92年10月

GRE 国 内 题 90 – 94 COPYLEFT TONGLEI 92 年 10 月 SECTION 2 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to ----- and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an------- guide to good practice. (A) vary.. adaptable (B) change.. absolute (C) ossify.. inflexible (D) pertain.. invaluable (E) intensify.. obsolescent 2. Foucault's rejection of the concept of continuity in Western thought, though radical, was not unique; he had ------- in the United States who, without knowledge of his work, developed parallel ideas. (A) critics (B) counterparts (C) disciples (D) readers (E) publishers 3. In retrospect, Gordon's students appreciated her ----- assignments, realizing that such assignments were specifically designed to ----- original thought rather than to review the content of her course. (A) didactic.. ingrain (B) intimidating.. thwart (C) difficult.. discourage (D) conventional.. explicate (E) enigmatic.. stimulate 4. In sharp contrast to the intense ------- of the young republic, with its utopian faith in democracy and hopes for eternal human progress, recent developments suggest a mood of almost unrelieved ------ (A) idealism.. cynicism (B) individualism.. escapism (C) sectarianism.. recklessness (D) assertiveness.. ambition (E) righteousness.. egalitarianism 5. Old age, even in cultures where it is -------, is often viewed with ------- (A) venerated.. ambivalence (B) rare.. surprise (C) ignored.. condescension (D) feared.. dismay (E) honored.. respect 6. Unlike the easily studied neutral and ionized ------ that compose the primary disk of the Milky Way itself, the components of the ------- surrounding our galaxy have proved more resistant to study. (A) figments.. envelope (B) essences.. fluctuations (C) elements.. problems (D) calculations.. perimeter (E) materials.. region 7. Although normally -------, Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting. (A) diffident (B) contentious (C) facetious (D) presumptuous (E) intrepid 8. SLIPPERY: ELUDE:: (A) dangerous : distract (B) hidden: alarm (C) temporary : erase (D) alluring: entice (E) overwrought : exclaim 9. RAINCOAT: RAIN:: (A) wages : inflation (B) prevention : cure (C) prediction: weather (D) insurance : loss (E) work: unemployment 10. DECIPHER: HIEROGLYPH:: (A) transcribe : recording (B) separate :component (C) transmute : metal (D) break: code (E) edit: text 10. FROND: FERN:: (A) pod: weed (B) needle: pine (C) thorn: rose (D) bulb: lily (E) root :potato 11. PILLORY : RIDICULE:: (A) badge: challenge (B) guillotine: execute (C) rope: chastise (D) knife: frighten (E) cell: blame 12. DITTY: ORATORIO:: (A) satire: parody (B) libretto : opera (C) anecdote: novel (D) fresco: panorama (E) sonnet : madrigal 13. OLFACTION: ODOR:: (A) classification : object (B) articulation: sound (C) predilection: observation (D) vision: detection (E) gustation : flavor 14. HUBRIS: PRIDE:: (A) flattery: praise (B) revenge: jealousy (C) whim: humor (D) awe: prestige (E) dread: courage 15. FRIEZE: BUILDING:: (A) illumination: manuscript (B) roof: foundation (C) shading: drawing (D) column: pillar (E) melody: rhythm 　　Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's 　　A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's 　　Court, is a nineteenth-century master 　　mechanic who mysteriously awakening in (5) sixth-century Britain, launches what he 　　hopes will be a peaceful revolution to 　　transform Arthurian Britain into an 　　industrialized modern democracy. The 　　novel, written as a spoof of Thomas (10) Malory's Morte d' Arthur, a popular 　　collection of fifteenth-century legends 　　about sixth-century Britain. has been 　　made into three upbeat movies and two 　　musical comedies. None of these (15) translations to screen and stage, 　　however, dramatize the anarchy at the 　　conclusion of A Connecticut Yankee, 　　which ends with the violent overthrow 　　of Morgan's three-year-old progressive (20) order and his return to the nineteenth 　　century, where he apparently commits 　　suicide after being labeled a lunatic 　　for his incoherent babblings about 　　drawbridges and battlements. The (25) American public, although enjoying 　　Twain's humor, evidently rejected his 　　cynicism about technological 　　advancement and change through 　　peaceful revolution as antithetical (30) to the United States doctrine of progress. 17. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the reception of A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court by the American public? (A) The public had too strong a belief in the doctrine of progress to accept the cynicism demonstrated at the conclusion of Twain’s novel. (B) Twain’s novel received little public recognition until the work was adapted for motion pictures and plays. (C) Although the public enjoyed Twain’s humor, his use of both sixth-century and nineteenth-century characters confused many people. (D) The public has continued to enjoy Twain’s story, but the last part of the novel seems too violent to American minds.（A） (E) Because of the cynicism at the end of the book, the public rejected Twain’s work in favor of the work of Thomas Malory. 18. The author uses the examples of “three upbeat movies and two musical comedies” (lines 9-10) primarily in order to demonstrate that (A) well-written novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, regardless of their tone or theme, can be translated to the stage and screen (B) the American public has traditionally been more interested in watching plays and movies than in reading novels like A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (C) Twain’s overall message in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is one that had a profound impact on the American public (D) Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court has been a more popular version of the Arthurian legends than has Malory’s Morte d’ Arthur（E） (E) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court has been accepted as an enjoyable and humorous tale in versions that have omitted the anarchy at the novel’s conclusion 19. The author of the passage characterizes Thomas Malory’s Morte d’ Arthur as which of the following? (A) The best-known and most authoritative collection of Arthurian tales written in the English language (B) A collection of legends that have been used as the basis for three movies and two musical comedies (C) A historical account of King Arthur, the sixth-century king of Britain (D) A collection of legends about sixth-century Britain that have existed since at least the fifteenth century（D） (E) The novel about the life of King Arthur that inspired Twain’s cynicism about nineteenth-century notions of progress 20. It can be inferred from the passage that Mark Twain would most probably have believed in which of the following statements about societal change? (A) Revolutions, in order to be successful in changing society, have to be carried out without violence. (B) Technological advancements are limited in their ability to change society and will likely bring liabilities along with any potential benefits. (C) The belief in the unmitigated benefits of societal change is antithetical to the American doctrine of progress. (D) The political system of sixth-century Britain was more conducive to societal change than was the political system of nineteenth-century America.（B） (E) Technological advances and peaceful revolutions, although sometimes accompanied by unintended violence and resistance to societal change, eventually lead to a more progressive order. 　　　The intensive work of materials 　　scientists and solidstate physicists 　　has given rise to a class of solids 　　known as amorphous metallic alloys. (5) or glassy metals. There is a growing 　　interest among theoretical and applied 　　researchers alike in the structural 　　properties of these materials. 　　　When a molten metal or metallic alloy (10) is cooled to a solid, a crystalline 　　structure is formed that depends on 　　the particular alloy composition. In 　　contrast. molten nonmetallic glass- 　　forming materials, when cooled do not (15) assume a crystalline structure, but 　　instead retain a structure somewhat 　　like that of the liquid-an amorphous 　　structure. At room temperature, the 　　natural long-term tendency for both (20) types of materials is to assume the 　　crystalline structure. The difference 　　between the two is in the kinetics or 　　rate of formation of the crystalline 　　structure. which is controlled by (25) factors such as the nature of the 　　chemical bonding and the ease with 　　which atoms move relative to each 　　other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics 　　favors rapid formation of a crystal- (30) line structure, whereas in nonmetallic 　　glasses the rate of formation is so 　　slow that almost any cooling rate is 　　sufficient to result in an amorphous 　　structure. For glassy metals to be (35) formed, the molten metal must be 　　cooled extremely rapidly so that 　　crystallization is suppressed. 　　The structure of glassy metals 　　is thought to be similar to that (40) of liquid metals. One of the first 　　attempts to model the structure of 　　a liquid was that by the late J. D. 　　Bernal of the University of London, 　　who packed hard spheres into a rubber (45) vessel in such a way as to obtain the 　　maximum possible density. The resulting 　　dense, random-packed structure was the 　　basis for many attempts to model the 　　structure of glassy metals. (50) 　Calculations of the density of alloys 　　based on Bernal-type models of the 　　alloys metal component agreed fairly 　　well with the experimentally determined 　　values from measurements on alloys (55) consisting of a noble metal together 　　with a metalloid, such as alloys of 　　palladium and silicon, or alloys con- 　　sisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, 　　although small discrepancies remained. (60) One difference between real alloys and 　　the hard spheres used in Bernal models 　　is that the components of an alloy have 　　different sizes, so that mode, based 　　on two sizes of spheres are more (65) appropriate for a binary alloy, for 　　example. The smaller metalloid atoms 　　of the alloy might fit into holes in 　　the dense, random-packed structure of 　　the larger metal atoms. (70) 　One of the most promising properties 　　of glassy metals is their high strength 　　combined with high malleability. In 　　usual crystalline materials, one finds 　　an inverse relation between the two (75) properties, whereas for many practical 　　applications simultaneous presence of 　　both properties is desirable. One 　　residual obstacle to practical appli- 　　cations that is likely to be overcome (80) is the fact that glassy metals will 　　crystallize at relatively low temper- atures when heated slightly. 21. The author is primarily concerned with discussing (A) crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures (B) molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure (C) glassy metals and their structural characteristics (D) metallic alloys and problems in determining their density（C） (E) amorphous materials and their practical utilization 22. The author implies that the rate at which the molten materials discussed in the passage are cooled is a determinant of the (A) chemical composition of the resulting solids (B) strength of the chemical bonds that are formed (C) kinetics of the materials’ crystalline structure (D) structure the materials assume（D） (E) stability of the materials’ crystalline structure 23. The author’s speculation about the appropriateness of models using spheres of two sizes for binary alloys would be strongly supported if models using spheres of two sizes yielded (A) values for density identical to values yielded by one-sphere models using the smaller spheres only (B) values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with experimentally determined values (C) values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with values yielded by models using spheres of three sizes (D) significantly different values for density depending on the size ratio between the two kinds of spheres used（B） (E) the same values for density as the values for appropriately chosen models that use only medium-sized spheres 24. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of (A) disinterest (B) impatience (C) optimism (D) apprehension（C） (E) skepticism 25. According to the passage, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy? (A) At what rate the molten alloy is cooled (B) How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is (C) How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense, random-packed structure (D) What the alloy consists of and in what ratios（D） (E) At what temperature the molten alloy becomes solid 26. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the passage? (A) The latter is an illustrative example of the former. (B) The latter is a large-scale version of the former. (C) The former is a structural elaboration of the latter. (D) The former provides an instructive contrast to the latter.（E） (E) The former is a fair approximation of the latter. 27. It can be inferred from the passage that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled (A) very evenly, regardless of the rate (B) rapidly, followed by gentle heating (C) extremely slowly (D) to room temperature（C） (E) to extremely low temperatures 28. EXACTITUDE: (A) terseness (B) dishonesty (C) imprecision (D) tendency to concede (E) lack of relevance 29. STYMIE: (A) capture (B) organize (C) reveal (D) gain (E) promote 30. DERIVATIVE: (A) polished (B) magnetic (C) creditable (D) recent (E) innovative 31. DISGORGE: (A) imprint (B) suture (C) convulse (D) ingest (E) enlarge 32. OBDURATE: (A) candid (B) amenable (C) talkative (D) optimistic (E) carefree 33. TOUT: (A) denounce (B) modify (C) restrain (D) adhere to (E) retreat from 34. LUCUBRATION: (A) cursory consideration (B) lengthy explanation (C) lucidity (D) rejection (E) inquisition 35. TRUCULENCE: (A) general competence (B) sporadic quirkiness (C) brittleness (D) kindness (E) fragility 36. ARREST: (A) inoculate (B) vitalize (C) reproduce (D) engage (E) retrieve 37. JUDICIOUSNESS: (A) deceptiveness (B) aloofness (C) unorthodoxy (D) uncertainty (E) indiscretion 38. BELLICOSE: (A) abashed (B) pacific (C) exemplary (D) ingenuous (E) platonic SECTION 5 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. Contrary to the antiquated idea that the eighteenth century was a ------- island of elegant assurance, evidence reveals that life for most people was filled with uncertainty and insecurity. (A) clannish (B) declining (C) tranquil (D) recognized (E) sprawling 2. The insecticide proved -------; by killing the weak adults of a species, it assured that the strong ones would mate among themselves and produce offspring still more ------ to its effects. (A) ineffective.. hostile (B) cruel.. vulnerable (C) feasible.. susceptible (D) necessary.. immune (E) counterproductive.. resistant 3. Many industries are so ------ by the impact of government sanctions, equipment failure, and foreign competition that they are beginning to rely on industrial psychologists to------- what remains of employee morale. (A) estranged.. guard (B) beleaguered.. salvage (C) overruled.. undermine (D) encouraged.. determine (E) restrained.. confirm 4. Fashion is partly a search for a new language to discredit the old, a way in which each generation can ------ its immediate predecessor and distinguish itself. (A) honor (B) repudiate (C) condone (D) placate (E) emulate 5. Although ----- is usually thought to spring from regret for having done something wrong, it may be that its origin is the realization that one's own nature is irremediably ------. (A) contrition.. resilient (B) certitude.. confident (C) skepticism.. innocent (D) remorse.. flawed (E) resignation. Frivolous 6. Numerous historical examples illustrate both the overriding influence that scientists' ------ have on their interpretation of data and the consequent------- of their intellectual objectivity. (A) prejudices.. impairment (B) instruments.. abandonment (C) theories.. independence (D) conclusions.. coloration (E) suppositions.. reinforcement 7. From the outset, the concept of freedom of the seas from the proprietary claims of nations was challenged by a contrary notion--that of the ------ of the oceans for reasons of national security and profit. (A) promotion (B) exploration (C) surveying (D) conservation (E) enclosure 8. RIPEN: MATURITY:: (A) harden : solidity (B) soften : rigidity (C) wither: humidity (D) specify : entirety (E) identify : category 9. CROWD: PEOPLE:: (A) library: books (B) field: hay (C) school: fish (D) theater: plays (E) office: desks 10. ENUNCIATE : MUMBLING :: (A) draw: depicting (B) run: falling (C) organize: unsettling (D) etch : deteriorating (E) clarify: confusing 11.LAW: JUDGMENT:: (A) jury: verdict (B) data: collection (C) information: decision (D) news: message (E) sample: population 12. MACABRE: SHUDDER:: (A) hilarious : laugh (B) vain: preen (C) nostalgic: cry (D) tedious: smirk (E) timid: dare 13. IMPRESARIO: ENTERTAINMENT:: (A) pugilist: peace (B) magnate: diplomacy (C) usher: concert (D) athlete : contest (E) broker: trade 14. MOTIVE: DEED:: (A) goal: need (B) means: method (C) regret : retribution (D) doubt: question (E) hope: fulfillment" 15. DIARY: BIOGRAPHER:: (A) cards: dealer (B) scripture: theologian (C) notebook: stenographer (D) caption : cartoonist (E) primer: teacher 16. CORONA: SUN:: (A) wheel: axle (B) spark: flame (C) kernel: corn (D) comet: tail (E) atmosphere : planet 　　　In a perfectly free and open market 　　economy,the type of employer-- govern- 　　ment or private-- should have little or no 　　impact on the earnings differentials (5) between women and men. However, if 　　there is discrimination against one 　　sex, it is unlikely that the degree 　　of discrimination by government and 　　private employers will be the same. (10) Differences in the degree of discrimi- 　　nation would result in earnings 　　differentials associated with the 　　type of employer. Given the nature 　　of government and private employers, (15) it seems most likely that discrimi- 　　nation by private employers would be 　　greater. Thus, one would expect that, 　　if women are being discriminated 　　against, government employment would (20) have a positive effect on women's 　　earnings as compared with their 　　earnings from private employment. 　　The results of a study by Fuchs 　　support this assumption. Fuchs's (25) results suggest that the earnings 　　of women in an industry composed 　　entirely of government employers 　　would be 14.6 percent greater than 　　the earnings of women in an industry (30) composed exclusively of private 　　employees, other things being equal. 　　　In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn 　　have suggested that the effect of 　　discrimination by consumers on the (35) earnings of self-employed women may 　　be greater than the effect of either 　　government or private employer 　　discrimination on the earnings of 　　women employees. To test this (40) hypothesis, Brown selected a large 　　sample of White male and female 　　workers from the 1970 Census and 　　divided them into three categories: 　　private employees, government (45) employees, and self-employed. 　　(Black workers were excluded from 　　the sample to avoid picking up 　　earnings differentials that were 　　the result of racial disparities.) (50) Brown's research design controlled 　　for education, labor-force partici- 　　pation, mobility, motivation, and 　　age in order to eliminate these 　　factors as explanations of the (55) study's results. Brown's results 　　suggest that men and women are not 　　treated the same by employers and 　　consumers. For men, self-employment 　　is the highest earnings category, (60) with private employment next, and 　　government lowest. For women,this 　　order is reversed. 　　　One can infer from Brown's results 　　that consumers discriminate against (65) self-employed women. In addition, 　　self-employed women may have more 　　difficulty than men in getting good 　　employees and may encounter discrimi- 　　nation from suppliers and from (70) financial institutions. 　　　Brown's results are clearly consistent 　　with Fuch's argument that discrimination 　　by consumers has a greater impact on 　　the earnings of women than does discrimi- (75) nation by either government or private 　　employers. Also, the fact that women 　　do better working for government than 　　for private employers implies that 　　private employers are discriminating (80) against women. The results do not prove 　　that government does not discriminate 　　against women. They do, however, 　　demonstrate that if government is 　　discriminating against women, its (85) discrimination is not having as much 　　effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector. 17. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT: (A) discrimination from suppliers (B) discrimination from consumers (C) discrimination from financial institutions (D) problems in obtaining good employees（E） (E) problems in obtaining government assistance 18. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers? (A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings. (B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings. (C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings. (D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.（D） (E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate. 19. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following? (A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study (B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study (C) A suggestion made by the author (D) Fuchs’s hypothesis（C） (E) Sanborn’s hypothesis 20. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which or the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings? (A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment (B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment (C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment (D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment（B） (E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment 21. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions? (A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study? (B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers? (C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees? (D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?（A） (E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers? 22. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably which of the following? (A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results (B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data (C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning (D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results（D） (E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results 23. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole? (A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy (B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers (C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment (D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings（E） (E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings 　　The success of fluoride in combating 　　dental decay is well established and, 　　without a doubt, socially beneficial. 　　However, fluoride's toxic properties (5) have been known for a century. In 　　humans excessive intake ( for adult, 　　over 4 milligrams per day) over many 　　years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a 　　well-defined skeletal disorder, and in (10) some plant species, fluoride is more 　　toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or 　　pesticides. 　　　Some important questions remain. For 　　example, the precise lower limit at (15) which the fluoride content of bone 　　becomes toxic is still undetermined. 　　And while fluoride intake from water 　　and air can be evaluated relatively 　　easily, it is much harder to estimate (20) how much a given population ingests 　　from foodstuffs because of the wide 　　variations in individual eating habits 　　and in fluoride concentrations in 　　foodstuffs. These difficulties suggest (25) that we should by wary of indiscriminately 　　using fluoride, even in the form of 　　fluoride-containing dental products. 24. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with (A) analyzing and categorizing (B) comparing and contrasting (C) synthesizing and predicting (D) describing and cautioning（D） (E) summarizing and reinterpreting 25. The passage suggests that it would be easier to calculate fluoride intake from food if (A) adequate diets were available for most people. (B) individual eating habits were more uniform (C) the fluoride content of food was more varied (D) more people were aware of the fluoride content of food（B） (E) methods for measuring the fluoride content of food were more generally agreed on 26. One function of the second paragraph of the passage is to (A) raise doubts about fluoride’s toxicity (B) introduce the issue of fluoride’s toxicity (C) differentiate a toxic from a nontoxic amount of fluoride (D) indicate that necessary knowledge of fluoride remains incomplete（D） (E) discuss the foodstuffs that are most likely to contain significant concentrations of fluoride 27. The passage suggests which of the following about the effect of fluoride on humans? (A) The effect is more easily measured than is the effect of exposure to pesticides. (B) The effect of fluoride intake from water and air is relatively difficult to monitor. (C) In general the effect is not likely to be as harmful as the effect of exposure to sulfur dioxide. (D) An intake of 4 milligrams over a long period of time usually leads to a skeletal disorder in humans.（E） (E) An intake of slightly more than 4 milligrams for only a few months is not likely to be life-threatening. 28. MONGREL: (A) predator (B) purebred (C) nocturnal creature (D) sentient being (E) domestic animal 29. INCONSONANT: (A) in agreement (B) in control (C) within reach (D) realistic (E) opportune 30. FETTER: (A) set free (B) be serious (C) remain (D) uncover (E) lose 31. OBSESSION: (A) chagrin (B) aplomb (C) intense disgust (D) perfunctory interest (E) consummate rudeness 32. RIVEN: (A) balanced (B) dried (C) intact (D) stripped (E) elastic 33. ENSCONCE: (A) avert (B) impoverish (C) displace (D) discourage (E) demolish 34. INVEIGLE: (A) praise excessively (B) refuse to compromise (C) stubbornly insist (D) openly seek to persuade (E) attempt to blame 35. GRATUITOUS: (A) warranted (B) commercial (C) overbearing (D) secretive (E) inexpensive 36. HALCYON: (A) sequential (B) astonishing (C) insidious (D) preposterous (E) tempestuous 37. EXONERATE: (A) denigrate (B) subjugate (C) inculpate (D) mediate (E) incapacitate 38. EXHAUSTIVE: (A) partial (B) beneficial (C) irrational (D) imaginative (E) worthwhile PAGE 11