G5_U6_T4

WritingPromptYouryouthgrouphasdecidedtotakeonacommunityserviceproject,butyouneedcommunityapprovalfirst.Writeapersuasiveeditorialforyourtown’snewspaperdescribingtheprojectandmakingastrongargumentforwhyitisagoodprojectforthecommunity.Writer’sChecklistAskyourself,whoismyaudience?Thinkaboutyourpurposeforwriting.Choosethecorrectformforyourwriting.Formanopinionaboutthetopic.Usereasonstosupportyouropinion.Besureyourideasarelogicalandorganized.Useyourbestspelling,grammar,andpunctuation.709710TalkAboutItNowadayspeoplecantravelquicklybyplanetoalmostanypartoftheworld.Whydoyouthinkpeoplestillliketogoupinhot-airballoons?Findoutmoreaboutballoonflightatwww.macmillanmh.com711VocabularylaunchedanchoredparticlescompaniondensehydrogeninflatescientificWordPartsGreekRootshelpyouunderstandentirewordfamilies.ThewordhydrogenhastheGreekroothydr-.Thisrootmeans“water.”Mostwordsbeginningwithhydr-havesomethingtodowithwater.Sincethefirsthot-airballoonwaslaunchedin1783,fewthingshavechangedabouthowtheyfly.However,somenewdifferenceshavemadeballooningasaferactivityenjoyedbymanypeopleworldwide.Inthepasthot-airballoonswerealwaysmadeoutoflinenandpaper.Todaymostaremadeofnylon.Longpiecesofnylon,calledgores,arestitchedtogethertocreatetheballoon.Balloonistsusenylonbecauseitisathinandlightmaterial.Also,itcannotbedamagedbyheat.TheScienceofHot-AirBalloonsbyEnriquezMera712VocabularyandComprehensionHeatisthebasicingredientneededforballooning.Asairbecomeshotter,tinyparticlesofmattermovefasterandfaster.Astheballoonfillswithwarmerparticles,itbeginstorise.Thisisbecausetheairinsideislighterthanthedenseairsurroundingtheballoon.Itisthewarmerairparticlesthatallowtheballoontofloatabovethecoolerair.Howtheairisheatedtoinflatethehot-airballoonhaschangedagreatdealsincetheearlydaysofballooning.Backin1783firefromdampstrawandwoolheatedtheairastheballoonremainedanchoredtotheground.Usually,abravemanorwomanandacompanionwouldclimbintothebasket,cuttheline,andsoarintotheair.Nowballoonistsusepropane—thesamegasusedinmostoutdoorgrills—insteadofstraw.Forhot-airballoons,itispipedfromatanktometalFactOpinionRereadforComprehensionMonitorComprehensionMakeGeneralizationsAGeneralizationsCharthelpsyoumakebroadstatementsthatdescribeideasorevents.Thiswillhelpyoumonitoryourcomprehensionorunderstandingofwhatyouread.Tomakegeneralizations,combinekeyfactsfromthetextandyourpriorknowledge.UseyourGeneralizationsChartasyoureread“TheScienceofHot-AirBalloons.”tubes.Oncethere,asmallfireheatsupthetubesandthepropane.Whenthepropaneflameisreleased,itcreateshotairthatfillstheinsideofthehot-airballoon.Besidespropane,anothergasthatcouldbeusedishydrogen.Hydrogenisagasthathasnoodor,color,ortasteandburnsveryeasily.Oneadvantageofhydrogengasisthatitdoesnotneedtobeheated.However,hydrogenisexpensive,soitismostlyusedforballoonsduringscientificstudies.Thesearestudiesdesignedtogatherinformationthatwillhelpscientists.Whetherforscienceorsport,morepeoplethaneveraretakingtotheairinballoons.713ComprehensionGenreNonfictiongivesinformationandfactsaboutrealpeople,places,events,andsituations.MonitorComprehensionMakeGeneralizationsAsyouread,combineinformationfromthetextwithpriorknowledge.UseyourGeneralizationsChart.ReadtoFindOutHowhastheinventionofballooningbeenuseful?FactOpinion714MainSelection715716Saturdaypromisestobefair,withnohighwinds,nostorms.It’saperfectdayforballooning.Membersoftheballoonistclubturnoutearlyandsettowork.Fansblowairintotheballoons.Tonguesoforangeflameshootoutofroaringgasburners,heatingairtomaketheballoonsrise.Theballoonsinflateandstandup.Pilotsclimbintotheirbaskets,thegroundcrewsletgooftheropes,andit’sup,up,andaway.Aballoonfloatsalong,silentasacloud,untilapilotturnsontheburnerstoheatairinsideandgainaltitude.Balloonscannotbesteered.Theytravelonlywherethewindscarrythem.Bychangingaltitude,though,apilotmayfindadifferentwind,goinginadifferentdirection.Achasecrewfollowsonlandtobringballoonistsandballoonshomeatjourney’send.Todaythousandsofpeopleinmanypartsoftheworldbelongtoballoonclubs.Theirsportwasinventedmorethan200yearsagobyahandfulofpeoplewhowillinglyriskedtheirlivesflyingtheballoonstheyhadbuilt.Astheballoonsfillwithhotair,theystandupright.Theyarereadytosoaraway,carryingpilotsandpassengersinbigbasketscalledgondolas.717MONTGOLFIERBALLOON.AscentofaMontgolfierballoonfromParis,c.1864:engravingfromanEnglishnewspaper.718TheStoryofBallooningPeoplehavealwaysdreamedofsoaringlikeabirdorfloatinglikeacloud.Overseveralhundredyearsafewpeoplethoughttheyknewhowtodothis.Theytheorizedthatacertainkindofbigballoonmightliftthemup.Theballoonwouldbelighterthantheairaroundit,anditwouldfloatinairasaboatfloatsinwater.Butnoonemanagedtomakesuchaballoonuntil1783whentwoFrenchbrothersbuiltandlaunchedtheworld’sfirsthot-airballoon.TheirnameswereJosephandEtienneMontgolfier.TheWorld’sFirstBalloonFlightHotsmokyairrisingfromafirehadgivenJosephMontgolfieranidea.Perhapssuchairwouldmakeaballoonrise.UsingsmallballoonsJosephfoundthatitdid.Aftermanyexperimentsthebrothersbuiltaballoonthatwasabout30feetacrossand38feettall.Ithadawoodenframeatthebaseandwasmadeoflinenbackedwithpaper.OnJune5,1783,nearthecityofLyons,France,theMontgolfiersbuiltahugefireofdampstrawandwool.Hotairpouredintothebaseoftheballoon.Asasmallcrowdwatchedinamazement,theballoonstirred,swelled,andfinallyroseupright.Eightmenwereholdingtheballoondown.Atasignaltheyletgo.Itrosesome6,000feetintotheairandstayedaloftfortenminutes,landinggentlyinanearbyvineyard.Thiswastheworld’sfirstpublicballoonflight.TheMontgolfiersmistakenlythoughtsmoke,nothotair,madeaballoonrise.Theyuseddampfueltocreatedensesmokewhichescapedinflight.719ProfessorCharles’hydrogenballooncametoabadendwhenattackedbypitchforksanddraggedthroughthemud.720ALighter-than-AirBalloonMeanwhileinParis,ProfessorJacquesA.C.Charleshaddesignedalighter-than-airballoon.Hefilledhisballoonwithanewlydiscoveredgascalledhydrogen,whichweighedmuchlessthanair.OnAugust27,1783,ProfessorCharleslaunchedhisballoonat5P.M.Asacrowdwatched,itrose3,000feetanddisappearedintotheclouds.Forty-fiveminuteslatertheballooncamedownoutsideavillage15milesaway.Thevillagers,whohadneverheardofsuchathingasaballoon,thoughtamonsterhadfallenoutofthesky.Asitbouncedtowardthem,theyattackeditwithpitchforks.Whenatlastthemonsterlaystill,mentiedittoahorse’stailanddraggeditthroughthemudtomakesureitwasdead.Nowthereweretwowaystosendballoonsaloft:withhotairandwithhydrogen.Thefiresweremessyanddangerous,buthydrogentookalotoftimetomake.Nevertheless,mostoftheearlyflightsweremadewithhot-airballoons.MakeGeneralizationsWhatgeneralizationdoestheauthormakeaboutearlyballoonflights?ProfessorJacquesA.C.Charles721ThekingandqueenofFrancewatchedthelaunchingofthefirstballoonpassengers.722TheFirstPassengerBalloonsThefirstpassengerstogoupinaballoonwereatrioofanimals—aduck,arooster,andalamb.OnSeptember19,1783,theytraveledinawickerbasket,orgondola,attachedtoaballoon.Afterashortflight,theairintheballooncooledandthepassengersdriftedsafelytoEarth.TheirflightshowedthatitwaspossibletobreathewhilefloatingafewthousandfeetaboveEarth.Itwasnowtimeforhumanstoriskballooning.AdaringyoungFrenchchemistwasthefirst.OnOctober15,1783,FrançoisPilâtredeRozierwentup100feet.Hewasanchoredtothegroundbyalongropecalledatether.Hisballooncarriedabigmetalpanunderitsmouth.Afireinthepansenthotairintotheballoon.Theflightwasasuccess.AfterthatdeRoziermademanytetheredflightstofindouthowmuchstrawandwoolheneededtoburnforeachhourhestayedintheair.ByNovember21,deRozierwasreadytomakethefirstuntetheredflight.Ahugecrowdgatheredtowatch.Thegiantballoonfilled,andat1:54P.M.,deRozierandacompanionwereup,up,andaway.Whentheballoonwas200feetintheair,thepairtookofftheirhatsandbowedtothosebelow.ThentheysailedoffoverParis.Thetravelersflewfor25minutesandcoveredaboutfivemilesbeforelandinginafieldoutsidethecity.SpectatorswatchdeRozierandhiscompanionastheytakeflightinahot-airballoon.723BlanchardandJeffriesweresalutedbyboatsneartheEnglishandFrenchcoasts.724OnJune4,1784,MarieThible,anoperasinger,becamethefirstwomantomakeaballoonflight.ShesanganariawhilefloatingoverLyons,France.DaringBalloonistsBetween1783and1785,manymen,andsomewomen,wentupinballoons.Somewentforsport.Others,moredaring,wantedtodowhatnoonehaddonebefore.Jean-PierreBlanchardwasoneofthese.BlanchardwantedtocrosstheEnglishChannelfromEnglandtoFrance.OnJanuary7,1785,thewindwasblowingintherightdirectionoverthecliffsofDover.BlanchardandhisAmericanfriendJohnJefferiesfilledtheirballoonwithhydrogen,climbedin,andsetoffforFrance.Thefirsthalfofthetripwentsmoothly,butthentheballoonbeganleakinggas.Thewatercamecloserandcloser.Tolightentheload,theythreweverythingoverboard—theirbagsofsand,foodanddrink,anchors.Theywerestillsinking.Finallytheystrippedandthrewtheirclothesoverboard,savingonlytheircorklifejackets.Theweatherchanged.Theairgrewwarmer,heatingthegas.Theballoonrose,andtheysailedovertheFrenchcoast,landinginaforestwheretheyweresoonrescued.OnJanuary9,1793,BlanchardmadethefirstflightinNorthAmerica,takingofffromPhiladelphiaandcarryingoutscientificexperimentsat5,000feet.Hebroughtbacksealedbottlesofairthatshowedtherewaslessoxygenatthatheightthanatsealevel.Healsomeasuredhisheartbeatandfounditwasfaster.Atsealevelitbeat84timesaminute;at5,000feetitbeat92.Intheyearsahead,daringballoonistswouldkeepsettingrecords,butthechiefdiscoveriesweremadein1783,whenahandfulofpeoplewhodreamedofflyingup,up,andaway,madethedreamcometrue.MakeGeneralizationsTheauthormakesageneralizationthatallthechiefdiscoveriesinballoonflightweremadein1783.Doyouagree?Whyorwhynot?725Aballoonistusesagasheatertowarmtheair.726WhyaBalloonRisesandFloatsWhenyouplaceablockofwoodinwater,ittakesupspace,pushingsomeofthewateraside.Asthewoodpushesagainstthewater,thewaterpushesback.Thisupwardforceiscalledbuoyancy.Buoyancyistheforcethatkeepsthingsafloat.Ahot-airballoonrisesandfloatsinanoceanofairforthesamereasonthattheblockofwoodfloatsinwater.Ithasbuoyancy.Likeallmatter,airismadeoftinyparticlescalledmolecules.Whenairisheated,itsmoleculesspreadoutandmovefaster.Whentheairinsideaballoonisheated,someofthemoleculesinsidetheballoonareforcedout.Theairinsidebecomesthinner,orlessdense.Itweighslessthanbefore,butittakesupthesameamountofspace.Asaresult,theairinsidetheballoonweighslessthananequalamountofoutsideair.Buoyancycarriestheballoonup.Somegasesarelighterthanairbecausethemoleculesthemselvesarelessdense.Oneoftheseishydrogen,thelightestgasknown.However,itisadangerousgasthatcanburnandexplode.Thatiswhyballooniststodayusehelium,whichisslightlyheavierbutdoesnotburnorexplode.Heliumisthegasusedinpartyballoons.TheScienceBehindHot-AirBalloonsWhenairinsideaballoonisheated,someofthemoleculesareforcedout.Airinsideweighslessthanairoutside,sotheballooniscarriedupbybuoyancy.Airismadeoftinyparticlescalledmolecules.7271900s:Theearly1900sbroughtthedirigible,orblimp.Madeofseveralballoons,itwasfittedwithmotorsandpropellersthatletthepilotsteer.Acabinontheundersideheldmorethan100peopleonAtlanticcrossings.1860s:IntheCivilWar,Uniontroops,liketheFrenchArmybeforethem,usedballoonstospybehindenemylinestoseehowbattlesweregoing.1875:ThreeFrenchscientists,exploringtheatmosphere,soaredto25,000feetinaballoon.Thementookbottlesofoxygenwiththem,butwhentheballoonlandedonlyonescientisthadsurvived.1932:ThemanwhoinventedawaytotravelsafelyhighintotheatmospherewasaSwissnamedAugustePiccard,whobuiltaball-shapedaluminumgondola.Sealedinsidewithoxygentanks,hesafelyreachedaheightof54,000feet.BalloonsThenandNowInthecenturiessince1783,balloonshavefoundmanyusesinbothwarandpeace.Manyballoonistshavecompetedtosoarthehighestortomakethelongestvoyage.Hereareafewimportantevents.7281961:Bravemenkeptgoinghigherandhigher.TwoU.S.Navyofficers,MalcolmD.RossandVictorPrather,Jr.,wentup113,740feetinanopengondolatotestspacesuitsforastronauts.1999:Othershadcrossedtheoceans,butBertrandPiccard(grandsonofAuguste)andBrianJoneswerethefirsttoballoonnon-stoparoundtheworld,covering30,000milesin20days.Theirballoonwasacrossbetweenahot-airballoonandagasballoon.Presentday:Planeshavelongbeenthewaytotravelbyair,butyouoftenseeadirigiblecarryingaTVcrewaboveafootballgameorothersportsevent.Everyday:HundredsofsmallweatherballoonsexploretheatmosphereandtransmittheirfindingstoEarth.729Author’sPurposeThisnonfictionpieceinformsandexplains.Identifytextfeaturesthatconveyinformation.PatriciaLaubersaysshewasprobablybornwantingtowritebuthadtowaituntilshehadgonetoschooltolearnafewthings.Shehasbeenwritinghappilyeversinceandhasproducedabout125books.Manyareaboutthingsinthenaturalworld,suchasvolcanoes,dinosaurs,andplanets.Patricialovesdoingtheresearchforthesebooksbecausesheisalwayslearningsomethingnew.Filledwithenthusiasmaboutanewsubject,sheshareswhatshehaslearnedbywritingbooks.PatriciaLauberlivesinConnecticutwithherhusbandandtheirtwocats,BeemerandMeetoo.AnotherbookbyPatriciaLauber:LivingwithDinosaursFindoutmoreaboutPatriciaLauberatwww.macmillanmh.com730ComprehensionCheckSummarizeMakinggeneralizationswillhelpyouorganizeinformationandsummarizeitmoreeffectively.UseyourGeneralizationsCharttohelpyousummarizeUpintheAir.ThinkandCompare1.Describeafewcharacteristicsofamodern–dayballoonride.Whatcluesinthearticlehelpyoumakethesegeneralizations?MonitorComprehension:MakeGeneralizations2.Rereadpage723.Whydoyouthinkthefirstballoonpassengerswereanimals?Includefactsfromtheselectioninyouranswer.Analyze3.Hot-airballoonstransformedlifeover200yearsago.Thinkaboutarecentscientificinventionthathasaffectedyou.Identifytheinventionandtellhowithaschangedyourlife.Evaluate4.Peopleriskedtheirlivestoflyinhot-airballoons.Howhastheircommitmenttosciencecontributedtothemodernworld?Explain5.Reread“TheScienceofHot-AirBalloons”onpages712–713.Compareandcontrastthedifferentwayshot-airballoonsareabletofly.Usedetailsfromeachselectioninyouranswer.Reading/WritingAcrossTextsFactOpinion731PoetryHaikuisanunrhymedformofJapanesepoetrythatisthreelineslong.Thefirstlinehasfivesyllables;thesecondline,sevensyllables;thethirdline,fivesyllables.LiteraryElementsASimileisacomparisonoftwoessentiallyunlikethingsthatusesthewordslikeoras.AMetaphorisacomparisonoftwoessentiallyunlikethingsthatdoesnotusethewordslikeoras.Whatastrangeflower!Withpetalsaswhiteassheets.Abeesleepswithin.Balloon,sohighup.Abig,bright,bouncingbubbleToobuoyanttoburst.Thisisanexampleofametaphor.byRitaBristol732PoetryConnectandCompare1.Findanotherexampleofmetaphorinoneoftheotherhaiku.Metaphor2.Howdothesefourhaikuhelpreadersgetastrongersenseofseeingorbeinginahot-airballoon?Analyze3.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheinformationinthesehaikuandtheinformationpresentedin“UpintheAir”?Reading/WritingAcrossTextsWhatdocloudsfeellikeFloatingabovetheballoonAsittakesyoufar?ItfloatslikefreedomInthehazyAugustlightSoon,though,itwillland.Thisisanexampleofasimile.Findoutmoreabouthaikuatwww.macmillanmh.com733Writer’sCraftRearrangeIdeasWritershavetoknowhowsomethingworkstoexplainitclearly.Theyuseeverydayexamplesandsometimesneedtorearrangeideastoexplaincomplicatedconceptsmoreclearly.Asyourevise,youmaywanttomoveasentenceorparagraph.WritetoExplainHowSomethingWorksHowaHeliumBalloonFloatsbyTamaraE.Haveyoueverwonderedwhytheballoonsweblowupwithairfromourlungsdon'tfloatupintheair?Balloonsfilledwithheliumfromatankfloateasily.Whyisthis?Thinkaboutwhatitmeanstofloatinaswimmingpool.A2-literbottlefilledwithsandwillsinktothebottom.However,thatsamebottlefilledwithairwillfloat.Thesamethinghappenswiththeballoonsyoublowupyourself.Theairinsidetheballoonisnotlighterthantheairoutside,soitsinks.Heliumgasactuallyweighslessthanair,soheliumballoonsfloatuptothesky.Iusedanexamplefromeverydaylife.Icarefullyarrangedtheideasinmyexplanationabouthowhelium-filledballoonsfloat.734Writer’sChecklistIdeasandContent:DidIselectatopicthatIcanexplaintoothers?Organization:DidIrearrangeideassothattheyfittogetherwell?Voice:DidImakemyexplanationclearbyusingexamplesfromeverydaylife?WordChoice:DidIusecommonwordsinsteadofcomplex,scientificterms?SentenceFluency:DidIuseprepositionstohelpmysentencesandparagraphsflowwell?Conventions:DidIusecommascorrectlyafterintroductorywords?DidIproofreadmyspelling?ExplanatoryWritingYourTurnWriteashortessaytellinghowsomethingworks.Youmightexplainsomethingyoualreadyknowabout.Or,youmightdecidetodoresearchtofindouthowsomethingworks.Asyouwriteyourexplanation,rememberthatithastomakesensetoanyonewhowillreadit.Rearrangeideasifnecessary.Usethewriter’schecklisttocheckyourwriting.735