1996-2010英语专业8级真题

1996-2010英语专业8级真 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010) -GRADE EIGHT- READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) TEXT A Still, the image of any city has a half-life of many years. (So does its name, officially changed in 2001 from Calcutta to Kolkata, which is closer to what the word sounds like in Bengali. Conversing in English, I never heard anyone call the city anything but Calcutta.) To Westerners, the conveyance most identified with Kolkata is not its modern subway—a facility whose spacious stations have art on the walls and cricket matches on television monitors—but the hand-pulled rickshaw. Stories and films celebrate a primitive-looking cart with high wooden wheels, pulled by someone who looks close to needing the succor of Mother Teresa. For years the government has been talking about eliminating hand-pulled rickshaws on what it calls humanitarian grounds—principally on the ground that, as the mayor of Kolkata has often said, it is offensive to see ―one man sweating and straining to pull another man.‖ But these days politicians also lament the impact of 6,000 hand-pulled rickshaws on a modern city‘s traffic and, particularly, on its image. ―Westerners try to associate beggars and these rickshaws with the Calcutta landscape, but this is not what Calcutta stands for,‖ the chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, said in a press conference in 2006. ―Our city stands for prosperity and development.‖ The chief minister—the equivalent of a state governor—went on to announce that hand-pulled rickshaws soon would be banned from the streets of Kolkata. Rickshaws are not there to haul around tourists. (Actually, I saw almost no tourists in Kolkata, apart from the young backpackers on Sudder Street, in what used to be a red-light district and is now said to be the single place in the city where the services a rickshaw puller offers may include providing female company to a gentleman for the evening.) It‘s the people in the lanes who most regularly use rickshaws—not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor. They are people who tend to travel short distances, through lanes that are sometimes inaccessible to even the most daring taxi driver. An older woman with marketing to do, for instance, can arrive in a rickshaw, have the rickshaw puller wait until she comes back from various stalls to load her purchases, and then be taken home. People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24-hour ambulance service. Proprietors of cafés or corner stores send rickshaws to collect their supplies. (One morning I saw a rickshaw puller take on a load of live chickens—tied in pairs by the feet so they could be draped over the shafts and the folded back canopy and even the axle. By the time he trotted off, he was carrying about a hundred upside-down chickens.) The rickshaw pullers told me their steadiest customers are schoolchildren. Middle-class families contract with a puller to take a child to school and pick him up; the puller essentially becomes a family retainer. From June to September Kolkata can get torrential rains, and its drainage system doesn‘t need torrential rain to begin backing up. Residents who favor a touch of hyperbole say that in Kolkata ―if a stray cat pees, there‘s a flood.‖ During my stay it once rained for about 48 hours. Entire neighborhoods couldn‘t be reached by motorized vehicles, and the newspapers showed pictures of rickshaws being pulled through water that was up to the pullers‘ waists. When it‘s raining, the normal customer base for rickshaw pullers expands greatly, as does the price of a journey. A writer in Kolkata told me, ―When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws.‖ While I was in Kolkata, a magazine called India Today published its annual ranking of Indian states, according to such measurements as prosperity and infrastructure. Among India‘s 20 largest states, Bihar finished dead last, as it has for four of the past five years. Bihar, a couple hundred miles north of Kolkata, is where the vast majority of rickshaw pullers come from. Once in Kolkata, they sleep on the street or in their rickshaws or in a dera—a combination garage and repair shop and dormitory managed by someone called a sardar. For sleeping privileges in a dera, pullers pay 100 rupees (about $2.50) a month, which sounds like a pretty good deal until you‘ve visited a dera. They gross between 100 and 150 rupees a day, out of which they have to pay 20 rupees for the use of the rickshaw and an occasional 75 or more for a payoff if a policeman stops them for, say, crossing a street where rickshaws are prohibited. A 2003 study found that rickshaw pullers are near the bottom of Kolkata occupations in income, doing better than only the ragpickers and the beggars. For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar. There are people in Kolkata, particularly educated and politically aware people, who will not ride in a rickshaw, because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism. Ironically, some of those people are not enthusiastic about banning rickshaws. The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata‘s Telegraph—Rudrangshu Mukherjee, a former academic who still writes history books—told me, for instance, that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road. ―I refuse to be carried by another human being myself,‖ he said, ―but I question whether we have the right to take away their livelihood.‖ Rickshaw supporters point out that when it comes to demeaning occupations, rickshaw pullers are hardly unique in Kolkata. When I asked one rickshaw puller if he thought the government‘s plan to rid the city of rickshaws was based on a genuine interest in his welfare, he smiled, with a quick shake of his head—a gesture I interpreted to mean, ―If you are so naive as to ask such a question, I will answer it, but it is not worth wasting words on.‖ Some rickshaw pullers I met were resigned to the imminent end of their livelihood and pin their hopes on being offered something in its place. As migrant workers, they don‘t have the political clout enjoyed by, say, Kolkata‘s sidewalk hawkers, who, after supposedly being scaled back at the beginning of the modernization drive, still clog the sidewalks, selling absolutely everything—or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas. ―The government was the government of the poor people,‖ one sardar told me. ―Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.‖ But others in Kolkata believe that rickshaws will simply be confined more strictly to certain neighborhoods, out of the view of World Bank traffic consultants and California investment delegations—or that they will be allowed to die out naturally as they‘re supplanted by more modern conveyances. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, after all, is not the first high West Bengal official to say that rickshaws would be off the streets of Kolkata in a matter of months. Similar statements have been made as far back as 1976. The ban decreed by Bhattacharjee has been delayed by a court case and by a widely held belief that some retraining or social security settlement ought to be offered to rickshaw drivers. It may also have been delayed by a quiet reluctance to give up something that has been part of the fabric of the city for more than a century. Kolkata, a resident told me, ―has difficulty letting go.‖ One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated. “Which option has been chosen?‖ I asked, noting that the report was dated almost exactly a year before my visit. “That hasn‘t been decided,‖ he said. “When will it be decided?‖ “That hasn‘t been decided,‖ he said. 11. According to the passage, rickshaws are used in Kolkata mainly for the following EXCEPT A. taking foreign tourists around the city.B. providing transport to school children. C. carrying store supplies and purchasesD. carrying people over short distances. 12. Which of the following statements best describes the rickshaw pullers from Bihar? A. They come from a relatively poor area.B. They are provided with decent accommodation. C. Their living standards are very low in Kolkata.D. They are often caught by policemen in the streets. 13. That ―For someone without land or education, that still beats trying to make a living in Bihar‖ (4 paragraph) means that even so, A. the poor prefer to work and live in Bihar.B. the poor from Bihar fare better than back home. C. the poor never try to make a living in Bihar.D. the poor never seem to resent their life in Kolkata. 14. We can infer from the passage that some educated and politically aware people A. hold mixed feelings towards rickshaws.B. strongly support the ban on rickshaws. C. call for humanitarian actions fro rickshaw pullers.D. keep quiet on the issue of banning rickshaws. 15. Which of the following statements conveys the author‘s sense of humor? A. ―…not the poor but people who are just a notch above the poor.‖ (2 paragraph) B. ―…,.which sounds like a pretty good deal until you‘ve visited a dera.‖ (4 paragraph) C. Kolkata, a resident told me, ― has difficulty letting go.‖ (7 paragraph). D.―…or, as I found during the 48 hours of rain, absolutely everything but umbrellas.‖ (6 paragraph) 16. The dialogue between the author and the city official at the end of the passage seems to suggest A. the uncertainty of the court‘s decision.B. the inefficiency of the municipal government. C. the difficulty of finding a good solution.D. the slowness in processing options. TEXT B Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts). The crucial word is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers(people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly. Airports resemble France before the Revolution: first-class passengers enjoy "élite" security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jetway. At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats. Flash Pass teaches children a valuable lesson in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canada--get this--"we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else." Almost every line can be breached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay "waiters" or "placeholders" to wait in line for them outside Apple stores. Inevitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business. And billionaire New York mayor Michael Bloomberg often waits for the subway with his fellow citizens, though he's first driven by motorcade past the stop nearest his house to a station 22 blocks away, where the wait, or at least the ride, is shorter. As early as elementary school, we're told that jumping the line is an unethical act, which is why so many U.S. lawmakers have framed the immigration debate as a kind of fundamental sin of the school lunch line. Alabama Senator Richard Shelby, to cite just one legislator, said amnesty would allow illegal immigrants "to cut in line ahead of millions of people." Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line, unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S. Capitol, where Senators and Representatives use private elevators, lest they have to queue with their constituents. But compromising the integrity of the line is not just antidemocratic, it's out-of-date. There was something about the orderly boarding of Noah's Ark, two by two, that seemed to restore not just civilization but civility during the Great Flood. How civil was your last flight? Southwest Airlines has first-come, first-served festival seating. But for $5 per flight, an unaffiliated company called BoardFirst.com will secure you a coveted "A" boarding pass when that airline opens for online check-in 24 hours before departure. Thus, the savvy traveler doesn't even wait in line when he or she is online. Some cultures are not renowned for lining up. Then again, some cultures are too adept at lining up: a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for. And then there is the U.S., where society seems to be cleaving into two groups: Very Important Persons, who don't wait, and Very Impatient Persons, who do--unhappily. For those of us in the latter group-- consigned to coach, bereft of Flash Pass, too poor or proper to pay a placeholder --what do we do? We do what Vladimir and Estragon did in Waiting for Godot: "We wait. We are bored." 17. What does the following sentence mean? ―Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers…Poor suckers, mostly.‖ (2 paragraph) A. Lines are symbolic of America‘s democracy.B. Lines still give Americans equal opportunities. C. Lines are now for ordinary Americans only.D. Lines are for people with democratic spirit only. 18. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of breaching the line? A. Going through the customs at a Canadian airport.B. Using Gold Flash Passes in amusement parks. C. First-class passenger status at airports.D. Purchase of a place in a line from a placeholder. 19. We can infer from the passage that politicians (including mayors and Congressmen) A. prefer to stand in lines with ordinary people.B. advocate the value of waiting in lines. C. believe in and practice waiting in lines.D. exploit waiting in lines for their own good. 20. What is the tone of the passage? A. Instructive.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D. Teasing. TEXT C A bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk with green and crimson fire, he found the café of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned. Bbylonian, a while palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the other building like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbarism; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand llights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental long-haired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farming, who knew how many units of electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress( five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen life to the table in the far corner. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flowering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such as the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him. It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were al there. It seemed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. The gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide staircase until he reached his favourite floor, whre an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, s sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmured deferentially: ― For one, sir? This way, please,‖ Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him. 21. That ―behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel‖ suggests that A. modern realistic commercialism existed behind the luxurious appearance. B. there was a fundamental falseness in the style and the appeal of the café.. C. the architect had made a sensible blend of old and new building materials. D. the café was based on physical foundations and real economic strength. 22. The following words or phrases are somewhat critical of the tea-shop EXCEPT A. ―…turned Babylonian‖.B. ―perhaps a new barbarism‘.C. ―acres of white napery‖.D. ―balanced to the last halfpenny‖. 23. In its context the statement that ― the place was built for him‖ means that the café was intended to A. please simple people in a simple way.B. exploit gullible people like him. C. satisfy a demand that already existed.D. provide relaxation for tired young men. 24. Which of the following statements about the second paragraph is NOT true? A. The café appealed to most senses simultaneously. B. The café was both full of people and full of warmth. C. The inside of the café was contrasted with the weather outside. D. It stressed the commercial determination of the café owners. 25. The following are comparisons made by the author in the second paragraph EXCEPT that A. the entrance hall is compared to a railway station.B. the orchestra is compared to a magnet. C. Turgis welcomed the lift like a conquering soldier.D. the interior of the café is compared to warm countries. 26. The author‘s attitude to the café is A. fundamentally critical.B. slightly admiring.C. quite undecided.D. completely neutral. TEXT D I Now elsewhere in the world, Iceland may be spoken of, somewhat breathlessly, as western Europe‘s last pristine wilderness. But the environmental awareness that is sweeping the world had bypassed the majority of Icelanders. Certainly they were connected to their land, the way one is complicatedly connected to, or encumbered by, family one can‘t do anything about. But the truth is, once you‘re off the beat-en paths of the low-lying coastal areas where everyone lives, the roads are few, and they‘re all bad, so Iceland‘s natural wonders have been out of reach and unknown even to its own inhab-itants. For them the land has always just been there, something that had to be dealt with and, if possible, exploited—the mind-set being one of land as commodity rather than land as, well, priceless art on the scale of the ―Mona Lisa.‖ When the opportunity arose in 2003 for the national power company to enter into a 40-year contract with the American aluminum company Alcoa to supply hydroelectric power for a new smelter, those who had been dreaming of some-thing like this for decades jumped at it and never looked back. Iceland may at the moment be one of the world‘s richest countries, with a 99 percent literacy rate and long life expectancy. But the proj-ect‘s advocates, some of them getting on in years, were more emotionally attuned to the country‘s century upon century of want, hardship, and colonial servitude to Denmark, which officially had ended only in 1944 and whose psychological imprint remained relatively fresh. For the longest time, life here had meant little more than a sod hut, dark all winter, cold, no hope, children dying left and right, earthquakes, plagues, starvation, volcanoes erupting and destroying all vegeta-tion and livestock, all spirit—a world revolving almost entirely around the welfare of one‘s sheep and, later, on how good the cod catch was. In the outlying regions, it still largely does. Ostensibly, the Alcoa project was intended to save one of these dying regions—the remote and sparsely populated east—where the way of life had steadily declined to a point of desperation and gloom. After fishing quotas were imposed in the early 1980s to protect fish stocks, many indi-vidual boat owners sold their allotments or gave them away, fishing rights ended up mostly in the hands of a few companies, and small fishermen were virtually wiped out. Technological advances drained away even more jobs previously done by human hands, and the people were seeing every-thing they had worked for all their lives turn up worthless and their children move away. With the old way of life doomed, aluminum projects like this one had come to be perceived, wisely or not, as a last chance. ―Smelter or death.‖ The contract with Alcoa would infuse the re-gion with foreign capital, an estimated 400 jobs, and spin-off service industries. It also was a way for Iceland to develop expertise that potentially could be sold to the rest of the world; diversify an economy historically dependent on fish; and, in an appealing display of Icelandic can-do verve, perhaps even protect all of Iceland, once and for all, from the unpredictability of life itself. “We have to live,‖ Halldór Ásgrímsson said in his sad, sonorous voice. Halldór, a former prime minister and longtime member of parliament from the region, was a driving force behind the project. ―We have a right to live.‖ 27. According to the passage, most Icelanders view land as something of A. environmental value.B. commercial value.C. potential value for tourism.D. great value for livelihood. 28. What is Iceland‘s old-aged advocates‘ feeling towards the Alcoa project? A. Iceland is wealthy enough to reject the project.B. The project would lower life expectancy. C. The project would cause environmental problems.D. The project symbolizes and end to the colonial legacies. 29. The disappearance of the old way of life was due to all the following EXCEPT A. fewer fishing companies.B. fewer jobs available.C. migration of young people.D. impostion of fishing quotas. 30. The 4 paragraph in the passage A. sums up the main points of the passage.B. starts to discuss an entirely new point. C. elaborates on the last part of the 3 paragraph.D. continues to depict the bleak economic situation. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) 34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in the South of the U.S. was issued by D. Thomas Jefferson. A. Abraham Lincoln.B. Thomas Paine.C. George Washington. 35. ________ is best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems.. A. Will BlakeB. W.B. YeatsC. Robert BrowningD. William Wordsworth 36. The Financier is written by A. Mark Twain.B. Henry James.C. William Faulkner.D. Theodore Dreiser. 37. In literature a story in verse or prose with a double meaning is defined as A. allegory.B. sonnet.C. blank verse.D. rhyme. 38. ________ refers to the learning and development of a language. A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction 39. The word ― Motel‖ comes from ―motor + hotel‖. This is an example of ________ in morphology. A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym 40. Language is t tool of communication. The symbol ― Highway Closed‖ on a highway serves A. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function. Part IV Proofreading & Error Correction (15 min) The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "?" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well 1 equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say. 2 3 There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are 4 equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision 5 and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and 6 subtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect in English, 7 a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English language 8 will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, presumably, if the 9 environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction as important. Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these 10 topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence ? PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的, 容不得半点强求、干涉和控制。朋友之间, 情趣相投、脾气对味则合、 则交; 反之, 则离、则绝。朋友之间再熟悉, 再亲密, 也不能随便过头～不恭不敬。不然～默契和平衡将被打破, 友 好关系将不复存在。每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间～朋友之间过于随便～就容易侵入这片禁区～从而引起冲突～ 造成隔阂。待友不敬～或许只是一件小事～却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节～ 互不干涉。 I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May; that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. I was standing at the door of my own cottage. Right before me lay the very scene which could really be commanded from that situation, but exalted, as was usual, and solemnized by the power of dreams. There were the same mountains, and the same lovely valley at their feet; but the mountains were raised to more than Alpine height, and there was interspace far larger between them of meadows and forest lawns; the hedges were rich with white roses; and no living creature was to be seen except that in the green churchyard there were cattle tranquilly reposing upon the graves, and particularly round about the grave of a child whom I had once tenderly loved, just as I had really seen them, a little before sunrise in the same summer, when that child died. PART II READING COMPREHENSION 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D16.C 17.C18.A 19.D 20.B21. A22.B23. B 24.B 25. C26.A27.D 28.D 29.A30.C PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) 34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the plantation slavery in the south of US was issued by 答案A:Abraham Lincoln 答题:本题为美国历史常识题，林肯发布解放黑奴宣言 35(Who was best known for the technique of dramatic monologue in his poems? 答案C:Robert Browning 答题说明:本题为文学常识题 文化背景:罗伯特?勃朗宁(Robert Browning)(1812-1889)，维多利亚时期代诗人之一。主要作品有《戏剧抒情 诗》、《剧中人物》、《指环与书》等。与丁尼生齐名，是维多利亚时代两大诗人之一。他以精细入微的心理探索而独步 诗坛，对??0世纪诗歌产生了重要影响。朗宁对英国诗歌的最大贡献，是发展和完善了戏剧独白诗(Dramaticmonologue) 这样一种独特的诗歌形式，并且用它鲜明而生动地塑造了各种不同类型的人物性格，深刻而复杂地展示了人的内在心 理。 36. The Financier was written by 答案D:Theodore Dreiser 答题说明:本题为文学常识题 人文背景:西奥多?德莱塞(Theodore Dreiser，1871,1945)，美国小说家。生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇。父亲是贫 苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作。走遍芝 加哥、匹兹堡、纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。代表作:《嘉莉妹妹》、 《金融家》、《美国悲剧》等 37. In literature a strory in verse or prose with a double meaning is difined as 答案A:Allegory 答题说明:即使你不认识选项A，也可以通过排除法排除B. sonnet, C. blank verse, D. rhyme. 因为BCD涉及的主 要是形式或音韵，不涉及和意义。 38(… refers to the learning and development of a language 答案A:language acqisition 答题说明:本题为语言学常识题。 背景知识:语言习得最基本的定义，其余选项一看就不符合题干内容。 39. The word ―motel‖ comes from ―motor – hotel‖. This is an example of ―…‖ in morphology. 答案C:blending 答题说明:本题为语言学分支形态学最基本常识，也是比较活跃的一种构词方式 背景知识:A 逆生法;B 转类法;C拼缀法;D 首字母构词 40(Language is tool of communication, the sybol ―highway closed‖ serves 答案B: informative function 答题说明:语言学基本常识;认识选项单词都不会选错答案 Part IV Proofreading & Error Correction 1 be后插入 as; 2 their改为its; 3 There改为It; 4 Whereas改为But 5 further 改为much 6 come改为bring; 7 similar改为different; 8 will改为would; 9 as important去掉as; 10 the part去掉the SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH Friends tend to become more intimated if they have the same interests and temper, they can get along well and keep contacting; otherwise they will separate and end the relationship. Friends who are more familiar and closer can not be too casual and show no respect. Otherwise the harmony and balance will be broken, and the friendship will also be nonexistent any more. Everyone hopes to have his own private space, and if too casual among friends, it is easy to invade this piece of restricted areas, which will lead to the conflict, resulting in alienation. It may be a small matter to be rude to friends; however, it is likely to plant the devastating seeds. The best way to keep the close relationship between friends is to keep contacts with restraint, and do not bother each other. SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE 我想那是五月的一个周日的早晨;那天是复活节，一个大清早上。我站在自家小屋的门口。就在我的面前展现出了那 么一番景色，从我那个位置其实能够尽收眼底，可是梦里的感觉往往如此，由于梦幻的力量，这番景象显得超凡出尘， 一派肃穆气象。群山形状相同，其山脚下都有着同样可爱的山谷;不过群山挺然参天，高于阿尔卑斯峰，诸山相距空 旷，丰草如茵，林地开阔，错落其间; 树篱上的白玫瑰娟娟弥望;远近看不见任何生物，唯有苍翠的教堂庭院里，牛 群静静地卧躺在那片郁郁葱葱的墓地歇息，好几头围绕着一个小孩的坟墓。我曾对她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日东 升的前一刻，那孩子死去了，我如同当年那样望着牛群。 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) TEXT A We had been wanting to expand our children's horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we'd been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich. We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments. What we didn't foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children "in danger," referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn't change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department's list of troublespots. We didn't see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see "every single" church and museum in a given city. Vaccinations weren't needed for the city, but we were concemed about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy. Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul's major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and pre-teen's view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost. For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros. Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children's curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults' desire to try something new amid children's insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans' palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance. On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily lef~ to a learned third party. 11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly because A. the city is not too far away from where they lived. B. the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department. C. the city is between the familiar and the exotic. D. the city is more familiar than exotic. 12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. The family found the city was exactly what they had expected. B. Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan. C. They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along. D. They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city. 13. We learn from the couple's shopping experience back home that A. they were used to bargaining over price. B. they preferred to buy things outdoors. C. street markets were their favourite. D. they preferred fashion and brand names. 14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in Istanbul A. guidebooks are very useful. B. a professional guide is a must. C. one has to be prepared for questions. D. one has to make arrangements in advance. 15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPT A. religious prayers. B. historical buildings. C local-style markets.D. shopping mall boutiques. TEXT B Last month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming "demographic cliff" will see vast numbers of skilled workers dispatched from the labour force. The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 will decrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share in the world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%. Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey of human-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: "When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career's worth of experience has walked out the door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void." Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline. A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to work for his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow? If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list of the best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government. Near the top of the AARP's latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsense industrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere's 46,000 employees are over 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that - flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth - also coincidentaUy help older workers to extend their working lives. The company spends "a lot of time" on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer. Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world's most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives. Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its "experienced" new recruits are former employees who return after an absence. But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that "although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue." Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards - this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds. Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation. 16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would be A. a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies. B. a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds. C. a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds. D. its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing. 17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPT A. making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers. B. using alumni networks to hire retired former employees. C. encouraging former employees to work overseas. D. granting more convenience in working hours to older workers. 18. "The company spends 'a lot of time' on the ergonomics of its factories" (Paragraph Seven) means that A. the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories. B. the company improves the working conditions in its factories. C. the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories. D. the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment. 19. In the author's opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly because A. they have not been aware of the problem. B. they are reluctant to hire older workers. C. they are not sure of what they should do. D. they have other options to consider. 20. Which of the following best describes the author's development of argument? A. introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---~describing the actual status---offering reasons. B. describing the actual status--- introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue---offering reasons. C. citing ways to deal with the issue---introducing the issue----describing the actual status---offering reasons. D. describing the actual status--offering reasons---introducing the issue---citing ways to deal with the issue. TEXT C (1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's. (2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: "Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a 'Mary Ann'." (3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband. (4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men. (5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates. 21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband to A. work in the same sort of job as her husband. B. play down her success, making it sound unimportant. C. stress how much the family gains from her high salary. D. introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home. 22. Orwell's picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passage A. thinks is the natural one. B. wishes to see preserved. C. believes is fair. D. is sure must change. 23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically? A. Abrasive (Paragraph Five). B. Engines (Paragraph Four). C. Convention (Paragraph Two). D. Heavily (Paragraph One). 24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they must A. sometimes make the first advances in love. B. allow men to flirt with many women. C. stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates. D. avoid making their husbands look like "Mary Anns". 25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship? A. Men are equally serious about courtship. B. Each man "makes passes" at many women. C. The woman's reaction decides the fate of courtship. D. The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly. TEXT D From Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south, dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal. It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong. Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans, and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there. Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but it was also obvious from his bearing - and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tight army uniform - that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan. Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content was of any greater value - except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip. His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wall across from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot Ama Dablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet. From the top of the spur, one's eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper, then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks. It was late in the afternoon - when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors - before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche's entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, he removed his hand from the bundle--the first time he had done so - and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand. His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma's 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner. His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps to the monastery entrance. There he was greeted with a respectful nameste -"I recognize the divine in you" - from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticed that the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside. Early the next morning the emissary - lightened of his load - appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, which was returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight. Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery. 26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking? A. "threaded". B. "dropping". C. "trudged". D. "daunting". 27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPT A. clothing. B. height. C. social status.D. personal belongings. 28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from the monastery. A. a narrow view B. a hazy view C. a distant view D. a panoramic view 29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery? A. "...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop..." B. "...he removed his hand from the bundle..." C. "His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds..." D. "...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps..." 30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evoke A. a sense of awe. B. a sense of piety. C. a sense of fear.D. a sense of mystery. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet. 35. Ode to the West Windwas written by A. William Blake. B. William Wordsworth. C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. D. Percy B. Shelley. 36. Who among the following is a poet of free verse? A. Ralph Waldo Emerson. B. Walt Whitman. C. Herman Melville D. Theodore Dreiser. 37. The novel Sons andLovers was written by A. Thomas Hardy. B. John Galsworthy. C. D.H. Lawrence. D. James Joyce. 38. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is A. corpus linguistics. B. sociolinguistics. C. theoretical linguistics. D. psycholinguistics. 39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called A. dialect. B. idiolect. C. pidgin. D. register. 40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing A. an illocutionary act. B. a perlocutionary act. C. a locutionary act. D. none of the above. PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference ____1____ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener ____2____ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. ____3_____ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something from 20 to 70 years. With the playground ____4____ lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour ____5____ it is learnt; and, in the general, it passes between children of the ____6____ same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the differnce in age between playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or ____7____ even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over, very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three ____8____ hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live ____9____ after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the ____10____ original wording. PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 我想不起来哪一个熟人没有手机。今天没有手机的人是奇怪的，这种人才需要解释。我 们的所有社会关系都储存在手机的电话本里，可以随时调出使用。古代只有巫师才能拥有这 种法宝。 手机刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条通告:请与会者关闭手机。可是会 议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。尽管如此，我 们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。手机反映出我们的“社交饥 渴症”。最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。 为什么对于手机来电和短信这么在乎?因为我们迫切渴望与社会保持联系。 We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly. However, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: "They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent." So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2008) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) TEXT A At the age of 16, Lee Hyuk Joon's life is a living hell. The South Korean 10th grader gets up at 6 in the morning to go to school, and studies most of the day until returning home at 6 p. m. After dinner, it's time to hit the books again – at one of Seoul's many so-called cram schools. Lee gets back home at 1 in the morning, sleeps less than five hours, then repeats the routine – five days a week. It's a grueling schedule, but Lee worries that it may not be good enough to get him into a top university. Some of his classmates study even harder. South Korea's education system has long been highly competitive. But for Lee and the other 700,000 high-school sophomores in the country, high-school studies have gotten even more intense. That's because South Korea has conceived a new college-entrance system, which will be implemented in 2008. This year's 10th graders will be the first group evaluated by the new admissions standard, which places more emphasis on grades in the three years of high school and less on nationwide SAT-style and other selection tests, which have traditionally determined which students go to the elite colleges. The change was made mostly to reduce what the government says is a growing education gap in the country: wealthy students go to the best colleges and get the best jobs, keeping the children of poorer families on the social margins. The aim is to reduce the importance of costly tutors and cram schools, partly to help students enjoy a more normal high-school life. But the new system has had the opposite effect. Before, students didn't worry too much about their grade-point averages; the big challenge was beating the standardized tests as high-school seniors. Now students are competing against one another over a three-year period, and every midterm and final test is crucial. Fretful parents are relying even more heavily on tutors and cram schools to help their children succeed. Parents and kids have sent thousands of angry online letters to the Education Ministry complaining that the new admissions standard is setting students against each other. "One can succeed only when others fail," as one parent said. Education experts say that South Korea's public secondary-school system is foundering, while private education is thriving. According to critics, the country's high schools are almost uniformly mediocre – the result of an egalitarian government education policy. With the number of elite schools strictly controlled by the government, even the brightest students typically have to settle for ordinary schools in their neighbourhoods, where the curriculum is centred on average students. To make up for the mediocrity, zealous parents send their kids to the expensive cram schools. Students in affluent southern Seoul neighbourhoods complain that the new system will hurt them the most. Nearly all Korean high schools will be weighted equally in the college-entrance process, and relatively weak students in provincial schools, who may not score well on standardized tests, often compile good grade-point averages. Some universities, particularly prestigious ones, openly complain that they cannot select the best students under the new system because it eliminates differences among high schools. They've asked for more discretion in picking students by giving more weight to such screening tools as essay writing or interviews. President Roh Moo Hyun doesn't like how some colleges are trying to circumvent the new system. He recently criticized "greedy" universities that focus more on finding the best students than faying to "nurture good students". But amid the crossfire between the government and universities, the country's 10th graders are feeling the stress. On online protest sites, some are calling themselves a "cursed generation" and "mice in a lab experiment". It all seems a touch melodramatic, but that's the South Korean school system. 11. According to the passage, the new college-entrance system is designed to ________. A. require students to sit for more college-entrance testsB. reduce the weight of college-entrance tests C. select students on their high school grades onlyD. reduce the number of prospective college applicants 12. What seems to be the effect of introducing the new system? A. The system has given equal opportunities to students.B. The system has reduced the number of cram schools. C. The system has intensified competition among schools.D. The system has increased students' study load. 13. According to critics, the popularity of private education is mainly the result of ________. A. the government's egalitarian policyB. insufficient number of schools: C. curriculums of average qualityD. low cost of private education 14. According to the passage, there seems to be disagreement over the adoption of the new system between the following groups EXCEPT A. between universities and the governmentB. between school experts and the government C. between parents and schoolsD. between parents and the government 15. Which of the following adjectives best describes the author's treatment of the topic? A. Objective.B. Positive.C. Negative.D. Biased. TEXT B Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones was a teenager before he saw his first cow in his first field. Born in Jamaica, the 47-year-old grew up in inner-city Birmingham before making a career as a television producer and launching his own marketing agency. But deep down he always nurtured every true Englishman's dream of a rustic life, a dream that his entrepreneurial wealth has allowed him to satisfy. These days he's the owner of a thriving 12-hectare farm in deepest Devon with cattle, sheep and pigs. His latest business venture: pushing his brand of Black Fanner gourmet sausages and barbecue sauces. "My background may be very urban," says Emmanuel-Jones. "But it has given me a good idea of what other urbanites want." And of how to sell it. Emmanuel-Jones joins a herd of wealthy fugitives from city life who are bringing a new commercial know-how to British farming. Britain's burgeoning farmers' markets-numbers have doubled to at least 500 in the last five years – swarm with specialty cheesemakers, beekeepers or organic smallholders who are redeploying the business skills they learned in the city. "Everyone in the rural community has to come to terms with the fact that things have changed," says Emmanuel-Jones. "You can produce the best food in the world, but if you don't know how to market it, you are wasting your time. We are helping the traditionalists to move on." The emergence of the new class of superpeasants reflects some old yearnings. If the British were the first nation to industrialize, they were also the first to head back to the land. "There is this romantic image of the countryside that is particularly English," says Alun Howkins of the University of Sussex, who reckons the population of rural England has been rising since 1911. Migration into rural areas is now running at about 100,000 a year, and the hunger for a taste of the rural life has kept land prices buoyant even as agricultural incomes tumble. About 40 percent of all farmland is now sold to "lifestyle buyers" rather than the dwindling number of traditional farmers, according to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. What's new about the latest returnees is their affluence and zeal for the business of producing quality foods, if only at a micro-level. A healthy economy and surging London house prices have helped to ease the escape of the would-be rustics. The media recognize and feed the fantasy. One of the big TV hits of recent years, the "River Cottage" series, chronicled the attempts of a London chef to run his own Dorset farm. Naturally, the newcomers can't hope to match their City salaries, but many are happy to trade any loss of income for the extra job satisfaction. Who cares if there's no six-figure annual bonus when the land offers other incalculable compensations? Besides, the specialist producers can at least depend on a burgeoning market for their products. Today's eco-aware generation loves to seek out authentic ingredients. "People like me may be making a difference in a small way," Jan McCourt, a onetime investment banker now running his own 40-hectare spread in the English Midlands stocked with rare breeds. Optimists see signs of far-reaching change: Britain isn't catching up with mainland Europe; it's leading the way. "Unlike most other countries, where artisanal food production is being eroded, here it is being recovered," says food writer Matthew Fort. "It may be the mark of the next stage of civilization that we rediscover the desirability of being a peasant." And not an investment banker. 16. Which of the following details of Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones is INCORRECT? A. He was born and brought up in Birmingham.B. He used to work in the television industry. C. He is wealthy, adventurous and aspiring.D. He is now selling his own quality foods. 17. Most importantly, people like Wilfred have brought to traditional British farming ________. A. knowledge of farmingB. knowledge of brand namesC. knowledge of lifestyleD. knowledge of marketing, 18. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence of a new class of farmers? A. Strong desire for country life.B. Longing for greater wealth.C. Influence of TV productions. D. Enthusiasm for quality food business. 19. What is seen as their additional source of new income? A. Modern tendency to buy natural foods.B. Increase in the value of land property. C. Raising and selling rare live stock.D. Publicity as a result of media coverage. 20. The sentence in the last paragraph "... Britain isn't catching up with mainland Europe; it's leading the way" implies that ________. A. Britain has taken a different path to boost economy.B. more authentic foods are being produced in Britain C. the British are heading back to the countrysideD. the Europeans are showing great interest in country life TEXT C In Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren't stereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation. First the castellers form what looks like a gigantic rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders – then still others, each time adding a higher "story". These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings: nine "stories", 35 feet into the air. Then, just When it seems this tower of humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below. Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis arid the Mediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe-them tip close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy about what the castellers do-and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual. None of the castellers can-give a logical answer as to why they love doing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan." Barcelona's mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona, you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words "raucous" and "ruckus". What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa – it defies common sense – but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal. The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different. Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia – the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital – are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain's territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production – everything from textiles to computers – even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economic miracle. Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shaded boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it's the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, and an attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artists throng the Ramblas – stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust, Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happily playing children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who, upon closer inspection, prove not to be. Aficionados (Fans) of Barcelona love to compare notes: "Last night there was a man standing on the balcony of his hotel room," Mariana Bertagnolli, an Italian photographer, told me. "The balcony was on the second floor. He was naked, and he was talking into a cell phone." There you have it, Barcelona's essence. The man is naked (rauxa), but he is talking into a cell phone (seny). 21. From the description in the passage, we learn that ________. A. all Catalonians can perform castellsB. castells require performers to stand on each other C. people perform castells in different formationsD. in castells people have to push and pull each other 22. According to the passage, the4mplication of the performance is that ________. A. the Catalonians are insensible and noisy peopleB. the Catalonians show more sense than is expected C. the Catalonians display paradoxical characteristicsD. the Catalonians think highly of team work 23. The passage cites the following examples EXCEPT ________ to show seny at work. A. development of a bankB. dynamic role in economyC. contribution to national economy D. comparison with other regions 24. In the last but two paragraph, the Ramblas is described as "a front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event". What does it mean? A. On the Ramblas people can see a greater variety of performances. B. The Ramblas provides many front seats for the performances. C. The Ramblas is preferred as an important venue for the events. D. Theatrical performers like to perform on the Ramblas. 25. What is the main impression of the scenes on the Ramblas? A. It is bizarre and outlandish.B. It is of average quality.C. It is conventional and quiet.D. It is of professional standard. TEXT D The law firm Patrick worked for before he died filed for bankruptcy protection a year after his funeral. After his death, the firm's letterhead properly included him: Patrick S. Lanigan, 1954-1992. He was listed up in the right-hand corner, just above the paralegals. Then the rumors got started and wouldn't stop. Before long, everyone believed he had taken the money and disappeared. After three months, no one on the Gulf Coast believed that he was dead. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up. The remaining partners in the law firm were still together, attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages and the bank notes, back when they were rolling and on the verge of serious wealth. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy. Since Patrick's departure, they had tried every possible way to divorce one another, but nothing would work. Two were raging alcoholics who drank at the office behind locked doors, but nevertogether. The other two were in recovery, still teetering on the brink of sobriety. He took their money. Their millions. Money they had already spent long before it arrived, as only lawyers can do. Money for their richly renovated office building in downtown Biloxi. Money for new homes, yachts, condos in the Caribbean. The money was on the way, approved, the papers signed, orders entered; they could see it, almost touch it when their dead partner – Patrick – snatched it at the last possible second. He was dead. They buried him on February 11, 1992. They had consoled the widow and put his rotten name on their handsome letterhead. Yet six weeks later, he somehow stole their money. They had brawled over who was to blame. Charles Bogan, the firm's senior partner and its iron hand, had insisted the money be wired from its source into a new account offshore, and this made sense after some discussion. It was ninety million bucks, a third of which the firm would keep, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousand. Someone at the bank would talk. Soon everyone would know. All four vowed secrecy, even as they made plans to display as much of their new wealth as possible. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater. So Bogan took his share of the blame. At forty-nine, he was the oldest of the four, and, at the moment, the most stable. He was also responsible for hiring Patrick nine years earlier, and for this he had received no small amount of grief. Doug Vitrano, the litigator, had made the fateful decision to recommend Patrick as the fifth partner. The other three had agreed, and when Patrick Lanigan was added to the firm name, he had access to virtually every file in the office. Bogan, Rapley, Vitrano, Havarac, and Lanigan, Attorneys and Counselors-at-Law. A large ad in the yellow pages claimed "Specialists in Offshore Injuries." Specialists or not, like most firms they would take almost anything if the fees were lucrative. Lots of secretaries and paralegals. Big overhead, and the strongest political connections on the Coast. They were all in their mid-to late forties. Havarac had been raised by his father on a shrimp boat. His hands were still proudly calloused, and he dreamed of choking Patrick until his neck snapped. Rapley was severely depressed and seldom left his home, where he wrote briefs in a dark office in the attic. 26. What happened to the four remaining lawyers after Patrick's disappearance? A. They all wanted to divorce their wives.B. They were all heavily involved in debts. C. They were all recovering from drinking.D. They had bought new homes, yachts, etc. 27. Which of the following statements contains a metaphor? A. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up. B.…they could see it, almost touch it when their dead partner... C.…, attached unwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages... D.…, and for this he had received no small amount of grief. 28. According to the passage, what is the main cause of Patrick stealing the money? A. Patrick was made a partner of the firm. B. The partners agreed to have the money transferred. C. Patrick had access to all the files in the firm. D. Bogan decided to hire Patrick nine years earlier. 29. The lawyers were described as being all the following EXCEPT A. greedyB. extravagantC. quarrelsomeD. bad-tempered 30. Which of the following implies a contrast? A.…, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi, population fifty thousand. B. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus the bankruptcy. C. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater. D. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) 35. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ________. A. William Langland.B. Geoffrey Chaucer.C. William Shakespeare.D. Alfred Tennyson. 36. Who wrote The American? A. Herman Melville.B. Nathaniel Hawthorne.C. Henry James.D. Theodore Dreiser. 37. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPT A. George Eliot.B. Iris Jean Murdoch.C. Doris Lessing.D. Muriel Spark. 38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity. 39. What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry."? A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above. 40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________. A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1— part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2— a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3— race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States 4— split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5— different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6— proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favoured the adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7— and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8— knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying with the same language as before. 9— Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10— that political independence and national identity can be complete without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language. PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 都市寸土千金, 地价炒得越来越高, 今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望, 对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望, 一种 梦想。我想, 其实谁都有一个小小花园, 这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发, 人的内心世界也是需要开发的。 人和动物的区别, 除了众所周知的诸多方面, 恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器, 而内心世界是 一种景观, 它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的渐损, 以至 于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。 But, as has been true in many other cases, when they were at last married, the most ideal of situations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared their original duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for both our friends; they understood suddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had made themselves slaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they had assumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must fulfill in some way or another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they had been longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed they never felt so keenly that they were still units in modern society. Part II Reading Comprehension (30 min) TEXT A The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. Once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe's regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country's three million people. The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club-Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union. The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe-only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living. Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means "land of compatriots," is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation's symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere-on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers. "Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens," said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales's annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands. "There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence," Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. "We used to think. We can't do anything, we're only Welsh. Now I think that's changing." 11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to ________. A. maintain the present status among the nationsB. reduce legislative powers of England C. create a better state of equality among the nationsD. grant more say to all the nations in the union 12. The word "centrifugal" in the second paragraph means ________. A. separatistB. conventionalC. feudalD. political 13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT A. people's desire for devolutionB. locals' turnout for the votingC. powers of the legislative body D. status of the national language 14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity ________. A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language. B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union. C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation. D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight. 15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is ________. A. people's mentalityB. pop cultureC. town's appearanceD. possibilities for the people TEXT B Getting to the heart of Kuwaiti democracy seems hilariously easy. Armed only with a dog-eared NEWSWEEK ID, I ambled through the gates of the National Assembly last week. Unscanned, unsearched, my satchel could easily have held the odd grenade or an anthrax-stuffed lunchbox. The only person who stopped me was a guard who grinned and invited me to take a swig of orange juice from his plastic bottle. Were I a Kuwaiti woman wielding a ballot, I would have been a clearer and more present danger. That very day Parliament blocked a bill giving women the vote; 29 M. P. s voted in favour and 29 against, with two abstentions. Unable to decide whether the bill had passed or not, the government scheduled another vote in two weeks-too late for women to register for June's municipal elections. The next such elections aren't until 2009. Inside the elegant, marbled Parliament itself, a sea of mustachioed men in white robes sat in green seats, debating furiously. The ruling emir has pushed for women's political rights for years. Ironically, the democratically elected legislature has thwarted him. Traditionalists and tribal leaders are opposed. Liberals fret, too, that Islamists will let their multiple wives vote, swelling conservative ranks. "When I came to Parliament today, people who voted yes didn't even shake hands with me," said one Shia clerc. "Why can't we respect each other and work together?" Why not indeed? By Gulf standards, Kuwait is a democratic superstar. Its citizens enjoy free speech (as long as they don't insult their emir, naturally) and boast a Parliament that can actually pass laws. Unlike their Saudi sisters, Kuwaiti women drive, work and travel freely. They run multibillion-dollar businesses and serve as ambassadors. Their academic success is such that colleges have actually lowered the grades required for make students to get into medical and engineering courses. Even then, 70 percent of university students are females. In Kuwait, the Western obsession with the higab finds its equivalent. At a fancy party for NEWSWEEK's Arabic edition, some Kuwaiti women wore them. Others opted for tight, spangled, sheer little numbers in peacock blue or parrot orange. For the party's entertainment, Nancy Ajram, the Arab world's answer to Britney Spears, sang passionate songs of love in a white mini-dress. She couldn't dance for us, alas, since shaking one's body onstage is illegal in Kuwait. That didn't stop whole tables of men from raising their camera-enabled mobile phones and clicking her picture. You'd think not being able to vote or dance in public would anger Kuwait's younger generation of women. To find out, I headed to the malls-Kuwait's archipelago of civic freedom. Eager to duck Strict parents and the social taboos of dating in public. young Kuwaitis have taken to cafes, beaming flirtatious infrared e-mails to one another on their cell photos. At Starbucks in the glittering Al Sharq Mall, I found only tables of men, puffing cigarettes and grumbling about the service. At Pizza Hut, I thought I'd got an answer after encountering a young woman who looked every inch the modern suffragette – drainpipe jeans, strappy sliver high-heeled sandals and a higab studded with purple rhinestones. But, no, Miriam Al-Enizi, 20, studying business administration at Kuwait University, doesn't think women need the vote." Men are better at politics than women," she explained, adding that women in Kuwait already have everything they need. Welcome to democracy, Kuwait style. 16. According to the passage, which of the following groups of people might be viewed as being dangerous by the guards? A. Foreign tourists.B. Women protestors.C. Foreign journalists.D. Members of the National Assembly. 17. The bill giving women the vote did not manage to pass because ________. A. Different interest groups held different concerns.B. Liberals did not reach consensus among themselves. C. Parliament was controlled by traditionalists.D. Parliament members were all conservatives. 18. What is the role of the 4th and 5th paragraphs in the development of the topic? A. To show how Kuwaiti women enjoy themselves.B. To describe how women work and study in Kuwait. C. To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.D. To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs. 19. Which of the following is NOT true about young Kuwaiti women? A. They seem to be quite contented.B. They go in for Western fashions. C. They desire more than modern necessities.D. They favour the use of hi-tech products. TEXT C Richard, King of England from 1189 to 1199, with all his characteristic virtues and faults cast in a heroic mould, is one of the most fascinating medieval figures. He has been described as the creature and embodiment of the age of chivalry, In those days the lion was much admired in heraldry, and more than one king sought to link himself with its repute. When Richard's contemporaries called him" Coeur de Lion" (The Lion heart), they paid a lasting compliment to the king of beasts. Little did the English people owe him for his services, and heavily did they pay for his adventures. He was in England only twice for a few short months in his ten years' reign; yet his memory has always English hearts, and seems to present throughout the centuries the pattern of the fighting man. In all deeds of prowess as well as in large schemes of war Richard shone. He was tall and delicately shaped strong in nerve and sinew, and most dexterous in arms. He rejoiced in personal combat, and regarded his opponents without malice as necessary agents in his fame He loved war, not so much for the sake of glory or political ends, but as other men love science or poetry, for the excitement of the struggle and the glow of victory. By this his whole temperament was toned; and united with the highest qualities of the military commander, love of war called forth all the powers of his mind and body. Although a man of blood and violence, Richard was too impetuous to be either treacherous on habitually cruel. He was as ready to forgive as he was hasty to offend; he was open-handed and munificent to profusion; in war circumspect in design and skilful in execution; in political a child, lacking in subtlety and experience. His political alliances were formed upon his likes and dislikes; his political schemes had neither unity nor clearness of purpose. The advantages gained for him by military geoids were flung away through diplomatic ineptitude. When, on the journey to the East, Messina in Sicily was won by his arms he was easily persuaded to share with his polished, faithless ally, Philip Augustus, fruits of a victory which more wisely used might have foiled the French King's artful schemes. The rich and tenable acquisition of Cyprus was cast away even more easily than it was won. His life was one magnificent parade, which, when ended, left only an empty plain. In 1199, when the difficulties of raising revenue for the endless war were at their height, good news was brought to King Richard. It was said there had been dug up near the castle of Chaluz, on the lands of one of his French vassals, a treasure of wonderful quality; a group of golden images of an emperor, his wife, sons and daughters, seated round a table, also of gold, had been unearthed. The King claimed this treasure as lord paramount. The lord of Chaluz resisted the demand, and the King laid siege to his small, weak castle. On the third day, as he rode daringly, near the wall. confident in his hard-tried luck, a bolt from a crossbow struck him in the left shoulder by the neck. The wound, already deep, was aggravated by the necessary cutting out of the arrow-head. Gangrene set in, and Coeur de Lion knew that he must pay a soldier's debt. He prepared for death with fortitude and calm, and in accordance with the principles he had followed. He arranged his affairs, he divided his personal belongings among his friends or bequeathed them to charity. He declared John to be his heir, and made all present swear fealty to him. He ordered the archer who had shot the fatal bolt, and who was now a prisoner, to be brought before him. He pardoned him, and made him a gift of money. For seven years he had not confessed for fear of being compelled to be reconciled to Philip, but now he received the offices of the Church with sincere and exemplary piety, and died in the forty-second year of his age on April 6, 1199, worthy, by the consent of all men, to sit with King Arthur and Roland and other heroes of martial romance at some Eternal round Table, which we trust the Creator of the Universe in His comprehension will not have forgotten to provide. The archer was flayed alive. 20. "little did the English people own him for his service" (paragraph one) means that the English ________. A. paid few taxes to himB. gave him little respectC. received little protection from him D. had no real cause to feel grateful to him 21. To say that his wife was a "magnificent parade" (paragraph Two) implies that it was to some extent. A. spent chiefly at warB. impressive and admirableC. lived too pompouslyD. an empty show 22. Richard's behaviour as death approached showed.\ A. bravery and self-controlB. Wisdom and correctness.C. Devotion and romance.D. Chivalry and charity. 23. The point of the last short paragraph is that Richard was ________. A. cheated by his own successorsB. determined to take revenge on his enemies C. more generous to his enemies than his successorsD. unable to influence the behavior of his successors 24. Which of the following phrase best describes Richard as seen by the author? A. An aggressive king, too fond of war.B. A brave king with minor faults. C. A competent but cunning soldier.D. A kind with great political skills. 25. The relationship between the first and second paragraphs is that ________. A. each presents one side of the pictureB. the first generalizes the second gives examples C. the second is the logical result of the firstD. both present Richard's virtues and faults TEXT D The miserable fate of Enron's employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It's the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century. The promise was assured economic security-even comfort-for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days-lack of food warmth, shelter-would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programmes for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility-in some cases the promise-of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions.? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person's stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I'm on my own. Now it became, Ultimately I'll be taken care of. The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended it's no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won't provide social security for any of us. A less visible but equally significant trend a affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401 (k). the significance of the 401 (k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person's economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested-the two factors that will determine how much it's worth when the employee retires. Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees' 401 (k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee's 401 (k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company's problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron's 401 (k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to. But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401 (k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn't prudent, but it's what some of them did. The Enron employees'' retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That's why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I'll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won't be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they're on their own 26. Why does the author say at the beginning "The miserable fate of Enron's employees will be a landmark in business history…"? A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again. C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security. 27. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in ________. A. people's outlook on lifeB. people's life stylesC. people's living standardD. people's social values 28. Changes in pension schemes were also part of ________. A. the corporate lay-offsB. the government cuts in welfare spendingC. the economic restructuring D. the warning power of labors unions 29. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because ________. A. the 401 (k) made them responsible for their own futureB. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment. C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spendingD. Enron's offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan. 30. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster? A. 401 (k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option. B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves. C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people's mind. D. Economic security won't be taken for granted by future young workers. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) 33. The Declaration of Independence was written by ________. A. Thomas Jefferson.B. George Washington.C. Alexander Hamilton.D. James Madison. 35. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte? A. Oliver Twist.B. Middlemarch.C. Jane Eyre.D. Wuthering Heights. 36. William Butler Yeats was a (n) ________ poet and playwright. A. American.B. Canadian.C. Irish.D. Australian. 37. Death of a Salesman was written by ________. A. Arthur Miller.B. Ernest Hemingway.C. Ralph Ellison.D. James Baldwin. 38. ________ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology.B. Morphology.C. Semantics.D. Sociolinguistics. 39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic 40. The word tail once referred to "the tail of a horse", but now it is used to mean "the tail of any animal." This is an example of ________. A. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1 and ? or records of ancient languages show us language in a new and? 2 show ? showing? emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language? 3 the originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4 and ? but? necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries? 5 large ? lager? than we find in Engli**. ** is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in? 6 in ? on? other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7 return ? response? such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8on between these noises and language proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to ? large extent, 9 ? a? whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional? 10 these ? those? PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 暮色中, 河湾里落满云霞, 与天际的颜色混合一起, 分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。 也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边, 在河湾之畔, 一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来, 看一眼 这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间, 在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了, 他不 知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美, 让它们长得肥滚滚的, 像些胖娃娃。如 果走近了, 会发现它们那可爱的神情, 洁白的牙齿, 那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞, 还会 生出无限的怜悯。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life. At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet. Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world. Our world is bursting with knowledge-but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs. For all these reasons I believed-and I believe even more strongly today-in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2006) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30MIN) TEXT A The University in transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow's universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today. The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University – a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, efficient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world's great libraries. Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a "college education in a box" could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving then out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn. On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content-or other dangers-will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also at work. Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become "if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?" Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow's university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would function much like today's faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them. A third new role for faculty, and in Gidley's view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismatic sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems. Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be "enrolled" in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between-or even during-sessions at a real-world problem-focused institution. As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities. 11. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, A. he is in favour of itB. his view is balancedC. he is slightly critical of itD. he is strongly critical of it 12. Which of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University? A. Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional ones. B. Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs. C. internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content D. The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity. 13. According to the review, what is the fundamental mission of traditional university education? A. Knowledge learning and career building.B. Learning how to solve existing social problems. C. Researching into solutions to current world problems. D. Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning. 14. Judging from the Three new roles envisioned for tomorrow's university faculty, university teachers ________. A. are required to conduct more independent researchB. are required to offer more course to their students…… C. are supposed to assume more demanding dutiesD. are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty 15. Which category of writing does the review belong to? A. Narration.B. Description.C. persuasionD. Exposition. TEXT B Every street had a story, every building a memory, Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out. The town had changed, but then it hadn't. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to adjoining landowners. nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year. But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Kay roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God intended. It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and (here was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churches-Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian-facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height. They were empty now, hut in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services. The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn't's single empty or boarded-up building around the square-no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath. He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he'd never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother's grave, something he hadn't done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged. Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father's study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be give, many decrees and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered. Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he'd climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he'd never visited since he'd left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team. It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting. 16. From the first paragraph, we get the impression that ________. A. Ray cherished his childhood memories.B. Ray had something urgent to take care of. C. Ray may not have a happy childhood.D. Ray cannot remember his childhood days. 17. Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray's hometown? A. Lifeless.B. Religious.C. Traditional.D. Quiet. 18. Form the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents was ________. A. closeB. remoteC. tenseD. impossible to tell 19. It can be inferred from the passage that Ray's father was all EXCEPT A. considerateB. punctualC. thriftyD. dominant TEXT C Campaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down which fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are always engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might pass unarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and his valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population. Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for these glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced. The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair), but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the "butcher and bolt policy" to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source. 20. The word debts in "very few debts are left unpaid" in the first paragraph means ________. A. loansB. accountsC. killingsD. bargains 21. Which of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier? A. Melting snows.B. Large population.C. Steep hillsides.D. Fertile valleys. 22. According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed ________. A. the introduction of the rifleB. the spread of British ruleC. the extension of luxuriesD. the spread of trade 23. Building roads by the British ________. A. put an end to a whole series of quarrelsB. prevented the Pathans from earning on feuds C. lessened the subsidies paid to the PathansD. gave the Pathans a much quieter life 24. A suitable title for the passage would be ________. A. Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B. Why the Pathans resented the British rule. C. The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D. The Pathans at war. TEXT D "Museum" is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses' shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples – notably that of Hera at Olympia (before which the Olympic flame is still lit)-had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose. The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant "Muses' shrine". The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries-which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, which became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostrich eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems-often antique engraved ones-as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined. At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not "collected" either, but "site-specific", and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them-and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to emulation; and so could be considered Muses' shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early "inspirational" collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary "modern" works were In the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth: London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of "improving" collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them. 25. The sentence "Museum is a slippery word" in the first paragraph means that ________. A. the meaning of the word didn't change until after the 15th century B. the meaning of the word had changed over the years C. the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans D. princes and merchants added paintings to their collections 26. The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from ________. A. the RomansB. Florence.C. Olympia.D. Greek. 27. "… the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined" in the third paragraph means that ________. A. there was a great demand for fakersB. fakers grew rapidly in number C. fakers became more skillfulD. fakers became more polite 28. Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were ________. A. collected from elsewhereB. made part of the buildings C. donated by peopleD. bought by churches 29. Modern museums came into existence in order to ________. A. protect royal and church treasuresB. improve existing collections C. stimulate public interestD. raise more funds 30. Which is the main idea of the passage? A. Collection and collectors.B. The evolution of museums.C. Modern museums and their functions. D. The birth of museums. PART III General Knowledge (10 min) 35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century? A. T. S. Eliot.B. D. H. Lawrence.C. Theodore Dreiser.D. James Joyce. 36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by ________. A. Scott Fitzgerald.B. William Faulkner.C. Eugene O'Neil.D. Ernest Hemingway. 37. ________ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. A. Free verse.B. Sonnet.C. Ode.D. Epigram. 38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of ________. A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymD. context 39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of ________. A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms 40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by ________. A. Halliday.B. Chomsky.C. Bloomfield.D. Saussure. Part IV Proofreading & Error Correction (15 min) We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1 to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message: the English speaker has iii his disposal at vocabulary and a 2 set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, ill a variety of styles, to the other English 3 speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively 4 and that which he recognises, increases ill size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. 5 But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more, than a psychological reality for the individual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; he bas to give tile system a 6 concrete transmission form. We take it for granted rice' two most common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are among most striking of human achievements. 7 8 9 10 ________ Part V Translation (60 min) 中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切, 在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较 为恰当的地位, 而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷, 基本上比西方人为少为小,因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望 与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多,因此欲望也小得多。况中国古代素来以不滞于物, 不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴, 但比起莫利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来, 就小巫见 大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实、比西方人容易满足。 On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his first speech to Parliament. He was preparing the people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at a time when England's survival was still in doubt. "… I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage by land, sea, and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs – victory in spite of all terrors – for without victory there is no survival. Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, 'Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength'." TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2005) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN) TEXT A I remember meeting him one evening with his pushcart. I had managed to sell all my papers and was coming home in the snow. It was that strange hour in downtown New York when the workers were pouring homeward in the twilight. I marched among thousands of tired men and women whom the factory whistles had unyoked. They flowed in rivers through the clothing factory districts, then down along the avenues to the East Side. I met my father near Cooper Union. I recognized him, a hunched, frozen figure in an old overcoat standing by a banana cart. He looked so lonely, the tears came to my eyes. Then he saw me, and his face lit with his sad, beautiful smile-Charlie Chaplin's smile. "Arch, it's Mikey," he said. "So you have sold your papers! Come and eat a banana." He offered me one. I refused it. I felt it crucial that my father sell his bananas, not give them away. He thought I was shy, and coaxed and joked with me, and made me eat the banana. It smelled of wet straw and snow. "You haven't sold many bananas today, pop," I said anxiously. He shrugged his shoulders. "What can I do? No one seems to want them." It was true. The work crowds pushed home morosely over the pavements. The rusty sky darkened over New York building, the tall street lamps were lit, innumerable trucks, street cars and elevated trains clattered by. Nobody and nothing in the great city stopped for my father's bananas. "I ought to yell," said my father dolefully. "I ought to make a big noise like other peddlers, but it makes my throat sore. Anyway, I'm ashamed of yelling, it makes me feel like a fool. " I had eaten one of his bananas. My sick conscience told me that I ought to pay for it somehow. I must remain here and help my father. "I'll yell for you, pop," I volunteered. "Arch, no," he said, "go home; you have worked enough today. Just tell momma I'll be late." But I yelled and yelled. My father, standing by, spoke occasional words of praise, and said I was a wonderful yeller. Nobody else paid attention. The workers drifted past us wearily, endlessly; a defeated army wrapped in dreams of home. Elevated trains crashed; the Cooper Union clock burned above us; the sky grew black, the wind poured, the slush burned through our shoes. There were thousands of strange, silent figures pouring over the sidewalks in snow. None of them stopped to buy bananas. I yelled and yelled, nobody listened. My father tried to stop me at last. "Nu," he said smiling to console me, "that was wonderful yelling. Mikey. But it's plain we are unlucky today! Let's go home." I was frantic, and almost in tears. I insisted on keeping up my desperate yells. But at last my father persuaded me to leave with him. 11. "unyoked" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________. A. sent outB. releasedC. dispatchedD. removed 12. Which of the following in the first paragraph does NOT indicated crowds of people? A. Thousands of.B. Flowed.C. Pouring.D. Unyoked. 13. Which of the following is intended to be a pair of contrast in the passage? A. Huge crowds and lonely individuals.B. Weather conditions and street lamps. C. Clattering trains and peddlers' yells.D. Moving crowds and street traffic. 14. Which of the following words is NOT suitable to describe the character of the son? A. Compassionate.B. Responsible.C. Shy.D. Determined. 15. What is the theme of the story? A. The misery of the factory workers.B. How to survive in a harsh environment. C. Generation gap between the father and the son.D. Love between the father and the son. 16. What is the author's attitude towards the father and the son? A. Indifferent.B. Sympathetic.C. Appreciative.D. Difficult to tell. TEXT B When former President Ronald Reagan fell and broke his hip two weeks ago, he joined a group of more than 350,000 elderly Americans who fracture their hips each year. At 89 and suffering from advanced Alzheimer's disease, Reagan is in one of the highest-risk groups for this type of accident. The incidence of hip fractures not only increases after age 50 but doubles every five to six years as the risk of falling increases. Slipping and tumbling are not the only causes of hip fractures; weakened bones sometimes break spontaneously. But falling is the major cause, representing 90% of all hip fractures. These injuries are not to be taken lightly. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, only 25% of those who suffer hip fractures ever fully recover; as many as 20% will die within 12 months. Even when patients do recover, nearly half will need a cane or a walker to get around. When it comes to hip fractures, the most dangerous place for elderly Americans, it turns out, is their homes; nearly 60% of these dangerous spills will occur in ore around the patient's domicile. This isn't all bad news, however, because a few modifications could prevent a lot of accidents. The first thing to do is to get rid of those throw rugs that line hallways and entrances. They often fold over or bunch up, turning them into booby traps for anyone shuffling down the hall. Entering and leaving the house is a particularly high-risk activity, which is why some experts suggest removing any doorsills higher than 1/2 in. if the steps are bare wood, you can increase traction by applying non-slip treads. Because many seniors suffer from poor balance (whether from neurological deficits or from the inner-ear problems that increase naturally with aging), it also helps to install grab bars and handrails in bathrooms and along hallways. The bedroom is another major hazard area that can be made much safer with a few adjustments. Avoid stain sheets and comforters, and opt for non-slip material like wool or cotton. Easy access to devices is important, so place a lamp, telephone and flashlight near the bed within arm's reach. Make sure the pathway between the bedroom and bathroom is completely clear, and install a night-light along the route for those emergency late-night trips. It's a good idea to rearrange the furniture throughout the house, so that the paths between rooms are free of obstructions. Also, make sure telephone and appliance cords aren't strung across common walkways, where they can be tripped over. In addition to these physical precautions, there are the health precautions every aging body should take. Physical and eye examinations, with special attention to cardiac and blood-pressure problems, should be performed annually to rule out serious medical conditions. Blood pressure that's too low or an irregular heartbeat can put you at risk for fainting and falling. Don't forget to take calcium and vitamin D, two critical factors in developing strong bones. Finally, enrolling in an exercise programme at your local gym can improve agility, strength, balance and coordination - all important skills that can keep you on your feet and off the floor. 17. The following are all specific measures to guard against injuries with the EXCEPTION of ________. A. removal of throw rugsB. easy access to devicesC. installation of grab barsD. re-arrangement of furniture 18. In which paragraph does the author state his purpose of writing? A. The third paragraph.B. The first paragraph.C. The last paragraph.D. The last but one paragraph. 19. The main purpose of the passage is to ________. A. offer advice on how to prevent hip fracturesB. emphasize the importance of health precautions C. discuss the seriousness of hip fracturesD. identify the causes of hip fractures TEXT C In his classic novel, "The Pioneers", James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Everywhere," he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being." In 2012, America will still be the place where the future happens first, for that is the nation's oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by vision of future glories, God's kingdom on earth. The early pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were convinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built on bands of iron. It's now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot – com entrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon. "The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even in anticipation," Herman Melville wrote. "The Future is the Bible of the Free." This future – mindedness explains many modern features of American life. It explains workaholism: the average American works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans move more, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other lands. They also, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries. Forty-five percent of world Internet use takes place in the United States. Even today, after the bursting on the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firms – which are in the business of betting on the future – dwarf the firms from all other nations. Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural recourses. It also leads to incredible innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75 percent of the Nobel laureates in economics and the sciences over recent decades have lived or worked in the United States. The country remains a magnet for the future-minded from other nations. One in 12 Americans has enjoyed the thrill and challenge of starting his own business. A study published in the Journal of International Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people are spread pretty evenly throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortable with risk. Entrepreneurs in the US are more likely to believe that they possess the ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australia or Singapore. If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. It seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh – pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becoming more French. By 2012, this period of chastisement will likely have run its course, and future-mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse. We don't know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy will look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of American office space were located in central cities. The new companies, research centers and entrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near airports, highways and the Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of suburban life. There are entirely new metropolises rising – boom suburbs like Mesa, Arizona, that already have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We are now approaching a moment in which the majority of American office space, and the hub of American entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in places like Rockville, Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around Atlanta. We also know that future-mindedness itself will become the object of greater study. We are discovering that there are many things that human beings do easily that computers can do only with great difficulty, if at all. Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates. And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope. 20. The third paragraph examines America's future-mindedness from the ________ perspective. A. futureB. realisticC. historicalD. present 21. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT brought about by future-mindedness? A. Economic stagnation.B. Environmental destruction.C. High divorce rates.D. Neglect of history. 22. The word "pooh-pooh" in the sixth paragraph means ________. A. appreciateB. praiseC. shunD. ridicule 23. According to the passage, people at present can forecast ________ of a new round of future-mindedness. A. the natureB. the locationC. the varietyD. the features 24. The author predicts in the last paragraph that the study of future-mindedness will focus on ________. A. how it comes into beingB. how it functionsC. what it brings aboutD. what it is related to TEXT D 25. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they ________. A. are confident in their ability to charm womenB. take the initiative in courtship C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly"D. tend to be more immoral than women are 26. The third paragraph does NOT claim that men ________. A. prevent women from taking up certain professionsB. secretly admire women's intellect and resolution C. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in businessD. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies 27. The third paragraph ________. A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraph C. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph 28. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order to ________. A. show that men are stronger than womenB. carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphs C. support the first sentence of the same paragraphD. disown the ideas he is expressing 29. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph ________. A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behave C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer 30. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author ________. A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changing PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN) 35. The novel Emma is written by ________. A. Mary Shelley.B. Charlotte Bronte.C. Elizabeth C. Gaskell.D. Jane Austen. 36. Which of following is NOT a romantic poet? A. William Wordsworth.B. George Elliot.C. George G. Byron.D. Percy B. Shelley. 37. William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous for ________. A. his poemsB. his playsC. his short storiesD. his novels 38. Syntax is the study of ________. A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation 39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness. 40. The speech act theory was first put forward by ________. A. John Searle.B. John Austin.C. Noam Chomsky.D. M. A. K. Halliday. Part IV Proofreading & Error Correction (15 min) The University as Business A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuition increases for next year much steeper than the current, very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments' heavily investing in common 1 stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 2 business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of being 3 in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 4 graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable. 5 The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students 6 a governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the 7 athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier 8 from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purely 9 of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10 PART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 一个人的生命究竟有多大意义, 这有什么可以衡量吗,提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难,但是, 大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真, 看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何, 也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。 古来一切有成就的人, 都很严肃地对待自己的生命, 当他活着一天, 总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习, 不肯虚度年华, 不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。 It is simple enough to say that since books have – classes fiction, biography, poetry – we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2004) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U. S Congress is the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees – either standing committees, special committees set for a specific 1 purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. Investigations are held to gather information on the need for 2 future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 3 and to make out detailed studies of issues. There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most 4 committee hearings are open to public and are reported 5 widely in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. 6 Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt 7 of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. 8 9 10 PART III Reading Comprehension (30 min) TEXT A Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections. Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete." Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade. 16. By comparison, farmers ________ receive more government subsidies than others. A. in the developing worldB. in JapanC. in EuropeD. in America 17. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a ________ motive behind Bush's signing of the new farm bill. A. partisanB. socialC. financialD. cultural 18. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that ________. A. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade B. "the least developed country" status benefits agricultural countries C. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization D. farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies 19. The writer's attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is ________. A. favourableB. ambiguousC. criticalD. reserved TEXT B Oscar Wilde said that work is the refuge of people who have nothing better to do. If so, Americans are now among the world's saddest refugees. Factory workers in the United States are working longer hours than at any time in the past half century. America once led the rich world in cutting the average working week – from 70 hours in 1850 to less than 40 hours by the 1950s. It seemed natural that as people grew richer they would trade extra earnings for more leisure. Since the 1970s, however, the hours clocked up by American workers have risen, to an average of 42 this year in manufacturing. Several studies suggest that something similar is happening outside manufacturing: Americans are spending more time at work than they did 20 years ago. Executives and lawyers boast of 80 hour weeks. On holiday, they seek out fax machines and phones as eagerly as Germans bag the best sun loungers. Yet working time in Europe and Japan continues to fall. In Germany's engineering industry the working week is to be trimmed from 36 to 35 hours next year. Most Germans get six weeks' paid annual holiday; even the Japanese now take three weeks. Americans still make do with just two. Germany responds to this contrast with its usual concern about whether people's aversion to work is damaging its competitiveness. Yet German workers, like the Japanese, seem to be acting sensibly: as their incomes rise, they can achieve a better standard of living with fewer hours of work. The puzzle is why America, the world's richest country, sees things differently. It is a puzzle with sinister social implications. Parents spend less time with their children, who may be left alone at home for longer. Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise? Some explanations for America's time at work fail to stand up to scrutiny. One blames weak trade unions that leave workers open to exploitation. Are workers being forced by cost cutting firms to toil harder just to keep their jobs? A recent study by two American economists, Richard Freeman and Linda Bell, suggests not: when asked, Americans actually want to work longer hours. Most German workers, in contrast, would rather work less. Then, why do Americans want to work harder? One reason may be that the real earnings of many Americans have been stagnant or falling during the past two decades. People work longer merely to maintain their living standards. Yet many higher-skilled workers, who have enjoyed big increases in their real pay, have been working harder too. Also, one reason for the slow growth of wages has been the rapid growth in employment – which is more or less where the argument began. Taxes may have something to do with it. People who work an extra hour in America are allowed to keep more of their money than those who do the same in Germany. Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer. None of these answers really explains why the century long decline in working hours has gone into reverse in America but not elsewhere (though Britain shows signs of following America's lead). Perhaps cultural differences – the last refuge of the defeated economist – are at play. Economists used to believe that once workers earned enough to provide for their basic needs and allow for a few luxuries, their incentive to work would be eroded, like lions relaxing after a kill. But humans are more susceptible to advertising than lions. Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that "basic needs" – for a shower with built in TV, for a rocket propelled car – expand continuously. Shopping is already one of America's most popular pastimes. But it requires money – hence more work and less leisure. Or try this: the television is not very good, and baseball and hockey keep being wiped out by strikes. Perhaps Wilde was right. Maybe Americans have nothing better to do. 20. In the United States, working longer hours is ________. A. confined to the manufacturing industryB. a traditional practice in some sectors C. prevalent in all sectors of societyD. favoured by the economists 21. According to the third paragraph, which might be one of the consequences of working longer hours? A. Rise in employees' working efficiency.B. Rise in the number of young offenders. C. Rise in people's living standards.D. Rise in competitiveness. 22. Which of the following is the cause of working longer hours stated by the writer? A. Expansion of basic needs.B. Cultural differences.C. Increase in real earnings.D. Advertising. TEXT C The fox really exasperated them both. As soon as they had let the fowls out, in the early summer mornings, they had to take their guns and keep guard; and then again as soon as evening began to mellow, they must go once more. And he was so sly. He slid along in the deep grass; he was difficult as a serpent to see. And he seemed to circumvent the girls deliberately. Once or twice March had caught sight of the white tip of his brush, or the ruddy shadow of him in the deep grass, and she had let fire at him. But he made no account of this. The trees on the wood edge were a darkish, brownish green in the full light – for it was the end of August. Beyond, the naked, copper like shafts and limbs of the pine trees shone in the air. Nearer the rough grass, with its long, brownish stalks all agleam, was full of light. The fowls were round about – the ducks were still swimming on the pond under the pine trees. March looked at it all, saw it all, and did not see it. She heard Banford speaking to the fowls in the distance – and she did not hear. What was she thinking about? Heaven knows. Her consciousness was, as it were, held back. She lowered her eyes, and suddenly saw the fox. He was looking up at her. His chin was pressed down, and his eyes were looking up. They met her eyes. And he knew her. She was spellbound – she knew he knew her. So he looked into her eyes, and her soul failed her. He knew her, he has not daunted. She struggled, confusedly she came to herself, and saw him making off, with slow leaps over some fallen boughs, slow, impudent jumps. Then he glanced over his shoulder, and ran smoothly away. She saw his brush held smooth like a feather; she saw his white buttocks twinkle. And he was gone, softly, soft as the wind. She put her gun to her shoulder, but even then pursed her mouth, knowing it was nonsense to pretend to fire. So she began to walk slowly after him, in the direction he had gone, slowly, pertinaciously. She expected to find him. In her heart she was determined to find him. What she would do when she saw him again she did not consider. But she was determined to find him. So she walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood, with wide, vivid dark eyes, and a faint flush in her cheeks. She did not think. In strange mindlessness she walked hither and thither... As soon as supper was over, she rose again to go out, without saying why. She took her gun again and went to look for the fox. For he had lifted his eyes upon her, and his knowing look seemed to have entered her brain. She did not so much think of him: she was possessed by him. She saw his dark, shrewd, unabashed eye looking into her, knowing her. She felt him invisibly master her spirit. She knew the way he lowered his chin as he looked up, she knew his muzzle, the golden brown, and the greyish white. And again she saw him glance over his shoulder at her, half inviting, half contemptuous and cunning. So she went, with her great startled eyes glowing, her gun under her arm, along the wood edge. Meanwhile the night fell, and a great moon rose above the pine trees. 23. At the beginning of the story, the fox seems to the all EXCEPT ________. A. cunningB. fierceC. defiantD. annoying 24. As the story proceeds, March begins to feel under the spell of ________. A. the lightB. the treesC. the nightD. the fox 25. Gradually March seems to be in a state of ________. A. blanknessB. imaginationC. sadnessD. excitement 26. At the end of the story, there seems to be a sense of ________ between March and the fox. A. detachmentB. angerC. intimacyD. conflict 27. The passage creates an overall impression of ________. A. mysteryB. horrorC. livelinessD. contempt TEXT D The banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties. This week will see a feast of pan European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police. Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe's Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalisation. Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing. For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns. No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the mean time, the global protest "movement" is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters' once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long term project of governments and world bodies to globalise capital and development is being mirrored by the globalisation of protest. But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power. Their options – apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them – are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses. Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super protests. 28. According to the context, the word "parties" at the end of the first paragraph refers to ________. A. the meeting of the G8 leadersB. the protests on Bastille Day C. the coming pan European protestsD. the big protest to be held in Genoa 29. According to the passage, economic globalisation is paralleled by ________. A. the emerging differences in the global protest movement B. the disappearing differences in the global protest movement C. the growing European concern about globalisation D. the increase in the number of protesters 30. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing? A. Meeting in places difficult to reach.B. Further repressing dissent. C. Accepting the protesters' agenda.D. Abandoning global meetings. 试卷二(120 min) PART IV Translation (60 min) 点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候, 印象很好。吃头两个主菜时, 也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈 趋于冷静, 吃完了这顿宴席, 缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒, 转赞美为责备挑剔, 转首肯为摇头。这是因为, 第 一, 开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态, 而饿了吃糠甜如蜜, 饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二, 你初到一个餐馆, 开始举筷时有 新鲜感, 新盖的茅房三天香, 这也可以叫做"陌生化效应"吧。 For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness. I'm lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when fro the time being I feel empty ad need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out. Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the worlds falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2003) -GRADE EIGHT- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs PART II PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1 years of a steady decline, producing the ―baby boom.‖ These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large 2 families that Went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 3 and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women on who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 4 divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to 5 a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 6 distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 7 Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned. 8 9 10 PART III READING COMPREHENSIOS (40MIN) TEXT A Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gypsies, with little written history, were shrouded in mystery. What is known now from clues in the various dialects of their language, Romany, is that they came from northern India to the Middle East a thousand years ago, working as minstrels and mercenaries, metal-smiths and servants. Europeans misnamed them Egyptians, soon shortened to Gypsies. A clan system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, has made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies, whom they call gadje. Today many Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, which comes from the Romany word for "man". But on my travels among them most still referred to themselves as Gypsies. In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behaviour in their nomadism. At various times they have been forbidden to wear their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language, to travel, to marry one another, or to ply their traditional crafts. In some countries they were reduced to slavery it wasn't until the mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were freed in Romania. In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust. Their horses have been shot and the wheels removed from their wagons, their names have been changed, their women have been sterilized, and their children have been forcibly given for adoption to non-Gypsy families. But the Gypsies have confounded predictions of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group and their numbers have burgeoned. Today there are an estimated 8 to 12 million Gypsies scattered across Europe, making them the continent's largest minority. The exact number is hard to pin down. Gypsies have regularly been undercounted, both by regimes anxious to downplay their profile and by Gypsies themselves, seeking to avoid bureaucracies. Attempting to remedy past inequities, activist groups may overcount. Hundreds of thousands more have emigrated to the Americas and elsewhere. With very few exceptions Gypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own-unlike the Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. "Romanestan" said Ronald Lee, the Canadian Gypsy writer, "is where my two feet stand." 16. Gypsies are united only when they ________. A. are engaged in traditional craftsB. call themselves RomaC. live under a clan systemD. face external threats 17. In history hostility to Gypsies in Europe resulted in their persecution by all the following EXCEPT ________. A. the EgyptiansB. the stateC. the churchD. the Nazis 18. According to the passage, the main difference between the Gypsies and the Jews lies in their concepts of ________. A. languageB. cultureC. identityD. custom TEXT B I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the Hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh Avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit paunchy but still the champ as far as I was concerned. Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry what they see as outside forces running roughshod over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem-the New York Amsterdam News – when a tourist asking directions to Sylvia's, a prominent Harlem restaurant, penetrates my daydreaming. He's carrying a book: Touring Historic Harlem. History. I miss Mr. Michaux's bookstore, his House of Common Sense, which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large letters: "World History Book Outlet on 2,000,000,000 Africans and Nonwhite Peoples." An ugly state office building has swallowed that space. I miss speaker like Carlos Cooks, who was always on the southwest comer of 125th and Seventh, urging listeners to support Africa. Harlem's powerful political electricity seems unplugged-although the sweets are still energized, especially by West African immigrants. Hardworking southern newcomers formed the bulk of the community back in the 1920s and'30s, when Harlem renaissance artists, writers, and intellectuals gave it a glitter and renown that made it the capital of black America. From Harlem, W. E. B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Zora Neal Hurston, and others helped power America's cultural influence around the world. By the 1970s and '80s drugs and crime had ravaged parts of the community. And the life expectancy for men in Harlem was less than that of men in Bangladesh. Harlem had become a symbol of the dangers of inner-city life. Now, you want to shout "Lookin 'good!" at this place that has been neglected for so long. Crowds push into Harlem USA, a new shopping centre on 125th, where a Disney store shares space with HMV Records, the New York Sports Club, and a nine-screen Magic Johnson theatre complex. Nearby, a Rite Aid drugstore also opened. Maybe part of the reason Harlem seems to be undergoing a rebirth is that it is finally getting what most people take for granted. Harlem is also part of an "empowerment zone" – a federal designation aimed at fostering economic growth that will bring over half a billion in federal, state, and local dollars. Just the shells of once elegant old brownstones now can cost several hundred thousand dollars. Rents are skyrocketing. An improved economy, tougher law enforcement, and community efforts against drugs have contributed to a 60 percent drop in crime since 1993. 19. At the beginning the author seems to indicate that Harlem ________. A. has remained unchanged all these yearsB. has undergone drastic changes C. has become the capital of Black AmericaD. has remained a symbol of dangers of inner-city life 20. When the author recalls Harlem in the old days, he has a feeling of ________. A. indifferenceB. discomfortC. delightD. nostalgia 21. Harlem was called the capital of Black America in the 1920s and '30s mainly because of its ________. A. art and cultureB. immigrant populationC. political enthusiasm.'D. distinctive architecture 22. From the passage we can infer that, generally speaking, the author ________. A. has strong reservations about the changesB. has slight reservations about the changes, C. welcomes the changes in HarlemD. is completely opposed to the changes TEXT C The senior partner, Oliver Lambert, studied the resume for the hundredth time and again found nothing he disliked about Mitchell Y. McDeere, at least not on paper. He had the brains, the ambition, the good looks. And he was hungry; with his background, he had to be. He was married, and that was mandatory. The firm had never hired an unmarried lawyer, and it frowned heavily on divorce, as well as womanizing and drinking. Drug testing was in the contract. He had a degree in accounting, passed the CPA exam the first time he took it and wanted to be a tax lawyer, which of course was a requirement with a tax firm. He was white, and the firm had never hired a black. They managed this by being secretive and clubbish and never soliciting job applications. Other firms solicited, and hired blacks. This firm recruited, and remained lily white. Plus, the firm was in Memphis, and the top blacks wanted New York or Washington or Chicago. McDeere was a male, and there were no women in the firm. That mistake had been made in the mid-seventies when they recruited the number one grad from Harvard, who happened to be a she and a wizard at taxation. She lasted four turbulent years and was killed in a car wreck. He looked good, on paper. He was their top choice. In fact, for this year there were no other prospects. The list was very short. It was McDeere, or no one. The managing partner, Royce McKnight, studied a dossier labeled "Mitchell Y. McDeere-Harvard." An inch thick with small print and a few photographs; it had been prepared by some ex-CIA agents in a private intelligence outfit in Bethesda. They were clients of the firm and each year did the investigating for no fee. It was easy work, they said, checking out unsuspecting law students. They learned, for instance, that he preferred to leave the Northeast, that he was holding three job offers, two in New York and one in Chicago, and that the highest offer was $76,000 and the lowest was $68,000. He was in demand. He had been given the opportunity to cheat on a securities exam during his second year. He declined, and made the highest grade in the class. Two months ago he had been offered cocaine at a law school party. He said no and left when everyone began snorting. He drank an occasional beer, but drinking was expensive and he had no money. He owed close to $23,000 in student loans. He was hungry. Royce McKnight flipped through the dossier and smiled. McDeere was their man. Lamar Quin was thirty-two and not yet a partner. He had been brought along to look young and act young and project a youthful image for Bendini, Lambert & Locke, which in fact was a young firm, since most of the partners retired in their late forties or early fifties with money to bum. He would make partner in this firm. With a six-figure income guaranteed for the rest of his life, Lamar could enjoy the twelve-hundred-dollar tailored suits that hung so comfortably from his tall, athletic frame. He strolled nonchalantly across the thousand-dollar-a-day suite and poured another cup of decaf. He checked his watch. He glanced at the two partners sitting at the small conference table near the windows. Precisely at two-thirty someone knocked on the door. Lamar looked at the partners, who slid the resume and dossier into an open briefcase. All three reached for their jackets. Lamar buttoned his top button and opened the door. 23. Which of the following is NOT the firm's recruitment requirement? A. Marriage.B. Background.C. Relevant degree.D. Male. 24. The details of the private investigation show that the firm ________. A. was interested in his family backgroundB. intended to check out his other job offers C. wanted to know something about his preferenceD. was interested in any personal detail of the man 25. According to the passage, the main reason Lama Quin was there at the interview was that ________. A. his image could help impress McDeereB. he would soon become a partner himself C. he was good at interviewing applicantsD. his background was similar to MeDeere's 26. We get the impression from the passage that in job recruitment the firm was NOT A. selectiveB. secretiveC. perfunctoryD. racially biased TEXT D Harry Truman didn't think his successor had the right training to be president. "Poor Ike – it won't be a bit like the Army," he said. "He'll sit there all day saying 'do this, do that,' and nothing will happen." Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance – you didn't tell Winston Churchill what to do- in a massive, chaotic war. He was used to politics. But Truman's insight could well be applied to another, even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO-mined cabinet secretary. A 20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses, so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O'Neill. Here are two highly regarded businessmen, obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs. Actually, we shouldn't be surprised. Rumsfeld and O'Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it. The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment. In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin, it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government. Why is this? Well, first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO, the president. But even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out. The secretary might think he's in charge of his agency. But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same. In his famous study "Presidential Power and the Modem Presidents," Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is "the power to persuade." Take Rumsfeld's attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future. It's innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington. The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress, the budget office or the White House. As a result, the idea is collapsing. Second, what power you have, you must use carefully. For example, O'Neill's position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority. Unlike Finance ministers around the world, Treasury does not control the budget. But it has symbolic power. The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and, if he plays it right, the chief economic adviser for the president. O'Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF's bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. As a result, he has gotten the worst of both worlds. The bailouts continue, but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism. Perhaps the government doesn't do bailouts well. But that leads to a third role: you can't just quit. Jack Welch's famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category, or else get out of that business. But if the government isn't doing a particular job at peak level, it doesn't always have the option of relieving itself of that function. The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money. But it can't get out of the national-security business. The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin's success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are, in his words, "necessarily and properly very different." In a recent speech he explained, "Business functions around one predominate organizing principle, profitability ... Government, on the other hand, deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives – for example, energy production versus environmental protection, or safety regulations versus productivity." Rubin's example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate, serious endeavour. But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery, it's difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn, particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens, politicians, bureaucrats and the media. And even if he knows it intellectually, he just can't live with it. 27. For a CEO to be successful in government, he has to ________. A. regard the president as the CEOB. take absolute control of his department C. exercise more power than the congressional committeeD. become acquainted with its power structure 28. In commenting on O'Neill's record as Treasury Secretary, the passage seems to indicate that ________. A. O'Neill has failed to use his power well.B. O'Neill's policies were well received. C. O'Neill has been consistent in his policies.D. O'Neill is uncertain about the package he's approved. 29. According to the passage, the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT ________. A. nature of activity. option of withdrawalC. legitimacy of activityD. power distribution 30. The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials ________. A. are able to fit into their new rolesB. are unlikely to adapt to their new roles C. can respond to new situations intelligentlyD. may feel uncertain in their new posts PART IV TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 得病以前, 我受父母宠爱, 在家中横行霸道, 一旦隔离, 拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里, 我顿觉打入冷宫, 十 分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚, 园中百花怒放, 父母在园中设宴, 一时宾客云集, 笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋 里, 悄悄掀起窗帘, 窥见园中大千世界, 一片繁华, 自己的哥姐, 堂表弟兄, 也穿插其间, 个个喜气洋洋。一霎时, 一阵被人摈弃, 为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头, 禁不住痛哭起来。 In his classic novel, "The Pioneers", James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Why everywhere," he replies. For thought they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being." TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2002) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION [15 min] There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt "naturally" and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1 deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 2 comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting 3 is something which we almost always know. We begin the "natural" learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or 4 write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours 5 per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling. This is "natural", therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen, 6 speech operates as a means of holding a community and to give a sense of "belonging". We learn quite early to recognize a "stranger", someone who speaks with an accent of a different 7 community-perhaps only a few miles far. 8 9 10 PART III READING COMPREHENSION [40 min] TEXT A Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for "solving problems" and "making decisions". For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely proportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions. All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the "constant talker", who just loves to hear his or her own voice. Then there are the "can't do" types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: "It won't work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster." A more subtle version of the "can't do" type, the "yes, but……", has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still can't bear to have things change. Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5:30 pm or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their specialty. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do. Then there are the "counter-dependents", those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is "in", and who is not. Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful in problem solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for which another meeting is necessary. In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating, if not preventing, change. 16. On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman ________. A. talks as much as participantsB. is usually a "constant talker"C. prefers to take the role of an observer D. is frequently outshone by participants 17. Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants? A. Submissiveness.B. Stubbornness.C. Disobedience.D. Lack of focus. 18. The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to ________. A. make room for another meetingB. bring an illusory sense of achievement C. highlight the importance of a meetingD. go ahead with the agreed programme TEXT B Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads over what's going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travellers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years. But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft. So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: "Global travellers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards. Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline." Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets. The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveller you are. Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you re a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific's Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown with them before. For those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline's Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25, 000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them. 19. Which is the best word to describe air travellers reaction to airline alliances? A. Delight.B. Indifference.C. Objection.D. Puzzlement. 20. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit ________. A. North American airlines and their domestic travellers. B. North American airlines and their foreign counterparts. C. Asian airlines and their foreign travellers. D. Asian airlines and their domestic travellers. 21. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances? A. Baggage allowance.B. Passenger comfort.C. Convenience.D. Quality. 22. One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be more expensive as a result of ________. A. less convenienceB. higher operation costsC. less competitionD. more joint marketing 23. According to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances? A. Travellers who fly frequently economy class.B. Travellers who fly frequently business class. C. Travellers who fly occasionally during holidays.D. Travellers who fly economy class once in a while. TEXT C It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on. Partly, it's that American hegemony. Didier Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world's deepest pockets. The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue. So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name-and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year. How did this happen? One school attributes English's great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It's a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change-foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts-in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Francaise, had not. So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition-first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German-faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language for business. England's colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world's preeminent political economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn. In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along. The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily. None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish)speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U.S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets-CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition. But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it's only going to get easier in the future. 24. In the author's opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is ________. A. American dominance in the Internet software business. B. a practical need for effective communication among Europeans C. Europeans eagerness to do business with American businessmen. D. the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other 25. Europeans began to favour English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its ________. A. inherent linguistic propertiesB. association with the business world C. links with the United StatesD. disassociation from political changes 26. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future? A. About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English. B. U.S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe. C. Most secondary school students in Europe study English. D. Most Europeans continue to use their own language. 27. The passage mainly examines the factors related to ________. A. the rising status of English in Europe B. English learning in non-English-speaking E.U. nations. C. the preference for English by European businessmen D. the switch from French to English in the European Commission TEXT D As humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken new ground in its age-old quest to master the environment. The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour. At the same time, however, some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master. This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing the future are likely to be not only those pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankind's struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth. A conflict waged to ensure the survival of the human species is bound to bring humans closer together. Technological progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature. The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, where the protagonists at least shared a common language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language. Nature reacts with weather disturbances, with storms and earthquakes, with mutant viruses and bacteria-that is, with phenomena having no apparent cause and effect relationship with the modern technology that supposedly triggers them. As technology becomes ever more potent and Nature reacts ever more violently, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to deal with the growing contradictions between Man and Nature. For a start, the planet, and hence all its inhabitants, must be perceived as an integral whole, not as a dichotomous mass divided geographically into the rich and developed and the poor and underdeveloped. Today, globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit. It is no longer possible to say that conflict has shifted from its traditional east-west axis to a north-south axis. The real divide today is between summit and base, between the higher echelons of the international political structure and its grassroots level, between government and NGOs, between state and civil society, between public and private enterprise. The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favouring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case. Indeed, it could eventually overcome the disparities between the privileged and the underdeveloped. On the other hand, the macro-world in which we live is exposed to distortions because of the unpredictable side-effects of a micro-world we do not and cannot totally control. This raises the need for a global system of checks and balances, for mandatory rules and constraints in our dealings with Nature, in short, for a new type of veto designed to manage what is increasingly becoming a main contradiction of our time: the one between technology and ecology. A new type of international machinery must be set in place to cope with the new challenges. We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries, to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects. We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole, the propagation of AIDS, global warming, desertification-an authority that will tackle such global problems. There should be no discontinuity in the global machinery responsible for world order. The UN in its present form may fall far short of what is required of it, and it may be undemocratic and detrimental to most citizens in the world, but its absence would be worse. And so we have to hold on to the international organization even as we push forward for its complete restructuring. Our best hope would be that the functions of the present United Nations are gradually taken over by the new machinery of veto power representing genuine democratic globalization. 28. The mention of Man's victory over Nature at the beginning of the passage is to highlight ________. A. a new form of conflictB. Man's creative powers.C. the role of modern technologyD. Man's ground-breaking work. 29. According to the passage, which is NOT a responsibility of the proposed international authority? A. Monitoring effects of scientific discoveries.B. Dealing with worldwide environmental issues. C. Vetoing human attempts to conquer Nature.D. Authorizing efforts to improve human health. 30. When commenting on the present role of the UN, the author expresses his ________. A. dissatisfactionB. disillusionmentC. objectionD. doubt 大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。所以人们对于大自然全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间,上千年来人 们一直以不变的方式生活着:种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,锄草和栽花;在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜,在节 日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下 来。 The word "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don't pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. Winners do not play "helpless", nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2001) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1 they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. 2 War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts 3 were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involving, at 4 least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. 5 Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with 6 deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by the 7 board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 8 9 10 PART III Reading Comprehension (40 min) TEXT A "Twenty years ago, Blackpool turned its back on the sea and tried to make itself into an entertainment centre." say Robin Wood, a local official. "Now't he thinking is that we should try, to refocus on the sea and make Blackpool a family destination again." To say that Blackpool neglected the sea is to put it mildly. In 1976 the European Community, as it then was called, instructed member nations to make their beaches conform to certain minimum standards of cleanliness within ten years. Britain, rather than complying, took the novel strategy of contending that many of its most popular beaches were not swimming beaches at all. Be cause of Britain's climate the sea-bathing season is short, and most people don ' t go in above their knees anyway-and hence can't really be said to be swimming. By averaging out the number of people actually swimming across 365 days of the year, the government was able to persuade itself, if no one else, that Britain had hardly any real swimming beaches. As one environmentalist put it to me: "You had the ludicrous situation in which Luxembourg had mere listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom. It was preposterous." Meanwhile, Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight into the se a. Finally after much pressure from both environmental groups and the European Union, the local water authority built a new waste-treatment facility for the whole of Blackpool and neighbouring communities. The facility came online in June 1 996. For the first time since the industrial revolution Blackpool's waters are safe to swim in. That done, the town is now turning its attention to making the sea-front me re visually attractive. The promenade, once a rather elegant place to stroll, had become increasingly tatty and neglected. "It was built in Victorian times and needed a thorough overhaul anyway," says Wood, "so we decided to make aesthetic improvements at the same time, to try to draw people back to it." Blackpool recently spent about. 4 million building new kiosks for vendors and improving seating around the Central Pier and plans to spend a further $ 15 million on various amenity projects. The most striking thing about Blackpool these days compared with 20 years a go is how empty its beaches are. When the tide is out, Blackpool's beaches are a vast plain of beckoning sand. They look spacious enough to accommodate comfortably the entire populace of northern England. Ken Welsby remembers days when, as he puts it, "you couldn't lay down a handkerchief on this beach, it was that crowded." Welsby comes from Preston, 20 miles down the road, and has been visiting Blackpool all his life. Now retired, he had come for the day with his wife, Kitty, and their three young grandchildren who were gravely absorbed in building a sandcastle. "Two hundred thousand people they'd have on this beach sometimes." Welsby said. "You can't imagine it now, can you?" Indeed I could not. Though it was a bright sunny day in the middle of summer. I counted just 13 people scattered along a half mile or so of open sand. Except for those rare times when hot weather and a public holiday coincide, it is like this nearly always now. "You can't imagine how exciting it was to come here for the day when we were young." Kitty said. "Even from Preston, it was a big treat. Now children don't want the beach. They want arcade games and rides in helicopters and goodness knows what else." She stared out over the glittery water. "We'll never see those days again. It's sad really." "But your grandchildren seem to be enjoying it," I pointed out. "For the moment," Ken said. "For the moment." Afterward I went for a long walk along the empty beach, then went back to the town centre and treated myself to a large portion of fish-and-chips wrapped in paper. The way they cook it in Blackpool, it isn't so much a meal as an invitation to a heart attack, but it was delicious. Far out over the sea the sun was setting with such splendor that I would almost have sworn I could hear the water hiss where it touched. Behind me the lights of Blackpool Tower were just twinkling on, and the streets were beginning to fill with happy evening throngs. In the purply light of dusk the town looked peaceful and happy – enchanting even – and there was an engaging air of expectancy, of fun about to happen. Somewhat to my surprise, I realized that this place was beginning to grow on me. 16. At the beginning, the passage seems to suggest that Blackpool ________. A. will continue to remain as an entertainment centreB. complied with EC's standards of clearliness C. had no swimming beaches all alongD. is planning to revive its former attraction 17. We can learn from the passage that Blackpool used to ________. A. have as many beaches as LuxumbourgB. have seriously polluted drinking water C. boast some imposing seafront sightsD. attract few domestic holiday makers 18. What Blackpool's beaches strike visitors most is their ________. A. emptinessB. cleanlinessC. modernityD. monotony TEXT B Pundits who want to sound judicious are fond of warning against generalizing. Each country is different, they say, and no one story fits all of Asia. This is, of course, silly: all of these economies plunged into economic crisis within a few months of each other, so they must have had something in common. In fact, the logic of catastrophe was pretty much the same in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea. (Japan is a very different story.) In each ca se investors – mainly, but not entirely, foreign banks who had made short-term loans – all tried to pull their money out at the same time. The result was a combined banking and currency crisis: a banking crisis because no bank can convert all its assets into cash on short notice; a currency crisis because panicked investors were trying not only to convert long-term assets into cash, but to convert baht or rupiah into dollars. In the face of the stampede, governments had no good options. If they let their currencies plunge inflation would soar and companies that had borrowed in dollars would go bankrupt; if they tried to support their currencies by pushing up interest rates, the same firms would probably go bust from the combination of debt burden and recession. In practice, countries' split the difference – and paid a heavy price regardless. Was the crisis a punishment for bad economic management? Like most clichés, the catchphrase "crony capitalism" has prospered because it gets at something real: excessively cozy relationships between government and business really did lead to a lot of bad investments. The still primitive financial structure of Asian business also made the economies peculiarly vulnerable to a loss of confidence. But the punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime, and many investments that look foolish in retrospect seemed sensible at the time. Given that there were no good policy options, was the policy response mainly on the fight track? There was frantic blame-shifting when everything in Asia seemed to be going wrong: now there is a race to claim credit when some things have started to go right. The international Monetary Fund points to Korea's recovery – and more generally to the fact that the sky didn't fall after all – as proof that its policy recommendations were right. Never mind that other IMF clients have done far worse, and that the economy of Malaysia – which refused IM F help, and horrified respectable opinion by imposing capital controls – also seems to be on the mend. Malaysia's prime Minister, by contrast, claims full credit for any good news – even though neighbouring economies also seem to have bottomed out. The truth is that an observer without any ax to grind would probably conclude that none of the policies adopted either on or in defiance of the IMF's adv ice made much difference either way. Budget policies, interest rate policies, ban king reform – whatever countries tried, just about all the capital that could flee, did. And when there was no mere money to run, the natural recuperative powers of the economies finally began to prevail. At best, the money doctors who purported to offer cures provided a helpful bedside manner; at worst, they were like medieval physicians who prescribed bleeding as a remedy for all ills. Will the patients stage a full recovery? It depends on exactly what you mean by "full". South Korea's industrial production is already above its pre-crisis level; but in the spring of 1997 anyone who had predicted zero growth in Korean industry over the next two years would have been regarded as a reckless doomsayer. So if by recovery you mean not just a return to growth, but one that brings the region's performance back to something like what people used to regard as the Asian norm, they have a long way to go. 19. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the writer's opinion? A. Countries paid a heavy price for whichever measure taken.B. Countries all found themselves in an economic dilemma. C. Withdrawal of foreign capital resulted in the crisis.D. Most governments chose one of the two options. 20. The writer thinks that those Asian countries ________. A. well deserved the punishmentB. invested in a senseless way at the time C. were unduly punished in the crisisD. had bad relationships between government and business 21. It can be inferred from the passage that IMF policy recommendations ________. A. were far from a panacea in all casesB. were feasible in their recipient countries C. failed to work in their recipient countriesD. were rejected unanimously by Asian countries 22. At the end of the passage, the writer seems to think that a full recovery of the Asian economy is ________. A. dueB. remoteC. imaginativeD. unpredictable TEXT C Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways – from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another. Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Skihs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakis tan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyone's solution, everyone's conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called "one of the greatest challenges of the coming century." But it is much more than that. It is, as has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promises to reshape them again. "You have a history book written in your genes," said Spencer Wells. The book he's trying to read goes back to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration. Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth. Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans' to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth. To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, hum an beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them. Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce that then became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians. In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound fides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. F or a while the population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35 percent slaves. "What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events." Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently. It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees before them and ma de new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousand's or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivor's anywhere they could replant hope. "It's part of our nature, this movement," Miller said, "It's just a fact of the human condition." 23. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Migration exerts a great impact on population change. B. Migration contributes to Mankind's progress. C. Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects. D. Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts. 24. According to Kingsley Davis, migration occurs as a result of the following reasons EXCEPF ________. A. human adaptabilityB. human evolutionC. cultural differencesD. inter-group inequalities 25. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the pas sage? A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Settlers.D. Colonizers. 26. There seems to be a (n) ________ relationship between great events and migration. A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remote TEXT D How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at least on the beginnings of these. If the common language and the conventions exist, the contributor, for example, the creative artist, the performer, or the reporter, tries to use them as well as he can. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. They may be glad if it is understood and appreciated, hurt if it is not, but while the work is being done there can be no argument. T he thing has to come out as the man himself sees it. In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create condition's in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language its elf, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institution's through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, present their arguments. Not only as a way of getting these clear, in the process of almost endless testing that active composition involves. But also, whether consciously or not, as a way of putting the experience into a communicable form. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds. In this deep sense, the society is in some ways already present in the act of composition. This is always very difficult to understand, but often, when we have the advantage of looking back at a period, we can see, even if we cannot explain, how this was so. We can see how much even highly original individuals had in common, in their actual work, and in what is called their "structure of feeling", with other individual workers of the time, and with the society of that time to which they belonged. The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure. 27. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by ________. A. depending on shared conventionsB. fashioning their own conventionsC. adjusting their personal feelings D. elaborating a common language 28. A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creative work is that ________. A. they cave about the possible reaction to their work B. public response is one of the primary conceits C. they are keenly aware of public interest in their work D. they are indifferent toward response to their work 29. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORR ECT? A. Individual contributions combined possess great significance to the public. B. Good contributors don't neglect the use of internal communication system. C. Everyone except those original people comes under the influence of society. D. Knowing how to communicate is universal among human beings. 30. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original individuals feel isolated because they ________. A. fail to acknowledge and use an acceptable form of communication B. actually differ from other individuals in the same period C. have little in common with the society of the time D. refuse to admit parallels between themselves and the society 试卷二 (120 min) PART IV Translation (60 min) 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知, 那就是钓鱼和喝酒。 晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓, 他说:"有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的, 好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场 所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园, 而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。"钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情 的运动, 有益于身心健康。乔羽说: "钓鱼可分三个阶段:第一阶段是吃鱼,第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之,第三 阶段主要是的趣, 面对一池碧水, 将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边, 使自己的身心得到充分休息。" Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau's idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of "The pleasure of taking pains". The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the roles. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary roles, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2000) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1 from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have" less meaning", but in fact some grammarians have called them "empty" words as opposed in the "full" words of vocabulary. 2 But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is, 3 it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp difference in meaning between "man is vile and" "the man is 4 vile", yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among 5 themselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been "little words". But size is by no mean a good criterion for 6 distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some 7 people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper 8 headlines. 9 10 PART III Reading Comprehension (40 min) TEXT A Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they a re to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance, the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, "Denmark is a great country." You're supposed to figure this out for yourself. It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life's inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs – there is no Danish Academy to defend against it – old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, "Few have too much and fewer have too little," and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It's a nation of recyclers – about 55% of Danish garbage gets made into something new – and no nuclear power plants. It's a nation of tireless planner. Trains run on time. Things operate well in general. Such a nation of overachievers – a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, "Denmark is one of the world's cleanest and most organized countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere."So, of course, one's heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings ("Foreigner's Out of Denmark!"), broken beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slumped in the park. Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if it's 2 a. m. and there's not a car in sight. However, Danes don't think of themselves as a wainting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people – that's how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it) that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained. The orderliness of the society doesn't mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt its members from the hazards of life. But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn't feel bad for taking what you're entitled to, you're as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis. 16. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ________ attitude towards their country. A. boastfulB. modestC. deprecatingD. mysterious 17. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the passage? A. Fondness of foreign culture.B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning. 18. The author's reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business and Industry is ________. A. disapprovingB. approvingC. noncommittalD. doubtful 19. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ________. A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social troubles besetting other people C. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles 20. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that ________. A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefits.B. Danes take for granted what is given to them. C. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemployment TEXT B But if language habits do not represent classes, a social stratification in to something as bygone as "aristocracy" and "commons", they do still of course serve to identify social groups. This is something that seems fundamental in the use of language. As we see in relation to political and national movements, language is used as a badge or a barrier depending on which way we look at it. The new boy at school feels out of it at first because he does not know the fight words for things, and awe-inspiring pundits of six or seven look down on him for no't being aware that racksy means "dilapidated", or hairy "out first ball". The miner takes a certain pride in being "one up on the visitor or novice who calls the cage a "lift" or who thinks that men working in a warm seam are in their "underpants" when anyone ought to know that the garments are called hoggers. The "insider" is seldom displeased that his language distinguishes him from the "outsider". Quite apart from specialized terms of this kind in groups, trades and professions, there are all kinds of standards of correctness at which mast of us feel more or less obliged to aim, because we know that certain kinds of English invite irritation or downright condemnation. On the other hand, we know that other kinds convey some kind of prestige and bear a welcome cachet. In relation to the social aspects of language, it may well be suggested that English speakers fall into three categories: the assured, the anxious and the in different. At one end of this scale, we have the people who have "position" and "status", and who therefore do not feel they need worry much about their use of English. Their education and occupation make them confident of speaking an unimpeachable form of English: no fear of being criticized or corrected is likely to cross their minds, and this gives their speech that characteristically unselfconscious and easy flow which is often envied. At the other end of the scale, we have an equally imperturbable band, speaking with a similar degree of careless ease, because even if they are aware that their English is condemned by others, they are supremely indifferent to the fact. The Mrs. Mops of this world have active and efficient tongues in their heads, and if we happened not to like the/r ways of saying things, well, we "can lump it". That is their attitude. Curiously enough, writers are inclined to represent the speech of both these extreme parties with-in' for ing. On the one hand, "we're goin' huntin', my dear sir"; on the other, "we're goin' racin', mate." In between, according to this view, we have a far less fortunate group, the anxious. These actively try to suppress what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English. They live their lives in some degree of nervousness over their grammar, their pronunciation, and their choice of words: sensitive, and fearful of betraying themselves. Keeping up with the Joneses is measured not only in houses, furniture, refrigerators, cars, and clothes, but also in speech. And the misfortune of the "anxious" does not end with their inner anxiety. Their lot is also the open or veiled contempt of the "assured" on one side of them and of the "indifferent" on the other. It is all too easy to raise an unworthy laugh at the anxious. The people thus uncomfortably stilted on linguistic high heels so often form part of what is, in many ways, the most admirable section of any society: the ambitious, tense, inner-driven people, who are bent on"going places and doing things". The greater the pity, then, if a disproportionate amount of their energy goes into what Mr. Sharpless called "this shabby obsession" with variant forms of English – especially if the net result is (as so often) merely to sound affected and ridiculous. "Here", according to Bacon, "is the first distemper of learning, when men study words and not matter…. It seems to me that Pygmalion's frenzy is a good emblem…of this vanity: for words axe but the images of matter; and except they have life of reason and invention, to fall in love with them is to fall in love with a picture." 21. The attitude held by the assured towards language is ________. A. criticalB. anxiousC. self-consciousD. nonchalant 22. The anxious are considered a less fortunate group because ________. A. they feel they are socially looked down uponB. they suffer from internal anxiety and external attack C. they are inherently nervous and anxious peopleD. they are unable to meet standards of correctness 23. The author thinks that the efforts made by the anxious to cultivate what they believe is good English are ________. A. worthwhileB. meaninglessC. praiseworthyD. irrational TEXT C Fred Cooke of Salford turned 90 two days ago and the world has been beating a path to his door. If you haven't noticed, the backstreet boy educated at Blackpool grammar styles himself more grandly as Alastair Cooke, broadcaster extraordinaire. An honorable KBE, he would be Sir Alastair if he had not taken American citizenship more than half a century ago. If it sounds snobbish to draw attention to his humble origins, it should be reflected that the real snob is Cooke himself, who has spent a lifetime disguising them. But the fact that he opted to renounce his British passport in 1941 – just when his country needed all the wartime help it could get-is hardly a matter for congratulation. Cooke has made a fortune out of his love affair with America, entrancing listeners with a weekly monologue that has won Radio 4 many devoted adherents. Part of the pull is the developed drawl. This is the man who gave the world "mida tlantic", the language of the disc jockey and public relations man. He sounds American to us and English to them, while in reality he has for decades belonged to neither. Cooke's world is an America that exists largely in the imagination. He took ages to acknowledge the disaster that was Vietnam and even longer to wake up to Watergate. His politics have drifted to the right with age, and most of his opinions have been acquired on the golf course with fellow celebrities. He chased after stars on arrival in America, Fixing up an interview with Charlie Chaplin and briefly becoming his friend. He told Cooke he could turn him into a fine light comedian; instead he is an impressionist's dream. Cooke liked the sound of his first wife's name almost as much as he admired her good looks. But he found bringing up baby difficult and left her for the wife of his landlord. Women listeners were unimpressed when, in 1996, he declared on air that the fact that 4% of women in the American armed forces were raped showed remarkable self-restraint on the part of Uncle Sam's soldiers. His arrogance in not allowing BBC editors to see his script in advance worked, not for the first time, to his detriment. His defenders said he could not help living with the 1930s values he had acquired and somewhat dubiously went on to cite "gallantry" as chief among them. Cooke's raconteur style encouraged a whole generation of BBC men to think of themselves as more important than the story. His treacly tones were the model for the regular World Service reports From Our Own Correspondent, known as FOOCs in the business. They may yet be his epitaph. 24. At the beginning of the passage the writer sounds critical of ________. A. Cooke's obscure origins.B. Cooke's broadcasting style.C. Cooke's American citizenship. D. Cooke's fondness of America. 25. The following adjectives can be suitably applied to Cooke EXCEPT ________. A. old-fashionedB. sincereC. arrogantD. popular 26. The writer comments on Cooke's life and career in a slightly ________ tone. A. ironicB. detachedC. scathingD. indifferent TEXT D Mr. Duffy raised his eyes from the paper and gazed out of his window on the cheerless evening landscape. The river lay quiet beside the empty distillery and from time to time a light appeared in some house on Lucan Road. What an end! The whole narrative of her death revolted him and it revolted him to think that he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred. The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach. Not merely had she degraded herself, she had degraded him. His soul's comp anion! He thought of the hobbling wretches whom he had seen carrying cans and bottles to be filled by the barman. Just God, what an end! Evidently she had been unfit to live, without any strength of purpose, an easy prey to habits, one of the wrecks on which civilization has been reared. But that she could have sunk so low! Was it possible he had deceived himself so utterly about her? He remembered her outburst of that night and interpreted it in a harsher sense than he had ever done. He had no difficulty now in approving of the course he had taken. As the light failed and his memory began to wander he thought her hand touched his. The shock which had first attacked his stomach was now attacking his nerves. He put on his overcoat and hat quickly and went out. The cold air met him on the threshold; it crept into the sleeves of his coat. When he came to the public house at Chapel Bridge he went in and ordered a hot punch. The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk. There were five or six working-men in the shop discussing the value of a gentleman's estate in County Kildare. They drank at intervals from their huge pint tumblers, and smoked, spitting often on the floor and sometimes dragging the sawdust over their heavy boots. Mr. Duffy sat on his stool and gazed at them, without seeing or hearing them. After a while they went out and he called for another punch. He sat a long time over it. The shop was very quiet. The proprietor sprawled on the counter reading the newspaper and yawning. Now and again a tram was heard swishing along the lonely road outside. As he sat there, living over his life with her and evoking alternately the two images on which he now conceived her, he realized that she was dead, that's he had ceased to exist, that she had become a memory. He began to feel ill at ea se. He asked himself what else could he have done. He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best. How was he to blame? Now that's he was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in that room. His life would be lonely too until he, too, died, ceased to exist, became a memory-if anyone remembered him. 27. Mr. Duffy's immediate reaction to the report of the woman's death was that of ________. A. disgustB. guiltC. griefD. compassion 28. It can be inferred from the passage that the reporter wrote about the woman's death in a ________ manner. A. detailedB. provocativeC. discreetD. sensational 29. We can infer from the last paragraph that Mr. Duffy was in a (n) ________ mood. A. angryB. fretfulC. irritableD. remorseful 30. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT t rue? A. Mr. Duffy once confided in the woman.B. Mr. Duffy felt an intense sense of shame. C. The woman wanted to end the relationship.D. They became estranged probably after a quarrel. PART IV Translation (60 min) 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比, 它先天有些不足, 后天也常缺乏营养, 但是 它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。 世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆, 它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属 于工业技术博物馆, 它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用, 但是, 它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里, 观众可以自己去动手操作, 自己细心体察。这样, 他们 可以更贴近先进的科学技术, 去探索科学技术的奥妙。 中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处, 设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声 学、生物学等展品, 展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 If people mean anything at all by the expression "untimely death", they must believe that some deaths nm on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely – a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of MariLarry Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The id ea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1999) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min) The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1 human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- 2 gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer's calories come from plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food 3 than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if 4 they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary 5 aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental 6 decay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 7 healthier diet. 8 9 10 PART III Reading Comprehension (40 min) TEXT A Ricci's "Operation Columbus" Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plan's to market an English language edition of his elegant monthly art magazine, FMR, in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ricci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong. Ricci is so confident that he has christened his quest "Operation Columbus" and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far-fetched. The Italian edition of FMR – the initials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricci-is only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest art magazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US $ 500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issue carrying only 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over "an inferiority complex about their art." He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two-way cultural exchange – what he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic. To realize this vision, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprising – and expensive-promotional campaigns in magazine – publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumbo jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copies will be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US $ 5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 60% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporations." To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsors," reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. "We would like Italians." Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambled – and won – on a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about it. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-colour pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable. "I don't expect that more than 30% of my reader... will actually read FMR," he says. "The magazine is such a visual delight that they don't have to." Still, he is lining up an impressive stable of writers and professors for the American edition, including Noam Chomsky, Anthony Burgess, Eric Jong and Norman Mailer. In addition, he seems to be pursuing his won eclectic vision without giving a moment's thought to such established competitors as Connosisseur and Horizon. "The Americans can do almost everything better than we can," says Ricci, "But we (the Italians) have a 2,000 year edge on them in art." 16. Ricci intends his American edition of FMR to carry more American art works in order to ________. A. boost Americans' confidence in their artB. follow the pattern set by his Italian edition C. help Italians understand American art betterD. expand the readership of his magazine 17. Ricci is compared to Columbus in the passage mainly because ________. A. they both benefited from Italian sponsorsB. they were explorers in their own ways C. they obtained overseas sponsorshipD. they got a warm reception in America 18. We get the impression that the American edition of FMR will probably ________. A. carry many academic articles of high standardB. follow the style of some famous existing magazines C. be mad by one third of American magazine readersD. pursue a distinctive editorial style of its own TEXT B My mother's relations were very different from the Mitfords. Her brother, Uncle Geoff, who often came to stay at Swimbrook, was a small spare man with thoughtful blue eyes and a rather silent manner. Compared to Uncle Tommy, he was an intellectual of the highest order, and indeed his satirical pen belied his mild demeanor. He spent most of his waking hours composing letters to The Times and other publications in which he outlined his own particular theory of the development of English history. In Uncle Geoff's view, the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing the soil. The Black Death of 1348 was caused by gradual loss of the humus fertility found under forest trees. The rise of the Elizabethans two centuries later was attributable to the widespread use of sheep manure. Many of Uncle Geoff's letters-to-the-editor have fortunately been preserved in a privately printed volume called Writings of a Rebel. Of the collection, one letter best sums up his views on the relationship between manure and freedom. He wrote: Collating old records shows that our greatness rises and falls with the living fertility of our soil. And now, many years of exhausted and chemically murdered soil, and of devitalized food from it, has softened our bodies and still worse, softened our national character. It is an actual fact that character is largely a product of the soil. Many years of murdered food from deadened soil has made us too tame. Chemicals have had their poisonous day. It is now the worm's' turn to reform the manhood of England. The only way to regain our punch, our character, our lost virtues, and with them the freedom natural to islanders, is to compost our land so as to allow moulds, bacteria and earthworms to remake living's oil to nourish Englishmen's bodies and spirits. The law requiring pasteurization of milk in England was a particular target of Uncle Geoff's. Fond of alliteration, he dubbed it "Murdered Milk Measure", and established the Liberty Restoration League, with headquarters at his house in London, for the specific purpose of organizing a counteroffensive. "Freedom not Doctordom" was the League's proud slogan. A subsidiary, but nevertheless important, activity of the League was advocacy of a return to the "unsplit, slowly smoked fish" and bread made with "English stone-ground flour, yeast, milk, sea salt and raw cane-sugar." 19. According to Uncle Geoff, national strength could only be regained by ________. A. reforming the manhood of EnglandB. using natural manure as fertilizer C. eating more bacteria-free foodD. granting more freedom to Englishmen 20. The tone of the passage can most probably be described as ________. A. facetiousB. seriousC. nostalgicD. factual TEXT C Interview So what have they taught you at college about interviews? Some courses go to town on it, others do very little. You may get conflicting advice. Only one thing is certain: the key to success is preparation. There follow some useful suggestions from a teacher training course coordinator, a head of department and a headteacher. As they appear to be in complete harmony with one another despite never having met, we may take their advice seriously. Oxford Brookes University's approach to the business of application and interview focuses on research and rehearsal. Training course coordinator Brenda St evens speaks of the value of getting students "to deconstruct the advertisement, see what they can offer to that school, and that situation, and then write the letter, do their CVs and criticize each other's." Finally, they role play interviewer and interviewee. This is sterling stuff, and Brookes students spend a couple of weeks on it. "The better prepared students won't be thrown by nerves on the day," says Ms St evens. "They'll have their strategies and questions worked out." She also says, a trifle disconcertingly, "the better the student, the worse the interviewee." She believes the most capable students are less able to put themselves forward. Even if this were tree, says Ms Stevens, you must still make your own case. "Beware of infernality," she advises. One aspirant teacher, now a head of department at a smart secondary school, failed his first job interview because he took his jacket off while waiting for his appointment. It was hot and everyone in the staffroom was in shirtsleeves but at the end of the day they criticized his casual attitude, which they had deduced from the fact that he took his jacket off in the staffroom, even though he put it back on for the interview. Incidentally, men really do have to wear a suit to the interview and women really cannot wear jeans, even if men never wear the suit again and women teach most days in jeans. Panels respond instantly to these indicators. But beware: it will not please them any better if you are too smart. Find out about the people who will talk to you. In the early meetings they are likely to be heads of departments or heads of year. Often they may be concerned with pastoral matters. It makes sense to know their priorities and let them hear the things about you that they want to hear. During preliminary meetings you may be seen in groups with two or three other applicants and you must demonstrate that you know your stuff without putting your companions down. The interviewers will be watching how you work with a team. But remember the warning about informality: however friendly and co-operative the other participants are, do not give way to the idea that you are there just to be friends. Routine questions can be rehearsed, but "don't go on too long," advises the department head. They may well ask: "What have been your worst/best moments when teaching?", or want you to "talk about some good teaching you have done." The experts agree you should recognize your weaknesses and offer a strategy for over coming them. "I know I've got to work on classroom management – I would hope for some help," perhaps. No one expects a new teacher to know it all, but they hope for an objective appraisal of capabilities. Be warned against inexpert questioning. You may be asked questions in such a way that it seems impossible to present your best features. Some questions may be plain silly, asked perhaps by people on the panel who are from outside the situation. Do not be thrown, have ways of circumnavigating it, and never, ever let them see that you think they have said something foolish. You will almost certainly be asked how you see the future and it is import ant to have a good answer prepared. Some people are put off by being asked what they expect to be doing in five or ten years' time. On your preliminary visit, says the department head, be sure to give them a bit of an interview of your own, to see the direction the department is going and what you could contribute to it. The headteacher offers his thoughts in a nine-point plan. , Iron the application form! Then it stands out from everyone else's, which have been folded and battered in the post. It gives an initial impression which may get your application to the top of the pile. , Ensure that your application is tailored to the particular school. Make the head feel you are writing directly to him or her. , Put yourself at ease before you meet the interviewing panel: if you are nervous, you will talk too quickly. Before you enter the room remember that the people are human beings too; take away the mystique of their roles. , Listen. There is a danger of not hearing accurately what is being said. Make eye contact with the speakers, and with everyone in the room. , Allow your warmth and humanity to be seen. A sense of humour is very important. , Have a portfolio of your work that can link theory to practice. Many schools want you to show work. For a primary appointment, give examples from the range of the curriculum, not just art. (For this reason, taking pictures on your teaching practice is important.) , Prepare yourself in case you are asked to give a talk. Have prompt cards ready, and don't waffle. , Your speech must be clear and articulate, with correct grammar. This is important: they want to hear you and they want to hear how well you can communicate with children. Believe in yourself and have confidence. Some of the people asking the questions don't know much about what you do. Be ready to help them. Thus armed, you should have no difficulty at all. Good luck and keep your jacket on! 21. Ms. Brenda Stevens suggests that before applying job applicants should ________. A. go through each other's CVsB. rehearse their answers to questions C. understand thoroughly the situationsD. go to town to attend training course 22. Is it wise to admit some of your weaknesses relating to work? A. Yes, but you should have ideas for improvement in the future. B. Yes, because it is natural to be weak in certain aspects. C. No, admitting weaknesses may put you at a disadvantage. D. No, it will only prompt the interviewees to reject you. 23. The best way to deal with odd questions from the interviewers is to ________. A. remain smiling and kindly point out the inaccuracies B. keep calm and try to be tactful in your answers C. say frankly what you think about the issues raised D. suggest something else to get over your nervousness 24. The suggestions offered by the headteacher are ________. A. originalB. ambiguousC. practicalD. controversial TEXT D Family Matters This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government. That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your So n" law. Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up. Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline. But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net. Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies. The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents. In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages? The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle. First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's – not society's – responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values. Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas. But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial. It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the firs't place. 25. The Maintenance of Parents Bill ________. A. received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament B. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor C. was intended to substitute for traditional values in Singapore D. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old 26. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that ________. A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in future B. the social welfare system would be under great pressure C. young people should be given more moral education D. the old should be provided with means of livelihood 27. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law. B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children. C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working. D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old. 28. The author seems to suggest that traditional values ________. A. play an insignificant role in solving social problems B. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their children C. are very important in preserving Asian uniqueness D. are significant in helping the Bill get approved 29. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be ________. A. indirectB. unnoticedC. apparentD. straightforward 30. At the end of the passage, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends upon ________. A. strict enforcementB. public supportC. government assuranceD. filial awareness PART IV Translation (60 min) 加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日, 但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市, 以港兴市, 是许多港口城市生 存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设, 有着天然不冻良港的温哥华, 成为举世闻名的港口城市, 同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、 拉丁美洲均有定期班轮, 年货物吞吐量达到8, 000万吨, 全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。 温哥华(Vancouver)的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶, 其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀, 国土面积比 中国还大, 人口却不足3000万。吸收外来移民, 是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说, 加拿大除了印第安人外, 无一不 是外来移民, 不同的只是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。现今180万温哥华居民中, 有 一半不是在本地出生的, 每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。他们 其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的, 使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family – they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1998) -GRADE EIGHT- PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from a 1 powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. 2 Without care from some other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of 3 many new born animals to get on their feet within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young animals are certainly in 4 risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them. 5 It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares 6 with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be "species specific" to the 7 human race, that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in such way that it can acquire language. 8 This suggestion implies that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand 9 upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings. 10 PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN) TEXT A STAYING HEALTHY ON HOLIDAY Do people who choose to go on exotic, far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel? And even if they pay, who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information? Who, for that matter, should collect that information in the first place? For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there's an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy. Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests -- the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. "The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers' health," says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. "Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It's a gray area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role," he says. To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives. A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: "Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control." Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than ,1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don't work and so give people a false sense of security: "Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority," he says. 36. Travel medicine in Britain is ________. A. not something anyone wants to runB. the responsibility of the government C. administered by private doctorsD. handled adequately by travel agents 37. The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to ________. A. prevent people from falling illB. make money out of it C. give advice on specific countriesD. get the government to pay for it 38. In Behren's opinion the question of who should run travel medicine ________. A. is for the government to decideB. should be left to specialist hospitals C. can be left to travel companiesD. has no clear and simple answer 39. People will only think better of travel medicine if ________. A. it is given more resources by the governmentB. more accurate information on its value is available C. the government takes over responsibility from the NHSD. travelers pay more attention to the advice they get TEXT B THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY While the roots of social psychology lie in the intellectual soil of the whole western tradition, its present flowering is recognized to be characteristically an American phenomenon. One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country. National emergencies and conditions of social disruption provide special incentive to invent new techniques, and to strike out boldly for solutions to practical social problems. Social psychology began to flourish soon after the First World War. This event, followed by the great depression of the 1930s, by the rise of Hitler, the genocide of Jews, race riots, the Second World War and the atomic threat, stimulated all branches of social science. A special challenge fell to social psychology. The question was asked: How is it possible to preserve the values of freedom and individual rights under condition of mounting social strain and regimentation? Can science help provide an answer? This challenging question led to a burst of creative effort that added much to our understanding of the phenomena of leadership, public opinion, rumor, propaganda, prejudice, attitude change, morale, communication, decision-making, race relations, and conflicts of war. Reviewing the decade that followed World War II, Cartwright [1961] speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists." Most of these, we may add, show little awareness of the history of their field. Practical and humanitarian motives have always played an important part in the development of social psychology, not only in America but in other lands as well. Yet there have been discordant and dissenting voices. In the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, of Ludwig Gumplowicz in Austria, and of William Graham Sumner in the United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires time and obeys laws beyond the control of man. The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature [or society]. But these authors are in a minority. Most social psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of man's chances to better his way of life. Has he not already improved his health via biological sciences? Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences? For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted in the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tensions are still with us. Give us time and give us money for research, the optimists say. 40. Social psychology developed in the USA ________. A. because its roots are intellectually western B. as a direct response to the great depression C. to meet the threat of Adolf Hitler and his policy of mass genocide D. for its pragmatic traditions for dealing with social problems 41. According to the author, social psychology should help man to ________. A. preserve individual rightsB. become healthierC. be aware of historyD. improve material welfare 42. Who believed that man can influence social change for the good of society? A. Cartwright.B. Spencer.C. Sumner.D. Comte. TEXT C GOD AND MY FATHER I thought of God as a strangely emotional being. He was powerful; He was forgiving yet obdurate, full of warmth and affection. Both His wrath and affection were fitful, they came and they went, and I couldn't count on either to continue: although they both always did. In short God was much such a being as my father himself. What was the relation between them, I wondered -- these two puzzling deities? My father's ideas of religion seemed straightforward and simple. He had noticed when he was a boy that there were buildings called churches; he had accepted them as a natural part of the surroundings in which he had been born. He would never have invented such things himself. Nevertheless they were here. As he grew up he regarded them as unquestioningly as he did banks. They were substantial old structures, they were respectable, decent, and venerable. They were frequented by the right sort of people. Well, that was enough. On the other hand he never allowed churches -- or banks -- to dictate to him. He gave each the respect that was due to it from his point of view; but he also expected from each of them the respect he felt due to him. As to creeds, he knew nothing about them, and cared nothing either; yet he seemed to know which sect he belonged with. It had to be a sect with the minimum of nonsense about it; no total immersion, no exhorters, no holy confession. He would have been a Unitarian, naturally, if he'd lived in Boston. Since he was a respectable New Yorker, he belonged in the Episcopal Church. As to living a spiritual life, he never tackled that problem. Some men who accept spiritual beliefs try to live up to them daily; other men who reject such beliefs, try sometimes to smash them. My father would have disagreed with both kinds entirely. He took a more distant attitude. It disgusted him where atheists attacked religion: he thought they were vulgar. But he also objected to having religion make demands upon him -- he felt that religion was too vulgar, when it tried to stir up men's feelings. It had its own proper field of activity, and it was all right there, of course; but there was one place religion should leave alone, and that was a man's soul. He especially loathed any talk of walking hand in hand with his Savior. And if he had ever found the Holy Ghost trying to soften his heart, he would have regarded its behavior as distinctly uncalled for; even ungentlemanly. 43. The writer says his father's idea of religion seemed straightforward and simple because his father ________. A. born in natural surroundings with banks and churches B. never really thought of God as a real existence C. regarded religion as acceptable if it did not interfere D. regarded religion as a way he could live a spiritual life 44. The writer's father would probably agree with the statement that ________. A. both spiritualists and atheists are vulgar B. being aware of different creeds is important C. religion should expect heart and soul devotion D. churches like banks are not to be trusted TEXT D ETIQUETTE In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today. In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. 45. One characteristic of the rich classes of a declining society is their tendency to ________. A. take in the recently wealthyB. retreat within themselvesC. produce publications on manners D. change the laws of etiquette 46. Which of the following is NOT an element of the code of etiquette? A. Respect for age.B. Formal compliments.C. Proper introductions at social functions. D. Eating with a fork rather than fingers. 47. According to the writer which of the following is part of chivalry? A knight should ________. A. inspire his lady to perform valiant deeds B. perform deeds which would inspire romantic songs C. express his love for his lady from a distance D. regard his lady as strong and independent 48. Etiquette as an art of gracious living is quoted as a feature of which country? A. Egypt.B. 18th century France.C. Renaissance Italy.D. England. TEXT E CONFLICT AND COMPETITION The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering the question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. The struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is. 49. According to the author which of the following is inevitable? A. War.B. Conflict.C. Competition.D. Co-operation. 50. In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence ________. A. is ce of the inevitability of conflict among the fittest B. arises from a need to live in groups C. is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources D. arises from a natural desire to fight PART IV: TRANSLATION (60 MIN) SECTION A: CHINESE TO ENGLISH (30 MIN) 97年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店, 送走了最后一批客人, 已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久 不能入睡, 批衣走到窗前, 往外看去, 只见四周群峦叠翠, 湖面波光粼磷。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊, 我想 了许多, 许多…… 这次到台湾访问交流, 虽然行程匆匆, 但是, 看了不少地方, 访了旧友, 交了新知, 大家走到一起, 谈论的一个重要 话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中, 有着各自不同的生活经历, 但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记, 都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代, 我 们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强, 海峡两岸人民也将加强交流, 共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和 巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪, 这是我们必须回答的问 题。 日月潭水波不兴, 仿佛与我一同在思索…… I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive overphrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent -- e. g. in painting and music -- they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an 'English tradition' after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step. At any given moment the traveller could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own -- and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1997) -GRADE EIGHT- PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN) TEXT A A magazine's design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. It expresses the magazine's very character. The Atlantic Monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions – literary and journalistic – can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. The redesign that we in troduce with this issue – the work of our art director, Judy Garlan – represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment. Garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design: ―I saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. The overall design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects – urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. We don't want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we don't want heavier pieces to seem too petty. We also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. At the same time , the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one Atlantic World. The primary typefaces Garlan chose for this task are Times Roman, for a more readable body type, and Bauer Bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display type (article titles, large initials, and so on). Other aspects of the new design are structural. The articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed in to one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. The Travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. As noted in this space last month, the word ―Monthly‖ rejoins ―The Atlantic‖ on the cover, after a decade long absence. Judy Garlan came to the Atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. During her tenure here The Atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual excellence, from the Society of illustrators, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club, Communication Arts, and elsewhere. Garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: Robin Gilmore, Barnes, Betsy Urrico, Gillian Kahn, and Is a Manning. The artist Nicholas Gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon (the figure of Neptune that appears on the contents page) and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page (a rendition of our building), on the Puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. Gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue. 16. Part of the new design is to be concerned with the following EXCEPT ________. A. variation in the typefacesB. reorganization of articles in the front C. creation of the travel columnD. reinstatement of its former name 17. According to the passage, the new design work involves ________. A. other artists as wellB. other writers as wellC. only the cover artistD. only the art director 18. This article aims to ________. A. emphasize the importance of a magazine's designB. introduce the magazine's art director C. persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazineD. inform the reader of its new design and features TEXT B WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding Dictionary of National Biography? I do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds. And have you got the rest of volumes? You need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. Of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. After all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. Yet in 10 year's time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the New Dictionary of National Biography, will be published. Its editor, Proessor Colin Matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current DNB. This rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade. When Dr. Nicholls wrote to The Spectator in 1989 asking for name of people whom readers had looked up in the DNB and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (Well, she had written to 'other quality newspapers' too.) As soon as her committee had whittled the numbersdown, the professional problems of an editor began. Contributors didn't file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record, according to Dr. Nicholls. There remains the dinner-party game of who's in, who's out. That is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original edition of the DNB boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. Mr. John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer Christie is in, Crippen is out. One might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of Evans instead of Christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in Britain, as Ludovie Kennedy (the author of Christies entry in Missing Persons) notes. But then Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship to America). It is surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. There has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their lives not much is always known. Of Hugo of Bury St Edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: ?Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility'. Then there had to be more women, too ( 12 percent, against the original DBN's 3), such as Roy Strong's subject, the Tudor painterLevina Teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ?Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory'. Doesn't seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record of the original DNB, which included lives of people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J. W. Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ?except for the entry in the List of Contributors there is no trace of J. W. Clerke'. 19. The writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume ________. A. because it is not worth the priceB. because it has fewer entries than before C. unless one has all the volumes in the collectionD. unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly 20. On the issue of who should be included in the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that ________. A. the editors had clear roles to followB. there were too many criminals in the entries C. the editors clearly favoured benefactorsD. the editors were irrational in their choices 21. Crippen was absent from the DNB ________. A. because he escaped to the U. SB. because death sentence had been abolished C. for reasons not clarifiedD. because of the editors' mistake 22. The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to ________. A. illustrate some features of the DNBB. give emphasis to his argument C. impress the reader with its contentD. highlight the people in the Middle Ages 23. Throughout the passage, the writer's tone towards the DNB was ________. A. complimentaryB. supportiveC. sarcasticD. bitter TEXT D The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half - day's flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example. Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travellers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbour, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher. Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners. More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chile's tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US $ 950 million each year. The state - run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a worldwide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile. Chile's great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields ofthe south, it is more than 5,000 km long. With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services. But the tromp card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour's drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in theregion's rivers. However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts and pistes as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks. Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chile's two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe, while services to Asia are almost non - existent. Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. Nor is development being restricted to the Andes. Easter Island and Chile's Antarctic Territory axe also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets. But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over - developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts. The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing Santiago's territorial claim over part of Antarctica. The Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism to these areas. But there are immense commercial pressures to exploit the country's tourism potential. The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile's natural riches. 26. Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by ________. A. geographical locationB. guerrilla warfareC. political instabilityD. street crime 27. Many of Chile's tourists used to come from EXCEPT ________. A. U. S. A.B. the Far EastC. western EuropeD. her neighbours 28. According to the author, Chile's greatest attraction is ________. A. the unspoilt beachesB. the dry and hot desertC. the famous mountain range D. the high standard of services 29. According to the passage, in WHICH area improvement is already under way? A. Facilities in the ski resorts.B. Domestic transport system. C. Air services to Asia.D. Road network in the south. 30. The objection to the development of Chile's tourism might be all EXCEPT that it ________. A. is ambitions and unrealisticB. is politically sensitiveC. will bring harm to culture D. will cause pollution in the area 来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样, 大多非常刻苦勤奋, 周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验 室加班, 因而比起美国学生来, 成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人, 嗜烟好酒, 脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤 奋与扎实的基础知识, 也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此, 在他实验室所招的学生中, 除有一名来自德国外, 其余5 位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌:―本室助研必须每周工作7天, 早10时至晚12时, 工作时间 必须全力以赴。‖这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的, 在我所呆的3年半中, 共有14位学生被招进他的实验室, 最 后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天, 我不顾别人劝阻, 硬着头皮接受了导师的资助, 从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society's power of choice. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another. TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1996) -GRADE EIGHT- PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN) TEXT A STAYING HEALTHY ON HOLIDAY Do people who choose to go on exotic, far-flung holidays deserve free healthy advice before they travel? And even if they pay, who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information? Who, for that matter, should collect that information in the first place? For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there's an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody pay out money for keeping people healthy. Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests - - the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. " The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers' health," says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London. "Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It's a grey area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role," he says. To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives. A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: "Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control. " Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than ?1 million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don't work and so give people a false sense of security: "Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority", he says. 16. Travel medicine in Britain is. A. not something anyone wants to runB. the responsibility of the government C. administered by private doctorsD. handled adequately by travel agents 17. The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to. A. prevent people from falling illB. make money out of it C. give advice on specific countriesD. get the government to pay for it 18. In Behren's opinion the question of who should run travel medicine. A. is for the government to decideB. should be left to specialist hospitals C. can be left to travel companiesD. has no clear and simple answer 19. People will only think better of travel medicine if. A. it is given more resources by the governmentB. more accurate information on its value is available C. the government takes over responsibility from the NHSD. travelers pay more attention to the advice they get TEXT D ETIQUETTE In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life. Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say. women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance. In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission. Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social file as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use. etiquette suggested that after spiting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot. Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women asthe social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today. In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name. Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. 25. One characteristic of the rich classes of declining society is their tendency to ________. A. take in the recently wealthyB. retreat within themselves C. produce publications on mannersD. change the laws of etiquette 26. Which of the following is NOT an element of the code of etiquette? A. Respect for age.B. Formal compliments. C. Proper introductions at social functions.D. Eating with a fork rather than fingers. 27. According to the writer which of the following is part of chivalry? A knight should ________. A. inspire his lady to perform valiant deedsB. perform deeds which would inspire romantic songs C. express his love for his lady from a distanceD. regard his lady as strong and independent 28. Etiquette as an art of gracious living is quoted as a feature of which country? A. Egypt.B. 18th century France.C. Renaissance Italy.D. England. PART IV TRANSLATION (60 MIN) 近期报纸, 对国外名片和请柬的议论颇多, 于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬, 随笔记下来, 似乎不无借鉴之处。 在巴黎, 名目繁多的酒会, 冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识, 如果是亚洲人, 他们往往开口之 前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方, 这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而, 法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片, 双方见面寒暄几句, 甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开, 只有当双方谈话投机, 希望继续交往时, 才会主动掏出名 片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 法国人的名片讲究朴素大方, 印制精美, 但很少有镶金边的、闪光多色的或带香味的。名片上的字体纤细秀丽, 本 人的名字也不过分突出, 整张纸片上空白很大, 毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。 Four months before election day, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that mark the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted. Even so, the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting. Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House. It should have been easy. These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁 螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀芃莇罿腿莅蚂袅膈蒇蒅螀膇膇蚀蚆膇艿蒃羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膃蚇螃芃莆蒀肂节蒈螅羈芁薀薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莂薆蚆羆蒅螂羄羅膄薅袀羅芇螀袆羄葿蚃螂羃薁蒆肁羂芁蚁羇羁莃蒄袃羀蒆蚀蝿聿膅蒂蚅聿芇蚈羃肈莀蒁罿肇薂螆袅肆节蕿螁肅莄螄蚇肄蒆薇羆肃膆螃袂膃芈薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄肃膀