 2 Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student.  67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the    68  in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be  70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is  73  for learning the material assigned. When research is  74  , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 75  guidance. It is the  76  responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain 77 a university library works; they expect students,  78  graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80  that their students should not be  81 dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties  82 teaching, such as administrative or research work.  83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either   85  a professor during office hour  86  make an appointment. 67  a) If            b) Although      c) Because        d) Since 68  a) suggestion    b) context        c) abstract        d) information 69  a) poor          b) ideal          c) average        d) disappointed 70  a) such          b) one          c) any            d) some 71  a) fun          b) work          c) learning        d) prize 72  a ) by          b) in            c) for            d) with 73  a) criticized      b) innocent        c) responsible    d) dismissed 74  a) collected      b) distributed      c) assigned        d) finished 75  a) maximum    b) minimum      c) possible        d) practical 76  a) student’s      b) professor’s      c) assistant’s      d) librarian’s 77  a) when        b) what          c) why          d) how 78  a) particularly    b) essentially      c) obviously      d) rarely 79  a) selections    b) collections      c) sources        d) origins 80  a) hate          b) dislike        c) like            d) prefer 81  a) too          b) such          c) much          d) more 82  a) but          b) except          c) with          d) besides 83  a) However      b) Therefore      c) Furthermore    d) Nevertheless 84  a) plentiful      b) limited          c) irregular      d) flexible 85  a) greet        b) annoy          c) approach      d) attach 86  a) or          b) and            c) to            d) but Passage 1  The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage  56  in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is  57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58   as widespread as it was several decades ago.  59  of American adults who are married  60  from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried  61   their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some  62   in their lives. Experts  63  that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.   The timing of marriage has varied  64  over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and women in the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s.  65 ,  young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous  66 in U.S. history. Today’s later age of marriage is  67  the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before  68    . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a  69  to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic  70  and war. 56. A. rate                B. ratio                C percentage      D. poll 57. A. potentially          B intentionally          C. randomly        D.substantially 58 A. not any longer        B. no more            C. no longer        D. not any more 59 A. A proportion          B. The  proportion      C. The number      D. A number 60 A. declined              B .deteriorated          C deduced        D demolished 61 A  past                B passing              C throughout      D through 62 A period                B level                  C point            D respect 63 A project                B plan                  C promise        D propose 64 A unexpectedly          B irregularly            C flexibly          D consistently 65 A Beside                B However              C Whereas        D Nevertheless 66 A descendants            B ascendants            C population      D generation 67 A according to            B in line with            C based          D caused by 68 A and after              B or after              C or since        D ever since 69 A refusal                  B realization            C response        D reality 70 A repression              B aggression            C restriction      D depression Passage 2 In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamental level – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies specialize in agriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seeds that give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.     In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean, for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic walls that separate species.     Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 61. A. manipulation      B. management        C. manufacture        D. maturity 62. A. got along with      B. given rise to        C. come up with        D. lived up to 63. A. broods            B. breeds            C. blends            D.  blasts 64. A. hatch            B. train              C. duplicate          D. patent 65. A. restrict            B. resist              C. reverse            D. retrieve 66. A. hostile            B. hydraulic          C. hazardous          D. harmless 67. A. beneficial          B. disappointing      C. surprising          D. extreme 68. A. lines              B. limits              C. space              D. ages 69. A. after all            B. on the other hand    C. in any case          D. as a rest 70. A. to the point        B. in no case          C. in an attempt    D. with regard 71. A. quality            B. property            C. priority        D. quantity 72. A. In essence        B. In part              C. In advance      D. In return 73. A. brake            B. blaze              C. breach        D. brand 74. A. what              B. as                C. where          D. so 75. A. that              B. because            C. if            D. when 76. A. skin              B. tissue              C. organ          D. muscle 77. A. resembling          B. alike              C. similar        D. identical 78. A. issues              B. height              C. difficulties      D. goals 79. A. spot              B. era                C. deadline        D. scheme 80. A. navigation          B. mystery            C. outcomes      D. destination Passage 3 Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horrible sight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction? A red tide!     Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They have also___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.     In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, the Philippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "     The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas may range from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "     What causes such discoloration? Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.     A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid ___85___ of these organisms. The concentration of these organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms ___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result? Red tides! 71. A. As a result         B. As it is         C. As expected         D. As usual 72. A. satisfaction         B. disappointment     C. astonishment         D. regret 73. A. ashore             B. aboard         C. aside                D. across 74. A. question         B. crisis             C. phenomenon        D. situation 75. A. occupied         B. occurred         C. acquired             D. accused 76. A. assured of         B. worried about     C. concerned about     D. aware of 77. A. sandy beaches     B. river mouths     C. coastal areas         D. reef areas 78. A. except             B. besides         C. despite             D. without 79. A. applies to         B. sums up         C. copes with             D. leads to 80. A. shadows         B. shades         C. shakes             D. shapes 81. A, less than         B. more than         C. as much as         D. as little as 82. A. components         B. elements         C. ingredients         D. species 83. A. propel             B. probe             C. proceed             D. prompt 84. A. materials         B. substances         C. masses             D. objects 85. A. bolt             B. block             C. bloom             D. blast 86. A. scale             B. plunge         C. gauge             D. swell 87. A. accelerate         B. accommodate     C. accumulate         D. accompany 88. A. optimum         B. minimum         C. maximum             D. momentum 89. A. means of         B. amount of         C. way to             D. account for 90. A. over             B. on             C. by                 D. from Passage 4   With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China 71 a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the 72. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 73 the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will 74 China’s around the year 2028  75 about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the 76 of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. 77 India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually 78 . The reason is No mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 79 about 40% in the entire nation.     The difference 80 the emphasis put on health programs, 81 birth control, by the state authorities, 82 in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist 83 . And an educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 84 good schooling. While one in three Indian women is 85 , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write. Higher literacy rates 86 Family planning. “Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have 87 of them,” says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has Limited herself 88 three children—one below the national 89 of four. That kind of restraint(抑制；克制)will keep Kerala from putting added 90 on world food supplies. 71. A. discovered         B. circulated         C. launched         D. transmitted 72. A. gap             B. top             C. bit             D. bet 73. A. as many as         B. as well as         C. as soon as         D. as much as 74. A. shake             B. pass             C. rocket         D. impress 75. A. on             B. in             C. at             D. for 76. A. force             B. fight             C. false             D. fault 77. A. While             B. Since             C. Because         D. Suppose 78. A. reliable         B. stable             C. countable         D. flexible 79. A. benefited from     B. involved with     C. compared with     D. resulted from 80. A. lies in             B. shows off         C. results in         D. departs from 81. A. reviving         B. including         C. practicing         D. containing 82. A. that             B. since             C. what             D. which 83. A. group             B. alliance         C. government     D. bureau 84. A. equally         B. officially         C. sharply         D. proudly 85. A. cultural         B. literate         C. native         D. responsible 86. A. foster             B. hamper         C. reform            D. advocate 87. A. less             B. more             C. fewer             D. better 88. A. in                 B. at             C. as             D. to 89. A. statistics         B. average         C. tendency         D. category 90. A. increase         B. challenge         C. pressure         D. complaint Passage 5   Advertising is a form of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who have tried to 56 others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can 57 . But in the 19th century the mass production of goods 58 the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that 59 the development of the railway and highway made person-to-person selling too slow and expensive. At the same time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, then radio and television, made mass selling through 60 possible. The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best 61 to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action 62 be to purchase a product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or even to join the Army. Advertising as a 63 developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest 64 . In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars, or 65 2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.2 percent of its gross national product  66   advertising. 67 advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer, it produces benefits for the consumer 68 . Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far 69 than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising 70 for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers. 56．A．request    B．oblige     C．affect     D．persuade 57．A．transfer     B．secure     C．enjoy     D．perform 58．A．resulting from     B．dealing with     C．leading to     D．going for 59．A．followed     B．preceded     C．achieved     D．induced 60．A．marketing     B．advertising     C．salespeople     D．agents 61．A．profits     B．benefits     C．interests     D．gains 62．A．should     B．would     C．may     D．will 63．A．business     B．service     C．product     D．profession 64．A．amount     B．extent     C．possibility     D．utility 65．A．similarly     B．supposedly     C．approximately     D．accountably 66．A．with     B．at     C．into     D．on 67．A．While     B．Therefore     C．But     D．If 68．A．as well     B．as usual     C．as a result     D．as a rule 69．A．more     B．less     C．cheaper     D．dearer 70．A．works     B．calls     C．looks     D．pays Passage 6  The process of gaining or losing weight can be explained by comparing your body to your car．Both run__56__fuel，food for your body and gasoline for your car．Both__57__that fuel，first into heat，then energy，some of__58__is used to do work，and some emitted as waste．And__59__your car uses more energy when the engine is racing than when it is idling，__60__dies your body use more energy when you are working hard than__61__you are resting ． For the purpose of this comparison，__62__，there is one significant difference between them．Your car cannot store fuel by turning it into__63__else；all gasoline not__64__remains as gasoline．But your body storks__65__energy as fat．When the gas tank is__66__empty，the car won’t run；but your body can burn fat to provide more energy． Therefore，if you want to gain weight，you must do__67__of two things：eat more calories(units of heat，therefore energy)，or use less through__68__．If you want to lose weight，you do the__69__，decrease your intake of calories or increase the amount of energy you spend．There is__70__way．Gaining or losing weight is always a relation between intake and output of potential energy． 56．A．in B．on  C．for D．against    57．A．convert  B．use  C．for  D．burn 58．A．what  B．which  C．it  D．them  59．A．whereas  B．although  C．just because  D．just as 60．A．as      B．so      C．why        D．how 61．A．that    B．since      C．when      D．where 62．A．however  B．therefore  C．moreover    D．likewise 63．A．everything  B．nothing  C．something  D．anything 64．A．filled      B．wasted    C．saved    D．consumed 65．A．useless    B．enough    C．excess    D．extensive 66．A．half    B．completely  C．almost    D．hardly 67．A．any    B．both        C．either    D．neither 68．A．inactivity  B．inattention  C．cycling  D．jogging 69．A．reverse    B．relevant    C．different  D．same 70．A．not any    B．no other    C．another  D．some Passage 7  Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can  61  the          joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of    information you    62    across accidentally --- or a sudden     63    , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal      64    are the "payoff' in education. A teacher may     65    you to learning and even encourage you in it --- but no teacher can make the excitement or tho joy happen. That's      66    to you. A research paper,  67      in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor,      68        you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a  69    where the joy of  discovery and learning can come to you many times.  70      the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure  71       which you can  make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to            72  a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others,    73  you can do, Writing a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in 74       out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills   75  to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly    76  experience! To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more than ever  produced          77 , is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work  78      is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to   79  Instead, consider it a goal to     80    , a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.                        61. A. exterminate    B. impulse  C. intervene    D. exceed  62. A. conform  B. confront    C. come    D. console  63. A. insight    B. relaxation  C. relay    D. ingredient  64. A. serials    B. separations  C. encounters    D. segregations  65. A. help  B. salute    C. scrub        D. direct                                      66. A. here  B. off    C. up          D. with    67. A. assigning      B. assigned      C. lounged      D. lounging                                    68. A. litters      B. intervenes    C. jots      D. leads                                          69. A. process      B. interface      C. interpretation    D. prosecution  70. A. Designing  B. Designed  C. Preparing  D. Prepared 71. A. outside      B. within      C. without      D. upon 72. A. grease        B. glare        C. suffix      D. suit 73. A. which      B. what      C. how        D. because 74. A. searching  B. supplementing  C. popularizing  D. polarizing 75. A. arrogant      B. concise      C. chronic      D. applicable 76. A. segmenting    B. satisfying    C. characterizing  D. chartering 77. A. later        B. beforehand    C. afterwards    D. before 78. A. accordingly    B. acceptably  C. independently  D. infinitely 79. A. overwork      B. overcome    C. lumber      D. lull 80. A. accelerate      B. caution      C. accomplish    D. boycott Passage 8  Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the  corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.     Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major 61 to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful 62  on the economy in at least four ways:       Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system 63  the entire nation,  as is the large and complex military establishment. Conversely, the construction and  64 of most highways is the 65 of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily  66  for by country or city  governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation   67 are also the responsibilities of local government.       Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private 68  in many ways, for the 69  of assuring that business serves the best  70  of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a  71  ,such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable  72, but limits their ability to raise prices 73  , since the. public depends on their services. Often control is 74 to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of  75  in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by  76 tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also 77 the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to 78  and individuals. For example, tariffs 79  certain products to remain relatively free of foreign' competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to  80  better with certain foreign goods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals. who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.. 61. A. economy      B. horror        C. magnifier    D. element 62. A. elevation      B. emotion      C. effect        D. election 63. A. dripping      B. serving        C. diverging    D. clamping 64. A. clearance      B. combustion    C. commence    D. maintenance 65. A. commonplace  B. responsibility  C. conductivity  D. consequence 66. A.. consoled      B. compacted    C. paid        D. bracketed 67. A. services      B. boycotts      C. budgets      D. charters 68. A. banquet      B. boom        C. arena        D. enterprise 69. A. assertion      B. purpose      C. asset        D. assumption 70. A. admiration    B. interests      C. adoption      D. accuracy 71. A. monopoly      B. acceptance    C. abolition      D. morality 72. A. proximity      B. blend        C. breast      D. profit 73. A. fairly          B. unfairly      C. friendly      D. unnecessarily 74. A. exercised      B. broadened    C. bankrupted    D. exemplified 75. A. faculty        B. quantity      C. quality      D. fragment 76. A. applauding    B. assessing    C. ascending    D. adjusting 77. A. affect          B. accommodate  C. adhere      D. affirm 78. A. beverage      B. businesses C. bondage      D. botany 79. A. perplex        B. permit        C. perturb      D. plunder 80. A. compensate    B. confront      C. console      D. compete Passage 9  Direction: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four chokes marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.       Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be   56  : New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries -- Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific - would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,    57    large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme   58.       Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,    59    in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.    60    water quality may result as   61    flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural     62    could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the    63    plant and animal species living there.       Food supplies and forests would be    64    affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would      65    grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants. Such as weeds and the insects    66    the crops.       Human health would also be affected. Warming could    67      tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful    68    of localized urban-air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer    69  . There will be some    70  from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons, further north will   71    new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder, regions more     72    . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems --- both plant and animal --- will be less able than man to cope and    73  . Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now   74  will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.     The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions    75  by global warming. 56. A. ascended      B. assaulted          C. erased        D. endangered 57. A. which        B. where          C. when        D. what 58. A. dislocation    B. discontent      C. distribution    D. distinction 59. A. rebuking      B. rambling        C. resulting      D. rallying 60. A. Increased    B. Reduced          C. Expanded    D. Saddened 61. A. inland        B. coastal          C. urban        D. suburban 62. A. dry-land      B. mountain        C. wetlands    D. forest 63. A. unique        B. precious        C. interesting    D. exciting 64. A. geologically    B. adversely        C. secretively    D. serially 65. A. shift          B. generate        C. grease      D. fuse 66. A. hiking        B. hugging          C. attacking    D. activating 67. A. endanger      B. accommodate    C. adhere      D. enlarge 68. A. profits        B. values          C. effects      D. interests 69. A. conditions      B. accommodation    C. surroundings  D. evolution 70. A. adjustments    B. benefits          C. adoptions    D. profits 71. A. alternate      B. abuse            C. advocate      D. create 72. A. accidental      B. habitable        C. anniversary  D. ambient 73. A. adapt        B. alleviate        C. agitate.      D. assert 74. A. ascertained    B. conformed        C. consoled      D. anticipated 75. A. tutored        B. relayed          C. triggered    D. reflected Passage 10   Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank   there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the    passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.     The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth's surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those  61  by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.     To 62  the question of attribution requires the  63  of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on 64  maps or patterns of temperature change in   65  and in models.  Pattern analysis is the climatological equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned   66 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive 67 of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.       The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole   68  cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 69  technique. The basic idea  70  pattern-based approaches is that different  71  causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 72 a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change  73  by models and those actually observed.       The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 74  on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are  75  the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric  76  of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.      Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 77  of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 78  of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the  79  of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall 80  is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. 61. A. incensed          B. personify          C. interact          D. predicted 62. A. array              B. ascertain          C. probe            D. perturb 63. A. application        B. integration        C. avenge          D. intervene 64. A. conforming        B. comparing        C. biding            D. budgeting 65. A. junctions          B. junctures          C. obligations        D. observations 66. A. optionally        B. ornamentally      C. previously        D. predicatively 67. A. attribution        B. autonomy          C. indication        D. induction 68. A. immune          B. seasonal          C. formidable'      D. perceptible 69. A. analysis          B. disposal            C. antigen          D. disincentive 70. A. avenging          B. underestimating    C. ascending        D. underlying 71. A. potential          B. respectable        C. secretive          D. sturdy 72. A. weary            B. obtain            C. wink            D. retard 73. A. oriented          B. kenned            C. predicted        D. lapsed 74. A. modification      B. nomination        C. penetration        D. influence 75. A. paving            B. altering          C. retreating        D. saluting 76. A. stabilities        :B. popularities        C. concentrations    D. hierarchies 77. A. abundance        B. hemisphere        C. fixture          D. distress 78. A. burial            B. argumentation      C. legislation        D. amount 79. A. disposals          B. properties          C. certainties        D. blends 80. A. calculation        B. assignment        C. budget          D. effect   74  will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.     The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions    75  by global warming. 56. A. ascended      B. assaulted          C. erased        D. endangered 57. A. which        B. where          C. when        D. what 58. A. dislocation    B. discontent      C. distribution    D. distinction 59. A. rebuking      B. rambling        C. resulting      D. rallying 60. A. Increased    B. Reduced          C. Expanded    D. Saddened 61. A. inland        B. coastal          C. urban        D. suburban 62. A. dry-land      B. mountain        C. wetlands    D. forest 63. A. unique        B. precious        C. interesting    D. exciting 64. A. geologically    B. adversely        C. secretively    D. serially 65. A. shift          B. generate        C. grease      D. fuse 66. A. hiking        B. hugging          C. attacking    D. activating 67. A. endanger      B. accommodate    C. adhere      D. enlarge 68. A. profits        B. values          C. effects      D. interests 69. A. conditions      B. accommodation    C. surroundings  D. evolution 70. A. adjustments    B. benefits          C. adoptions    D. profits 71. A. alternate      B. abuse            C. advocate      D. create 72. A. accidental      B. habitable        C. anniversary  D. ambient 73. A. adapt        B. alleviate        C. agitate.      D. assert 74. A. ascertained    B. conformed        C. consoled      D. anticipated 75. A. tutored        B. relayed          C. triggered    D. reflected Passage 10   Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank   there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the    passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.     The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth's surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those  61  by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.     To 62  the question of attribution requires the  63  of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on 64  maps or patterns of temperature change in   65  and in models.  Pattern analysis is the climatological equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned   66 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive 67 of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.       The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole   68  cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 69  technique. The basic idea  70  pattern-based approaches is that different  71  causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 72 a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change  73  by models and those actually observed.       The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 74  on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are  75  the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric  76  of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.      Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 77  of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 78  of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the  79  of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall 80  is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.