CCTV TRAINING MANUAL

CCTV VIDEO TRAINING MANUAL Someone once said, "Knowledge is the key to success". This rule also applies to the installation and maintenance of CCTV camera equipment. Have you ever installed a CCTV camera system and then had to go back to solve a problem that was overlooked. A basic understanding of CCTV video signals, can save you hundreds of man hours, improve customer relations and increase job profitability all at the same time. This manual will discuss problems and solutions for CCTV camera installations. Table of Contents VIDEO LEVELS. 1 HOW SYNC PULSE AMPLITUDE EFFECTS CCTV INSTALLATIONS. 1 WHITE LEVEL IRIS SETTING, HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH? 1-2 PEAK TO PEAK MEASUREMENT OF VIDEO. 2 COLOR CAMERAS AND COLOR BURST. 2 VERTICAL INTERVAL, ITS MANY USES. 2 TERMINATION, THE END OF THE LINE. 2-3 THE BASIC THREE. 3 CCTV VIDEO GROUND LOOP PROBLEMS. 3-5 CCTV FOCUS PROBLEM SOLVING. 5 DEPTH OF FIELD, WHAT IS IT? 6 THE PROBLEM WITH AUTO IRIS LENSES. 6-7 HOW TO SHOOT A LICENSE PLATE WITH A CCTV CAMERA. 8-9 HOW TO MEASURE CCTV CAMERA OUTPUT IMPEDANCE. 10 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INCORRECT TERMINATIONS. 10 CORRECT MEASURING OF CAMERA OUTPUT IMPEDANCE. 11 SYNC PULSE PASS / FAIL TEST TABLE 1. 11 CALCULATION OF PRECISE SOURCE IMPEDANCE. 11 DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER PROBLEM SOLVING. 12 HEADROOM IN THE DVR. 12-13 HOW TO PREVENT LIGHTNING DAMAGE IN CCTV. 14-16 CCTV LINE-LOCK PROBLEMS. 16-18 CCTV UPS TROUBLE SHOOTING TIPS. 19-20 GROUND LOOPS AND THE COMMON POWER SUPPLY. 20-21 VIDEO LINES OF DEFINITION. 21-25 FIBER TRANSMISSION PROBLEM SOLVING. 25-28 A HELPING HAND. 28 VIDEO LEVELS. To discuss video let's start with the unit of measure, the I.R.E. unit. I.R.E. stands for Institute of Radio Engineers, this regulating body set the standards of measure for the video industry. This standard has been adopted by all industries in the United States and other parts of the world. 140 I.R.E. units is equal to 1 Volt Peak to Peak. I.R.E. units are easier to use because they divide into a video signal evenly. For example proper Sync on a camera is 40 I.R.E. units, the Voltage equivalent would be 0.2857143 Volts. Unfortunately this voltage cannot be measured on the Volt Ohm Milliamp Meter that you use for checking contacts. An oscilloscope has been used by some people for this purpose, but it is bulky and does not read in I.R.E. Most people would rather use the simple 40 I.R.E. units of measure. Fortunately some equipment manufacturers sell hand-held battery operated meters to measure the video signal in I.R.E. units. This equipment is compact, extremely accurate and simple to use. Some units like the "CAMERA MASTER" can even help to set the focus of a camera more accurately. HOW SYNC PULSE AMPLITUDE EFFECTS CCTV INSTALLATIONS. A CCTV video camera creates synchronization pulses to lock the viewing monitor on the picture. These pulses occur at a rate of 15,750 times a second. There is one synchronization pulse or (sync pulse) for each line in the picture frame. The sync pulse tells the video monitor to start drawing a video line across the picture screen. When it gets to the end of the screen another sync pulse begins the next line, and so forth until the screen has been filled with lines. It takes 262 and a half lines to form a frame, and two frames to form the video picture we see on the monitor. The proper level for sync is 40 I.R.E. units. If the sync signal from the camera is too small in amplitude the picture will break up or roll. If the sync pulse is too big, any black portion of the picture will be more gray and the dynamic range of the picture will be degraded. Peak white level will also be compressed causing a blooming effect (loss of picture definition). WHITE LEVEL IRIS SETTING, HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH? There is a standard for Iris setting, or white level and it is 100 I.R.E. units. When setting a manual iris, or an automatic iris the level should be the same, 100 I.R.E. units. If you set the iris below 100 I.R.E. units, the picture will be dim with less than desired dynamic range and the white picture elements will not be pure white. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 1 OF 28 If you set the iris for more than 100 I.R.E. units, the picture can be washed out causing loss of picture definition. Some cameras can be set to 120 I.R.E. units, but it should be noted that the standard is 100 I.R.E. units and in any case all cameras in the system should be set to the same level of white. This will ensure that the white portion of the picture will be the same brightness when a monitor is switched between them. PEAK TO PEAK MEASUREMENT OF VIDEO. A quick measurement of the peak to peak video signal will re-assure you that the CCTV camera is putting out the right level. The standard level is 140 I.R.E. units. COLOR CAMERAS AND COLOR BURST. More color cameras are being used in CCTV installations. The color camera adds a chromanance component (color information) to the signal, also known as Chroma. This Chroma signal operates at 3.58 Mega-Hertz. The standard level for the Chroma is 40 I.R.E. units. When the chroma level is low, the colors will be dull. If this level is too low, the color monitor will turn its color receiver off causing a Black and White only picture. This condition also indicates a loss of picture detail. You can see this effect on long cable runs. The solution is to install a video equalizer in the line and adjust the color burst back to 40 I.R.E. units. If the Chroma signal is too high the picture will display color flaring and reduction of detail at the edge of the color flare. VERTICAL INTERVAL, ITS MANY USES. The Vertical Interval (V.I.) is the part of the video signal that tells the monitor to start drawing a new screen. It is made up of special SYNC pulses with no picture elements. The standard level for these SYNC pulses are 40 I.R.E. units. All video SYNC pulses should be 40 I.R.E. units. The Vertical Interval is a very useful place to put alarm and control signals. Some manufacturers make equipment for pan and tilt camera control, alarm contact information, and data transmission that is inserted into the V.I. signal and sent up or down the cable. TERMINATION, THE END OF THE LINE. A termination for video is a 75 Ohm resistor placed at the end of any video cable to prevent signal reflections that cause ghosting or multiple images on the monitor. Some CCTV equipment have built-in terminations some of which are switch able. If you are using this equipment in series, you must switch off all Terminations except the termination at the last piece of equipment in the cable run. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 2 OF 28 Proper termination can be checked by measuring the SYNC pulse amplitude anywhere in the video cable. It should read 40 I.R.E. with the termination ON, and 80 I.R.E. with the termination OFF. If the SYNC level does not change when you remove the termination, the camera or video source is not standard 75 Ohms and should be serviced or replaced. Problems with V.I. control systems can result if the level does not double when you remove the termination. THE BASIC THREE. To check performance of any CCTV camera installation make sure the SYNC level is 40 I.R.E. units +/- 5 I.R.E. WHITE level should be 100 I.R.E. units +/- 5 I.R.E.. Remember if you want to run high white level say 120 I.R.E., be sure that all camera's in the system have the same level of I.R.E +/- 5 I.R.E. Color burst level should be 40 I.R.E. units +/- 5 I.R.E. SYNC, WHITE, and COLOR BURST are the three basic measurements to make to insure proper operation of your CCTV system. CCTV VIDEO GROUND LOOP PROBLEMS. When Video Ground Loop problems or 60 cycle Bars occur, they are easy to see on a video monitor. They look like a horizontal band or bar across the video monitor that slowly moves up the video screen. These bars can be barely noticeable, or can be so bad that the video monitor loses lock and breaks up the picture. If the video camera is Line-Locked to the 60 cycle main power, the bars may stand still in the picture, but they still obscure picture definition and create customer complaints. The source of the 60 cycle bar originates from the power industries use of local grounds to balance their power grid. Everywhere 60 cycle power is used, a local ground is attached to the power grid to return all unbalanced current flow to ground. As an example, you will notice that every main power breaker box will have a ground wire or conduit going to a ground rod or similar device connected to an earth ground. Every correctly installed power outlet will have a connection to this ground. Not all grounds are created equal. In fact the earth ground in one building is most likely to have a different voltage potential relative to any other building, even grounds inside the same building will have different voltages between them, based on the uneven current flow of the power load. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 3 OF 28 Here is how the 60 cycle bar gets into your video picture. If you connect a coaxial cable to a monitor or other equipment that plugs into the 60 cycle main power and the other end of the coaxial cable becomes grounded locally for any reason a Ground Loop is created. Any difference in the 60 cycle voltage between these two ground points will create a current flow in the shield of the coax that induces the 60 cycle AC voltage into your video signal. It is easy to measure these differential voltages, simply disconnect the video cables at the monitor point and using your voltmeter on AC volts, measure between any two shields of the incoming video cables, you will be amazed at the difference. The solution is to never connect both ends of a video cable to local grounds. Any cable can be grounded at one end without inducing the ground loop current. When you run coax cable from one building to another, it is acceptable to install through connection points, but do not allow the shields to come into contact with one another or the local ground. A coaxial connector laying in a cable tray or conduit box can accidentally contact ground, don't let this happen. Use tape on the connector to prevent accidental grounding. Also try not to attach the camera to any structure that is likely to be grounded. Remember that the camera is already grounded at the opposite end of the coaxial cable by the monitor equipment. At the monitor station you may have many pieces of equipment connected together, like a (Quad, Tape Recorder, Monitor) all of which plug into the main 60 cycle power. This will not present a problem if you plug all of the equipment into the same power line at the monitor point. Making sure that all the equipment share the same ground point at the monitor station. Also try to keep the video cables between equipment, (the service loops) as short as possible. If you already have an installation that has 60 cycle bars, there are some steps you can take to solve the problem. If coaxial cable shields are connected together anywhere in the system, separate them if possible. Similarly remove all but one ground connection on each coaxial cable if possible. The ground is usually at the monitor end of the coaxial cable because the monitor equipment plugs into the 60 cycle main power supply which is grounded. Sometimes a ground loop problem can be reduced by reversing the AC plug on the power transformer used to power the camera, or reverse the 24 VAC power connection to the camera. This technique will not work on DC powered cameras. If the problem still persists, video isolation transformers can be installed at one end of the coaxial cable to block the shield current flow and eliminate the 60 cycle bars. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 4 OF 28 These transformers must be installed at the coaxial cable that is originating the 60 cycle bar problem. Isolation transformers only work when they can block the current flow in the shield. Once 60 cycle bars become part of the video signal, no economical down stream solution will remove the bars. Use a portable monitor to find the origin of the ground loop problem, start at the camera and move down the coaxial cable until you see the bars appear on the portable monitor. This then is the coaxial cable with the current in the shield. Clear the ground connection or install an isolation transformer at this point. The type of AC power transformers you use to power your cameras can contribute to Ground Loop problems. A ground can be introduced to your camera "Capacitively" through the power transformer windings depending on the type and construction technique used to build the AC transformer. Some transformers are built by winding a primary (the 110 VAC side) on a metal core, then simply winding the secondary coil (24VAC) directly over the primary coil. This puts the primary and the secondary in direct capacitive contact. This type can cause Ground Loop problems. Other manufacturers build their AC transformers with a split bobbin. That is each winding is separately mounted on the metal core. The separation of primary and secondary coils are greatly increased, reducing the capacitive coupling and removing the unwanted second ground in your system. This type of transformer usually does not cost any more, and may prevent the 60 cycle ground loop from occurring. It would help if you determine which transformers are built to minimize capacitive coupling between windings and purchase that type only. With an understanding of Ground Loop problems and the use of good single ended grounding techniques, you should be able to keep the 60 cycle bars out of your CCTV installations. CCTV FOCUS PROBLEM SOLVING. Have you ever wondered why Auto Iris cameras seem to go out of focus at night? Many installers have had to return to the job site at night and reset the focus of a camera to solve this problem. This can be costly to your company's pocket book and reputation. There is a solution to the problem that will enable you to set the cameras focus correctly every time, day or night. Let's examine what causes the Auto Iris camera to go out of focus when the lighting level changes, as it does day to night. All lenses and Auto Iris cameras exhibit this effect to a greater or lesser degree. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 5 OF 28 DEPTH OF FIELD, WHAT IS IT? All lenses have a characteristic called Depth of Field. Depth of Field is a zone in front of the lens that is in focus. It is measured as the minimum distance and maximum distance from the lens where objects are in focus. All objects inside this minimum and maximum bracket zone will be in focus. The further away you go from this bracketed "in focus zone", either toward or away from the camera the more out of focus the objects become. THE PROBLEM WITH AUTO IRIS LENSES. The Auto Iris lens has a movable aperture inside the lens that controls the amount of light allowed to pass through it. This aperture also directly controls the Depth of Field of the lens. So an Auto Iris lens will have a variable Depth of Field depending on the amount of light entering the lens. This causes the minimum and maximum bracket zone of focus to change when the lighting level changes. During the day or in bright lighting conditions the Iris is closed down to a small opening, and the Depth of Field is quite large. So called Pin Hole cameras exhibit this effect where all objects in the scene are in focus. However with movable iris cameras at night or in low lighting conditions the Iris is open wide, this causes the Depth of Field to collapse down to a smaller minimum and maximum bracketed zone of focus. An object that was inside the zone of focus during the day can be outside the zone of focus at night. THE SOLUTION. One way to set up the camera to minimize the Depth of Field problem, is to adjust cameras focus at a time when the light level is at its lowest. This may not be convenient for your installers. The best way is to use a SHADE 5 FILTER PLATE also called a #5 welders glass filter. It is the filter plate that welders look through to protect their eyes during welding operations. When you have full daylight or bright lighting conditions the filter plate is placed over the cameras lens to simulate half lighting conditions. This filter plate costs only a few dollars and should be carried by installation personnel to every job site for use with Auto Iris lenses, especially those jobs using outdoor cameras. By using the filter plate to adjust the Auto Iris, you will be centering the control range of the Auto Iris system. This will give you optimum performance from your cameras Iris control system. CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 6 OF 28 Hand held focus meters such as the CM-2 Camera Master are also useful in determining the maximum focus of any scene. They are more accurate than large screen monitors and much easier to take up a ladder. They display the maximum focus numerically on an LCD type display. By eliminating the subjective nature of focus setting, you will insure that all cameras will be set to their maximum focus by any installer. An understanding of Depth of Field and the proper setting requirements for Auto Iris cameras will save you time and reduce the frustration of having to return to the job site to refocus cameras. CM-2 THIS METER WILL MEASURE VIDEO I.R.E. UNITS AND ALOT MORE! CCTV TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 7 OF 28 HOW TO SHOOT A LICENSE PLATE WITH A CCTV CAMERA. When your customer asks you to set up a camera to grab a shot of a license plate on a car, here are a few things you will want to know. WHERE TO LOOK. When setting up a camera to view a license plate, the framing is very important. You must frame the camera so that the plate will be in the camera’s view no matter where the plate is mounted on the car, or how the car is positioned in the roadway. The first trick is make sure you place the camera so that it can clearly see the numbers and letters on the license plate. Be sure to set the camera focus control for the sharpest focus. Make sure the plate is large enough in the scene to be identified. If you can do a good job of this, most installations will work very well during the daylight. The camera works well during the day because the light from the sun is strong and defused, it comes from many sources by reflections off of all the objects in the immediate area. THE PROBLEM. Unfortunately an unaided camera does not do as good a job of reading license plates at night. They need some assistance to work well under dark circumstances. Even if the scene were well lit for observation by eye, a car presents special problems for a video camera. Often area illumination will be placed immediately over the entrance and exit gates, a narrowing point just where you would like to see the license plate. Just as the car enters the gate area, a reflection from the overhead light bounces off the windshield and blinds the camera. The most common sources of camera blinding light are the headlights on the car. Any direct light source pointing into the camera lens at night will cause a camera blinding effect. The camera blinding effect at the least will result in a loss of detail around the direct light source, like a blooming effect or halo. At its worst it can darken the screen so that you will