四大文明古国说法不规范 未获世界公认

四大文明古国说法不规范 未获世界公认 2008年03月03日21:47环球时报我要评论() 1881 字号:T|T 许多年来，我国一直流传着“中国和埃及、巴比伦、印度并称四大文明古国”的说法。但我查阅了一些国外的权威世界历史著作，都找不到“四大文明古国”的正式说法。看来这种说法只在我国流行，并没有得到世界范围的历史学界的公认。因为这个说法并不规范，缺乏科学论证和史料的根据。 根据现有资料发现，是在梁启超写于1900年的《二十世纪太平洋歌》一诗中，最初出现“四大文明古国”之说。但梁先生当时只是用诗达爱国情怀，并无确凿论据。 还是考察一下学术界的观点吧。英国历史学家汤因比的《历史研究》一书，被誉为20世纪最伟大的历史学著作，其最早主张用“文明”单位代替“民族国家”来研究历史。他把6000年人类历史划分为21个成熟的文明，埃及、苏美尔、米诺斯、赫梯、巴比伦、古印度、希腊、伊朗、叙利亚、阿拉伯、古中国(商代)、安第斯(南美洲)、玛雅(中美洲)、中国(唐以后)、天竺(兴地)、朝鲜、日本、拜占庭、俄罗斯、墨西哥、育加丹，另外还有5个中途夭折停滞的文明:玻里尼西亚、爱斯基摩、游牧、斯巴达和奥斯曼。 如果要说“古国”之“国”，那么，古代“苏美尔、米诺斯、赫梯、巴比伦、希腊、伊朗、叙利亚”都是不同的“国”，都是比古中国更早(或几乎同时)的“文明古国”。实际上小亚细亚或两河流域不止一国，古代印度更不止一国。哪里来“四大”，又从何说起呢,事实上难以成立，更何况不少地区的文明都早于中国数千年。 根据今天我们对于人类文明史的认识，应该承认，过去流行的“四大文明古国”的说法并不规范，不该说“国”而应该称为“文明地区”。考古研究更表明，年代最古老的几个文明地区是:西亚的两河流域、北非的尼罗河流域以及印度河流域。这三大地区首先出现了文字和青铜器，可称为“三大最古老的文明地区”。中国的甲骨文在年代上要远远晚于尼罗河流域象形文字和两河流域的楔形文字。夏商文明的年代，比两河流域、尼罗河流域、印度河流域的(有文字可考)的文明，要晚2000-3000年。不过，这“三大最古老的文明地区”后来由于外族入侵和其他原因而中断了，但是，三大最古老文明的历史贡献和影响，实际上并没有“湮灭”，而是一直保留下来了，比如世界通行的拼音字母、各种工具、建筑格式等。 接下来，影响重大深远而一直延续到现在的文明地区，是希腊文明(后与犹太、东罗马等文化融合)、印度文明(印度教、梵文经典等)和中国夏商文明(后与中华各族文化融合)，这继起的三大文明都一直延续到今天。其中，我们看到 欧洲文明对于古希腊文明的传承，以及华夏文明和印度文明的相对僵化、停滞(发展迟缓)和没落～如此“三大最古老的文明地区”和“延续至今的三大文明地区”的提法，或“人类文明的五大发源地”(西亚地区、北非地区、印度地区、希腊地区、华夏地区)是我经过长期研究的学习体会的初步结论，建议由此代替“四大文明古国”的不规范提法。 世界文明史，乃是以考古发掘和史料记载为根据的实事求是的学问。我们中华民族，既不应该妄自菲薄，也不应该妄自尊大。?(作者是原中国科学院研究员。原载环球时报2008年3月3日国际论坛版/陈明远) 附文: 中国真是所谓四大文明古国吗, 作者:FHD 2004年4月25日 一直以来，中国官方在对国内的宣传中都宣称什么中国是所谓的"四大文明古国"之一，我们是一个有着五千年文明历史的古老国家，以此做为教育国民的重要组成部分。这些可笑的论调还流传颇广，深入人心，其实呢，只要稍有一点世界史常识的人都知道这只是个笑话。 首先让我们来看看这个所谓"四大文明古国"的说法，国际上和学术界是不会有这种幼儿园口号式的提法的，比较近似的只有"几大文明发源地"的提法，即便是这样，中国也是排不上什么"四大"的。 如果是按照"四个最古老的文明国家"的定义的话，那么，我们中国，不要说四大，连前十大恐怕都排不上，它的文明开始于公元前1500年左右的商王朝，不过三千多年的时间，而其他几大文明早于此之前已经分别存在了两千到一千年，中东两河流域文明开始于公元前3500年左右;埃及尼罗河流域文明也开始于公元前3500年左右，希腊爱琴文明开始于公元前2500年左右，印度河流域文明开始于公元前2500年左右，这只是就大的区域来说，在各大文明区域周边，还有更多次要文明如赫梯文明，亚述文明，腓尼基文明，波斯文明，犹太文明等(这些古代文明正是今天西亚很多国家的前身，这些古代闪米特人和波斯人也正是今日犹太人，阿拉伯人，伊朗人等的祖先)。要按照前面"四大古国"的定义的话，也只能是在这些文明和国家里去排，那里轮得到中国呢。 细心的读者可能会发现:从上面列举的文明开始时间来看，排在前面的"四大文明"分别应该是中东文明，埃及文明，希腊文明，印度文明。并没有中国的位置。何以在中国官方的宣传中，希腊的位置消失了，反而变成了晚于其后1000年的中国, 这并不是什么无意的错误，实际上，这只是长期以来在官方操纵的反西方政治背景下，有系统有计划地贬低西方文明的各种宣传活动的一个组成部分而已。因为希腊文明是西方文明的源头，中国官方出于意识形态原因，不乐于见到任何表现了西方文明优越性的信息出现，对西方文明的任何方面都要尽可能贬低，再 加上掌权的"民族主义者"对西方文明那种极度仇视和嫉妒的心态，所以搞了这样一个偷梁换柱的小手脚。 读者可能会问:中国官方宣传的不是"五千年文明"吗,何以实际上只有3500年, 那么我们需要搞清楚一些考古学和历史学上的基本常识和概念，而中国的某些"历史学家"长期以来正是靠着混淆这些基本常识和概念来误导愚弄民众。这就是关于"文化"和"文明"这两个概念的区别的问题，以及构成"文明"的几个基本特征。 考古学历史学上所说的"文化"和"文明"这两个概念是有严格区别的(虽然我们在日常生活中常常可以把它们混用)。简单说来:"文化(culture)"是一个属于石器时代范畴的概念，用于专指石器时代特别是新石器时代包括金石并用时代的原始部落人类遗迹，而"文明(civilization)"是属于青铜时代范畴的概念，专指人类进入青铜时代以后的国家阶段。 其实，从"文化(culture)"和"文明(civilization)"这两个英文单词的词源上我们就可以清楚地看出两者的区别。"文化(culture)"这个单词的词根"cult-"的原始意义是"耕作"，这很清楚地表明了"文化"这个概念的本义是属于与"农耕"相联系的原始部落时代的范畴的;而"文明(civilization)"这个单词的词根"civ-"的原始意义是"市民"，这也同样清晰的表明了"文明"这个概念的本义是属于与伴随着"市民"的出现而同时产生的"城市"及工商业相联系的青铜时代的范畴的。(城市city这个单词就是从词根"civ-"的变体"cit-"演绎而来的。) 而"文明(civilization)"的几个主要特征:文字，金属冶炼术，城市国家(城邦)，宗教，等等(雅斯贝尔的定义)，正是与工商业的出现密切相关的。要判定一个文明是否开始了，什么时候开始的，正是按照上述几个来核定的，而且是按照考古发现来核定的，而不是用什么神话传说，民间故事，野史杂书，或者是像什么《史记》之类的晚于考古年代两千年之后的所谓"历史纪录"来判定的。这是一个考古学历史学常识。 可能有人会问我这样一种问题:那么，我们为什么要用外国人的标准来判定我们自己的历史，我们不能用自己的标准来判定吗,完全可以，但是，"文明" 和"文化"这些概念本来就是西方传来的，不仅如此，整个考古学，历史学的方法体系，都是从西方输入的观念，如果要用我们自己的标准，那么我们就不能再用西方的概念来宣扬什么"我们有五千年‘文明'历史"，而应该用我们自己的话来说，就是"我们有五千年神话传说的历史"。 但是按照这样的标准，我们倒是有"五千年历史"了，而其他国家和地区，特别是地中海周边国家地区及中东地区，他们就不仅是"五千年历史"了，起码都是一万年以上的历史了。这样我们还是占不到什么便宜。 而中国的"历史学家"长期以来正是靠着混淆"文化"和"文明"的标准来误导愚弄民众。比如说把属于新石器时代的原始部落文化(如仰韶文化，龙山文化， 良渚文化等等)偷换冒充成是所谓"文明"时代，这样中国的历史一下子就提前了一两千年，甚至两三千年。而在介绍其他国家其他文明的时候，又用另一种标准，从人家文明开始的正式起点(文字，金属冶炼术，城市国家出现)严格算起，这样无形中就缩少了中国与那些最古老文明国家间的距离，甚至给人一种错觉，似乎中国比这些实际上比中国文明历史早得多的国家和地区反倒还要早些，而实际上，如果按照中国衡量自己的那种标准，很多国家和地区，特别是地中海周边国家地区以及中东地区，起码都是一万年以上的历史了。就是诸如此类的小伎俩小把戏。 下面就让我们来详细地从头审视一下中国及世界的历史。 首先从中国文明的历史开始说起。先开门见山地阐明这个基本事实:中国最早的文明——商文明，开始于公元前1500年左右，距今3500年，地点在今河南安阳一带。考古依据:中国地区最早的文字——甲骨文;成熟的青铜冶炼术，及出土的冶炼的青铜器;国家形态已出现。 要说明的是:这可不是我的发明，随便找一本国际学术界的世界史著作或者教科书，上面讲述中国文明都是从商王朝为起点开始的。 当然，中国自己的历史教科书是从所谓的公元前2000年的"夏王朝"开始算起的。但是国际学术界是不承认这个子虚无有的"夏王朝"的，因为没有任何考古依据:既没有文字出现，也没有冶炼的青铜器发现，更没有表明国家形态存在的任何依据，以及城市遗迹，等等。 而中国的这些江湖骗子一样的"历史学家""考古学家"，虽然把整个中国地区都翻遍了也没找出什么能证明所谓的"夏王朝"存在过的证据，但还是要厚着脸皮硬把这个幻想中的"夏王朝"塞到教科书和宣传资料中去贩卖给世人，又硬着头皮把在二里头等地发现的一些新石器时代文化遗迹包装一番冒充成是"夏王朝" 的所谓"都城"遗迹拿出来蒙骗外行人。 我们来看看中国的"考古学家""历史学家"找到了些什么,有一次我听一个《夏商周断代》的演讲，主讲的"考古学者"给我们展示了他们宣称是所谓的"夏王朝"的"都城遗迹"复原图，我仔细一看，原来就是几个烂草棚子，一个标准的原始村落，他们把这个叫做"伟大的""夏王朝"的"都城",还有什么呢，考古现场的几个烂泥堆，那是什么——夯土遗迹，夯土是什么，就是把泥巴堆在一起压紧做墙基，原始部落用来建造窝棚的最原始技术，俗称"干打垒"。他们把这个叫做"伟大的""夏王朝"的"都城",还有就是一些铜渣子，大量的石器，骨器～这问题不是很清楚了吗,只不过是新石器时代的氏族部落遗迹。所谓的" 夏王朝都城"纯属胡扯～ 要是这算是"都城遗迹"，那世界各地的新石器时代文化中的"都城遗迹"就太多了，瑞士汪金的湖居文化(早于公元前5000年)，人们用五万根木桩作地基建在湖上的大型村寨，那就比"伟大的""夏王朝"的"都城遗迹"大到不知那里去了。看来西方人脸皮还是太薄了。 还有一些考古学家声称在中国其他地方发现了一些铜器，更是误导，那是什么,金石并用时代的用天然铜打造而成的铜器，新石器时代晚期就出现的产物，其他国家和地区的新石器时代文化遗迹中多的是，以此为标准的话，那我前面所提到的那几个古文明地区的历史更要往前提前一两千年。 而其他那些古文明地区都发现有标志文明起点的大量完整的城市遗迹，而且都是砖石结构，埃及就不用说了，希腊，西亚，印度河，特别是希腊米诺斯文明遗迹的克诺索斯王宫(公元前2000年)，其华丽，在各早期文明中是首屈一指的，我们中国直到四千年之后的现存很多近代宫殿建筑都无法相比。这一点无须多说，实地参观一下就知道了。 还有印度河流域的早期文明哈拉巴文明(公元前2500年)，在摩亨佐与哈拉巴等地发现了许多完整的城市遗迹，砖石结构，构造复杂。据考证当时城市人口已达到三四万人。 还有埃及的南城遗迹等(公元前3500年，涅伽达文明时期)。某些书上错误地说埃及没有城市，玛雅文明印加文明没有文字，实际上都有。比如斯塔夫里阿诺斯的《全球通史》(我早就说过他这本书在细节上是错误百出的) 说老实话，所谓"商王朝"的殷墟遗迹其实也不过就是一些夯土遗迹而已，只不过规模稍大一点，根本还不是城市遗迹。要不是发现了甲骨文，冶炼青铜器，国际上也是根本不会承认商文明的。毕竟跟其他国家地区比起来，证据太少了。 中国有些人为此找了一种借口:说中国文明的早期建筑都是砖木结构的，所以不容易保存下来，而其他国家地区特别是西方主要用石材建筑，所以保存下来多一些，甚至还厚着脸皮反吹一把:中国的砖木建筑比其他文明的石材建筑技术程度更高。 其实恰恰相反，我上面提到的几大文明地区，其发掘出来的早期文明遗迹实际上都是大量使用烧制的砖块建筑的，最典型的就是那个印度河流域的哈拉巴文明遗迹，以及两河流域最早的的乌尔，巴比伦，苏萨等城市遗迹，埃及的南城遗迹，希腊的米诺斯文明遗迹，等等，实际上西方建筑的典型代表,,古罗马的建筑，也不是像某些人想象的那样都是用石材建筑的，也大量采用砖块，混凝土等建筑，如现今在法国西班牙等地都还保存着的高架水渠等，这些都很好地保存着。 而中国早期文明遗迹恰恰不是用砖建筑，而是夯土加木材建造，当然不容易保存，但那正是因为其技术水平低下的原因。中东，西方等地用砖石建筑比中国用泥土木材建筑所需要的生产力水平和技术水平要高得多，造价也要昂贵得多，也更坚固，当然便于保存。(希腊迈锡尼文明时期的城市遗迹，其巨石建造的城墙，厚达二十米。) 所以找不到所谓"夏王朝"的遗迹是毫不奇怪的，因为根本就不存在过，只有一些石器时代原始村落的遗迹。 而找不到更关键的两个证据——文字的出现，和金属冶炼术的出现，就更加不值一提了。 现在更需要提醒大家注意的是，问题不仅仅只是没有所谓"夏王朝"存在的任何证据那么简单，而是反倒有大量证据证明其根本不存在。典型的例子就是:在时间上紧随所谓"夏王朝"其后的商王朝，其甲骨文和青铜器铭文中竟然找不出有关这个前一代"王朝"的任何记载。这不是很荒谬吗,不是已经很清楚地说明了事情的真相了吗,你能想象周王朝，秦王朝，汉王朝等在他们的政府文件和档案中不记载他们的前一代"王朝"的任何情况吗,只有商王朝这样的初始文明才会是这种情况，因为在前面什么都没有，一片空白。 而有些无聊文人绝望之余，干脆对外撒谎说商代甲骨文和青铜器铭文上已发现有关于"夏王朝"的记载了。好笑的是，考古部门的负责人马上就出来予以否认。显然他们也还不敢于拿自己的职业声誉来开国际玩笑。 中国的这些"历史学家""考古学家"对此也是无计可施，绝望之余，只有祭出"谎言重复千遍就成为真理"的法宝，在中小学教科书和宣传资料中反复宣传"夏王朝是我国第一个奴隶制国家"，但是在大学历史教科书中还是遮遮掩掩吞吞吐吐地告诉大家，这还只是一个纸上的"王朝"，连他们自己也觉得心虚。但这也是没有办法的事情，毕竟这些历史系学生将来是要加入"历史造假工作队伍""考古造假工作队伍"的，在教会他们如何造假之前，还是必须要让他们先了解真相，不然岂不是把他们都"培养"成**了, 五千年文明"来愚弄大家，但最好笑的是，中国官方在对国内的宣传中就用" 是在国际上，为了不闹笑话，还是老老实实地承认中国历史是从商文明开始的，如外研社出版的英文版《中国通史》，就将所谓的"夏王朝"与黄帝的传说等乖乖地归入"神话传说时代"目录下。我真是替我们中国人感到悲哀啊，原来我们本国人在官方眼中是比外国人要低贱一等的，连了解本国的历史，都没有与外国人同等的知情权。 而且我们退一万步来说，就从所谓"夏王朝"算起，公元前2000年到公元2000年，也才4000年。那来的"5000年文明历史",难道 2000，2000=5000,所以说"5000年文明历史"只是个笑话。(这个笑话荒谬得甚至连谎言都算不上，因为基本的事实都摆在那里，一目了然，他们要撒谎造假的余地都没有，唯一的办法就是凭着垄断了宣传机器拼命宣扬，让大家习惯成自然。如果有人说1+1=3，或者是1+1=4，大家确实也不会认为他是在撒谎，而只会当作笑话看。事情就是这样的。) 还有一些"历史学家"恼羞成怒地用一种泼皮口吻断言道:"夏王朝是《史记》中记载了的，不容置疑～"。好嘛，原来隔了两千年之后的司马迁通过道听途说记述了一件从未见过的事情，这就成了"不容置疑"了,那古希腊的柏拉图还记载过一万多年前有一个大西洲国呢，人们在海底还发现了一些疑似城市的遗迹，那也是"不容置疑"的了。 司马迁的话有多少可信度,他写的《史记》与其说是历史纪录还不如说是历史小说。很多情节都不知道是怎么虚构出来的，一个人单独干的事情，或者是两个人秘密的谈话， 而且都是不可告人的勾当，又没有外人在场，他是从何而知的,难道古时候的人还每天记日记，死后将日记出版，让你几百年后的人知道这些细节,自从他被皇帝阉割了以后，应该说心理就变得极为扭曲了，沉浸在虚构的远古"贤君""盛世"的幻想中就成为了支撑他活下去的重要精神支柱了(当然，这也是我的猜想)，这种心态下导致了他把"三皇五帝"这种荒诞无稽的神话传说(连中国官方都不敢承认)都当作历史来记述了，是不是这也是"不容置疑的", 至于所谓的黄帝，炎帝，尧，舜，禹，这些到了春秋战国及秦汉时代才陆陆续续由方术士根据神话传说虚构出来的人物，连中国官方都不敢承认，而是乖乖地称之为"传说中的黄帝时代"。这里也没必要多说了。(这不是一个需要在这里辩伪的问题，而是一个历史学上的常识，这方面的文章资料多的很，这些问题也不过是五四时代就已经解决了的，中国史学界的泰山北斗顾颉刚所著《古史辩》已经把这些问题阐述得很清楚了。) 好笑的是，中国官方虽然在正式的教科书中乖乖地将其称之为"传说中的黄帝时代"，但是在出版的字典词典中又堂而皇之把所谓的"五帝时代"列在"历代纪元表"里面，于是搞笑的一幕发生了:从"黄帝"开始的"五帝"竟然延续时间为500年～平均每个"帝王"在位时间为100年～再加上他们"继位"之前要达到成年的年龄，以及"退位"之后的晚年，平均每个人的寿命为一百多岁～原来石器时代原始部落的人平均寿命已达到一百多岁，真是滑天下之大稽～ 虽然中国的这些政客和文人骨子里很想把这个虚构的所谓"炎黄始祖"作为正式的历史来宣传，"祭奠黄帝"的闹剧也搞了好几次了，但是我相信，除非中国到了邪教横行的那一天，否则他们的企图是不会得逞的。 "尧，舜。禹"不过是后人的虚构，更不存在所谓的"炎黄始祖"，顾颉刚提出的"层累地造成的中国古史"的观点，主要的两点"时代愈后，传说的古史期愈长"，"时代愈后，传说中的中心人物愈放愈大"，是辨识伪史的指导思路，至于春秋战国时的方士文人具体是怎样伪造出上古史的，他的书中已有详细分析。可详查。 顺便说一句，顾颉刚是中国历史学家中几个稍有良知的人之一，但是受时代条件限制，他也曾错误地把当时发掘出的"北京猿人"认为是中国地区各民族的人种起源，而我们今天已经知道了，科学家通过对不同种族人群的线粒体DNA测定，发现所有人种都是起源于20万年前的非洲智人，"北京猿人"等其他地区的早期原人早已灭绝，并不是中国地区的人种的起源。而我们中国现在的人种是冰川期结束以后才陆续从中亚迁移过来的，这不过是个常识而已。 而某些中国人津津乐道的所谓"中国文明是唯一延续下来的古文明，其他文明都已经消失了，种族已经灭绝了"的可笑说法，也是颇能迷惑人的一种荒谬论调。这种荒谬可笑的调子现在该是彻底澄清的时候了。 那么我们来看看其他文明是否已经消失了，种族是否已经灭绝了。 首先说希腊，希腊最早的文明——米诺斯文明，开始于公元前2500年，距今四千多年。最初见于《荷马史诗》的记载。十九世纪末在希腊克里特等地发现了它的大量遗迹。考古依据:早期的象形文字， 以及中期的线形文字A;成熟的青铜冶炼术，及出土的大量冶炼的青铜器;早期的城堡，中期的克诺索斯等地的王宫，尤其是后者，其优美华丽，在各早期文明中可以说达到了一个登峰造极的地步。 (注意:中国的历史书上是把米诺斯文明从公元前2000年开始算起的，但是国外的历史书上都是从公元前2500年算起的，谁是谁非自己判断吧。) 紧随其后的是希腊南部的迈锡尼文明，开始于公元前1600年，距今3600年，《荷马史诗》记叙的主要就是这一时期的历史。十九世纪在希腊迈锡尼，泰林斯等地发现了它的很多城市遗迹，大量青铜器，还有线形文字B。 然后是两百年的荷马时代，这时候希腊开始进入铁器时代，武器和工具都普遍使用铁制，而中国直到将近一千年后的汉代才开始正式进入铁器时代(我并没有夸张，其他诸文明地区比我们中国地区早一千年左右进入铁器时代是个历史常识，原因也很简单，因为冶铁术起源于地中海一带的赫梯文明，然后陆续传入远近各个文明，中国地区距离最远，所以传入最晚)。 再接下来就是我们熟知的以雅典为代表的古典文明时代了。 创造米诺斯文明的皮拉斯基人，不是希腊语族，中国某些流氓文人抓住这一点大做文章，刻意强调米诺斯文明的创造者跟创造迈锡尼文明的希腊人不是同一民族，想要贬低希腊文明的原创性。 实际上，皮拉斯基人只是非希腊语族而已，但是与希腊人同为印欧种族，或者称之为雅利安语族。而且他们从米诺斯文明早期开始就逐渐与创造迈锡尼文明的希腊族阿开亚人融合了，其文明是一脉相承的。在阿提卡等地的皮拉斯基人也早就与当地的阿开亚人融合而共同创造出了后来的古典文明，其文化艺术的世俗主义，自然主义特征，在几个古代文明中是绝无仅有的。跟后来希腊古典文明同出一源。 就算从正宗的希腊人，阿开亚人的迈锡尼文明时代算起，也早于中国最早的商文明。不知道"四大文明古国"怎么会算到中国头上去的, 更何况，中国的两个早期文明:商，周，都是西方迁来的游牧民族创造的，周灭商之后，商民族即已消亡，今天有谁敢说自己是"商人"的后裔,要说"正宗"的"中国人"——汉人，那是到了秦汉才形成的，是否也应该说"中国的早期文明都已经消失了，种族已经灭绝了", 公元前1000年以后的希腊古典文明则是南下的与阿开亚人同族的多利安人与前两者共同创造的;而再后来统一希腊并建立了亚历山大帝国的马其顿人也是希腊族人，并开创了希腊化文明时代;罗马兼并了希腊之后更是成为希腊文明的直接继承者;而西罗马帝国灭亡后，东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国)继续延续了一千年之久，其核心民族仍然是希腊人，使用希腊语。直到十五世纪东罗马帝国被奥斯曼土耳其帝国灭亡，希腊人经历了四百年亡国时期，到十九世纪初又重新独立。今希腊共和国的版图，即是古代希腊的主要区域，其人口绝大多数仍然是希腊族，希腊语为国语。这个地区自古以来民族成分就没有大的改变过，何来的"种族消失了", 而且，说人家"文明消失"了，更是笑话。今天的整个现代文明完全是西方文明的内容，而西方文明又是以希腊罗马文明为基础的，希腊罗马文明在今天社会的科学，哲学，文学，艺术，政治，法律等等方面仍然发挥着巨大的影响。我们身边处处可见希腊罗马文明的影子，何来的"消失"了, 希腊罗马文明只不过中途又接受了基督教的成分，而且是希腊化的基督教。基督教从一开始产生就可以说是希腊文明与犹太文明的混合产物，基督教经典《新约》从一开始就是用希腊语创造出来的，主要的传播者也是罗马帝国中的希腊人，只奉《旧约》的犹太教是严禁偶像崇拜的，而基督教各流派都可以绘画雕刻圣像，这就是其希腊化的典型特征。 对于希腊文明，怎么评价都不过分。可以说:如果没有希腊文明，就几乎没有我们今天现代社会的一切。现代的许多科学学科，技术发明，以及民主，早在古希腊时代就已经产生出了其雏形。古希腊文明更是直接催生了中世纪欧洲的文艺复兴，导致近代科学的产生，民主制度的萌芽。这是对今天整个人类世界作出了最重要最关键的贡献的一个文明。这一点，我们以前是认识得太不够深入了。 我们又反过来看看中国的民族构成，前面说了，商，周，本是外来民族，商灭周后，商民族即已消亡。秦汉时第一次民族大融合才形成所谓"汉人"，这一点跟其他国家地区的民族演化并无什么不同。 汉代时人口最多时达到五千多万，但是经过汉末动乱，到了三国时人口仅剩下七百万，其中蜀国人口最多时仅有九十多万(所以不难理解蜀国的基本战略非联吴抗魏无以自保)。而曹操诗中"白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣"的描写并不是文学夸张，而是对当时十室九空的人口灭绝情况的真实记录。这样巨大的人口真空靠什么来填补,靠的是北方蛮族的大量南迁来填补的。而紧接其后短暂的西晋(不到一代人的时间)，北方汉人又大量南迁至长江以南，然后就是长达两百多年的"五胡乱华"时期，黄河流域一带已经基本被换了血了。 隋唐时又是一次全国范围的大混血，而这个所谓"最辉煌"的唐朝，本身就是一个部分汉化的鲜卑人政权(李世民与其家族是汉化的鲜卑人并不是什么秘密)，并保留着大量蛮族陋习，如兄死父死子弟续娶其妻，这就是所谓一脉相承的"华夏文明"吗, 至于辽，金，蒙元，满清时期，那就更不用说了，被混血不说，而且整个就是亡国奴时期。胡人汉化，汉人也胡化，留起鞭子，穿起旗装，这就是所谓一脉相承的"华夏文明"吗, 还不得不说的是，今天生活在中国地区的南方人和北方人，不仅在构成"民族"这个概念的基本特征——共同心理素质上差异甚大，而且在种族的生理特征上都是有很大差异的。总的来说，北方人是比较纯粹的蒙古人种，而南方人则比较复杂，混有大量马来人种的成份。这种情况有两方面的原因:一是当初中国地区的人种从中亚，南亚等地迁移而来时就形成了这种格局，即黄河流域一带以中亚迁徙来的蒙古人种为主，而长江以南则是南亚迁居来的马来人种，二是在后来几千年的历史演变，民族迁徙中，北方的蒙古人种又大量南下与长江以南的百越等民族融和混血而成。(这也是一个人种学上的常识问题，读者可以向你身边这方面的专家咨询一下，就知道我说的没有夸张。) 种族都是如此，文化就更不用说了。说"中华文明是唯一延续下来的文明"，那到底延续下来了些什么呢,举个例子:其他国家民族往往都有自己的民族服装，中国人(汉族)有自己的民族服装吗,(不要告诉我中山装是民族服装，那是用日本人的学生装改制的)。经过一千多年特别是最近几百年以来历史车轮的无情碾压，所谓的"华夏文明"剩下的也不过就是一些碎片而已，而且是些四不象的碎片。日本人的文化都比现在中国的本土文化更近汉唐文化。 很多国人喜欢自以为是地吹嘘什么"世界上唯一延续下来的文字就是汉字，其他语言文字都断绝了"，实际上那是很可笑的说法。以英语为例，学英语专业的应该知道，英语虽然词汇数量巨大多达数百万，但是除了一小部分基础词汇以外，绝大多数的词汇都是由数量有限的希腊词根和拉丁词根以及前后缀组合而成的(而拉丁词根又源于希腊词根)，特别是数量巨大的科技词汇基本上都是由希腊词根构成的。很多人觉得英语词汇的构成好像就是胡乱把一些字母拚接在一起，毫无规律，其实那只是不了解英语的希腊词根构词法而已。(有些网络混混喜欢宣扬什么"汉语词汇的组成是规律的，英语词汇的组成没有规律，汉语优于英语"这种谬论，简直无知得可笑。) 你会发现在西方国家的各种语言中，很多词汇都是很相近的，就是因为它们都是用同样的拉丁词根和希腊词根构成的原因。例如"地理"这个词，英语是"geography"，德语是"geo"，因为都是由表示"土地"意思的希腊词根"geo-"构成的原因。 从语言上来说，西方国家各语言间的差别并不比中国各地区方言之间的差别更大，在西方国家一个人同时会说几种西方语言的情况是很平常的事情，就像在中国一个做生意的人同时会说普通话，四川话，广东话一样。 从文字上来说，英语的字母是拉丁字母，拉丁字母源于希腊字母，希腊字母又源于腓尼基字母，而腓尼基字母最早的源头又可以追溯到埃及文字。同样的，汉字也可以追溯到苏美尔文明的楔形文字。 不仅在印欧语系(或者又称雅利安语)内部是这样，印欧语系与中东一带的闪米特语系也是渊源很深，腓尼基字母产生的另一个分支——阿拉米亚字母，又发展出今天的阿拉伯字母，维吾尔字母等。 我们又来看看汉字。不错，甲骨文是今天汉字的直接起源，但是如果是一个没有受过古文训练的人，根本看不懂古代的甲骨文字，也分不清甲骨文，金文，小篆，大篆等的区别。从文字上来说是这样，从语言上来说，今天使用欧化语法的现代汉语的人如果没有经过古文训练也根本看不懂先秦时代的文献。 然后我们又来看看埃及文明，埃及文明正式开始于公元前3500年(涅伽达文明时期)，这时期出现了象形文字，数十个城市国家，冶炼铜器。(实际上在公元前4500年已进入铜器时代)。并发明了纸--草纸。 然后在公元前3100年时，美尼斯统一了上下埃及各城邦，进入早王朝时期。第三王朝时开始大规模修建金字塔。埃及大大小小的金字塔建立起来一千多年后，中国才开始进入文明时代。 再来看埃及的种族:埃及最初的居民是含米特人，然后与西亚进入的闪米特人逐渐融合，创造埃及文明的就是这种闪含混和民族。而闪米特人都起源于阿拉伯半岛，阿拉伯人，犹太人都是闪米特人。今天生活在中东北非的大部分居民，不过就是阿拉伯化的古代闪米特人的后裔。古埃及虽然在其本土政权延续了三千年之久后又陆续经历了亚述人，波斯人，希腊人，罗马人，阿拉伯人的统治，但是其种族本身从法老时期一直到今天并没有大的改变，今天生活在尼罗河两岸的居民其体貌特征跟古埃及时期的雕刻和绘画上的形象仍然非常相似。 埃及人只不过中途又接受了伊斯兰教的成分，这种情况跟古希腊罗马接受了基督教的情况非常类似，也类似于中国人接受了佛教文化一样。只不过伊斯兰教基督教这种一神教的同化作用更为彻底一点，而伊斯兰教本来就是中东闪米特人土生的宗教。 再来看印度文明。印度文明开始于公元前2500年(哈拉巴文明时期)，地点在今印度河流域一带，以哈拉巴和摩亨佐两地发掘出来的完整的砖砌城市遗迹为代表，以及象形文字，青铜器。 创造最早的哈拉巴文明的是达罗毗荼人，他们与后来进入印度的雅利安人逐渐融合构成了今天印度的主要居民，今天印度的人种混杂局面就是这种历史原因造成的。 而雅利安人在公元前1500年进入印度后，就继承了达罗毗荼人的文化，其宗教，哲学都深受前者影响。 至于印度后来受到蒙古莫卧尔王朝的统治，本质上跟中国地区被蒙元满清统治时期一样，而且在殖民化程度和奴役程度上要轻得多。 今天印度人口的绝大多数都仍然是古代达罗毗荼人和雅利安人等民族的后裔，其信奉的印度教也是从古代就一脉相承下来的，其创造的佛教也深刻影响了整个东亚地区，何来的"文明消失"了, 实际上，通过对比上述几个文明，我们可以发现，恰恰消亡得最多的就是中国地区的文明，除了仍然在使用汉字这一点以外，我没有看出今天的中国还从古代继承下来了些什么。 其实，在学界有一种不便于启齿的看法就是:真正的古华夏文明，从宋代以后就已经消亡了。今天的中国不是昨天的中国。 我们又来看看中东的两河流域文明，它正式开始于公元前3500年的苏美尔文明时期(实际上在公元前4300年已经进入铜器时代，出现了城市，国家的萌芽)，这时候出现了象形文字，及稍后的楔形文字，冶炼铜器，以及乌尔，乌鲁克，尼普尔等数十个城邦。 创造最早的苏美尔文明的苏美尔人，可能是含米特人，他们很快就与后来进入的闪米特人融合了。而后继承苏美尔文明而起的阿卡德文明(公元前2371 年)，巴比伦文明(公元前1894年)，都是闪米特人创造的;创造亚述文明，腓尼基文明，犹太文明的也是古代闪米特人;创造伊斯兰文明的阿拉伯人也是闪米特人。今天生活在中东地区的大部分居民仍然是这些古代闪米特的后裔。信奉的宗教仍然是从古代闪米特人原始宗教发展而来的伊斯兰教，使用的文字仍然是从楔形文字和埃及象形文字中提取元素而产生的腓尼基字母文字发展而来的阿拉伯文字。 至于中国官方宣传的"四大文明古国"中的那个巴比伦，不过是两河地区最早的文明出现近两千年之后才出现的一个晚期文明，中国官方把这个拿来列在所谓的"四大文明古国"中，给人一种错觉，似乎中国地区的文明跟早于自己两千多年的两河文明是在同一个时间层面上似的。 闪米特人的另外一个文明:亚述文明，大约开始于公元前2000年左右，发源地在两河上游一带。这个文明最突出的特点在于他的军事技术上的成就，它建立了当时世界上兵种最为齐全，战斗力最为强悍的一个军事体系，后来其军事技术体制被波斯所继承。 闪米特人在地中海沿岸一带的另一个文明:腓尼基文明，也大约开始于公元前2000年左右，著名的城邦有推罗等。范围就相当于今天黎巴嫩的版图(另外，著名的迦太基古国，也是腓尼基的殖民地)。这个文明最突出的特点，就是其航海及商业上的成就。早在埃及尼科二世时期(公元前611年)，腓尼基人已经实现了环航非洲，这是人类航海史上与麦哲伦环球航行，哥伦布发现美洲并列的航海壮举。 腓尼基文明的另一个伟大贡献就是字母文字的发明。它虽然从楔形文字和埃及象形文字得到启发，但是却是真正成形的拼音字母文字，从腓尼基文字又发展出希腊文字，拉丁文字;以及阿拉伯文字等。从腓尼基文字发展而来的这种字母 文字，是除了东亚之外全世界都在使用的文字。韩国日本等国都曾经进行过文字拼音化的尝试，现在也还在朝这个方向努力。中国要想实现现代化，将来也不可避免地要向这个方面发展。 犹太文明，如果从公元前1000年扫罗建国算起的话，是三千年历史。但实际上，作为一个民族，犹太人的历史还更为悠久。早在公元前2000年以前，居住在这里的迦南人(闪米特语族)，已经进入铜器时代，建立了城市，后来与进入这里的犹太人融合。 至于犹太文明及其民族独一无二的延续性，以及他们对人类的贡献，我想不需要我多说了。 赫梯文明，这可能是一个雅利安语族的文明，也大致开始于公元前2000年左右。地点在小亚细亚一带。这个文明最大的成就就是发明了冶铁术(有可能更早在这之前的米坦尼王国已出现)，并在公元前1400年左右率先进入铁器时代。而今天高加索一带的亚美尼亚，据称其居民就是古代赫梯人的后裔。 今天叙利亚的居民，则是建立以大马士革为中心的古代叙利亚文明的阿拉米人的后裔。 波斯文明，就是今天伊朗的前身，这是一个雅利安人的文明。如果从其最早的居民,,埃兰人建立的文明开始，是在公元前2500年左右，他们创造了伊朗最早的文字，国家。埃兰人与后来的米底人，波斯人同出一源。波斯帝国则建立于公元前550年，是第一个横跨欧亚非空前庞大的帝国。今天伊朗人的绝大多数，就是古代波斯人的后裔。 顺便提一下罗马文明，如果从公元前754年罗马建国开始(另一说公元前575年)，是两千多年历史，而实际上，早在公元前1800年特拉马拉文化时期意大利已进入青铜时代;公元前1000年维兰诺瓦文化时期已进入铁器时代。今天意大利的绝大部分居民，仍然是建立罗马文明的古代拉丁人的后裔。 至于美洲的玛雅，印加诸文明，由于出现时间稍晚，这里就不赘述了。 所谓"创造某个古代文明的民族已经灭绝了"这种说法纯属误导。没有任何一个民族能够被彻底地灭绝。不管是在战乱中遗存下来的人民，还是后来迁居而来逐渐融合了的外来成份，他们都会自然地依照共同的地域意识和文化心态，重新恢复古代的文明版图。读者如果把今天的世界地图与早期文明的分布图对比一下，就会发现，各早期古代文明所在的大致范围与今天建立在这些地区的现代国家版图基本上是相吻合的。以色列人流浪千年之后仍然要顽强地回到故土上去，并恢复了希伯莱语言文字;伊朗人(波斯人)近代独立以后马上就将阿拉伯文字从自己的文化体系中清除出去，并全力恢复古代波斯的文化传统，这已经很能说明问题了。 还有很多国人喜欢夸夸其谈的一种荒谬可笑的论调"唐朝时中国是世界的中心"。事实上，中国从来就不是什么"世界的中心"，唐朝时世界上有阿拉伯帝国， 拜占庭帝国，查理曼帝国。那时候世界的中心在君士坦丁堡，在巴格达;汉朝时有罗马帝国，安息帝国(波斯的继承者)，贵霜帝国。那时候世界的中心在罗马，在亚历山大里亚，在巴比伦尼亚。这一点看看世界历史地图就很明了，中国地区一直都是远离文明的中心，在欧亚大陆最偏僻的角落里。 某些人津津乐道什么唐朝多么多么开放，有很多外国人来中国做官。只是自己少见多怪而已，其他文明地区的这种开放的程度普遍的很，各个种族的人来来往往经商做官是家常便饭的事，例如罗马帝国时期，甚至有好几个皇帝都是阿拉伯人，腓尼基人，日尔曼人等外族人，而且是依照正常程序继承的皇位，而非象蒙元满清时代那种异族征服得来的皇位。 地中海周边地区和中东地区，才是在整个人类历史的绝大部分时间里一直是世界的中心，文明的源头。 中东文明可以说是整个人类文明的源泉，楔形文字与埃及象形文字是后来的西方字母文字的最早源头，中国地区的文字实际上也起源于楔形文字。青铜冶炼术，冶铁术，制陶术，车轮，驯养牛马，都是从中东最早发源并传播到世界其他地区的(也包括中国)，这是国际学术界普遍的看法。当然中国的"历史学家"对很多事实是一概否认的。 这个问题，就我个人来说，我当然是相信国际学术界也绝不会相信中国的这些所谓"历史学家"的，读者们则可以根据自己对中国"历史学家"德性的了解自行作出判断。 最近几年，中国的某些无赖似的"历史学家""考古学家"，据说对国际上不予承认中国有商前文明感到很恼火，干脆一不做二不休，声称要单方面宣布中国为"六千年文明历史"，有人甚至提出要更进一步修改为"一万年文明史"，据说还是什么"考古学会"的"会长"。我并不相信这些白痴"学者"真有这种滑天下之大稽的胆量和脸皮去实施这个搞笑计划，我倒是担心他们虚张声势一场最后又不了了之，让我们失去了一个看国际笑话的机会。 其实对付这些"历史学家"这种流氓手段的最好办法就是以其人之道还治其人之身。西方人是太厚道了，要像韩国朝鲜人那样。比如说，我在朝鲜的官方宣传资料上就看到:朝鲜人说他们是"六千年历史的文明古国"，好嘛，比我们中国还多吹出了一千年，现在中国的"历史学家""考古学家"不是要修改中国的历史为"六千年文明"嘛，那么朝鲜就会把自己又改称为"七千年历史的文明古国"，反正始终保持比中国领先一千年，反正只需要改动一个字的功夫而已，何乐而不为呢,日本人就更离谱了，干脆把文物自己埋到地下又自己挖出来做"证据"证明自己的"历史"(跟中国的"考古学家"有得一拚)。 顺便说一句，如果要像中国官方那样将新石器时代的原始部落文化遗迹混淆为"文明时代"的话，那么日本根据其最早的新石器时代文化遗迹——绳纹式文化，也可以把自己说成是"一万年文明历史"。 中国要想把自己打扮成是"最古老的文明国家"这可不容易啊，首先连日本韩国朝鲜这一关都过不了，大家都在比赛谁修改教科书的功夫更厉害。中国，日本，韩国，朝鲜，如果要比谁是最无耻的国家的话，倒是有得一比。 中国的某些"历史学家"，他们"做学问"的态度，就像是妓女对待嫖客一样的态度，随时可以为了政治的需要改换自己的态度和立场，换一个主子就又炮制出一种新的"理论"出来。 这些娼妓一样的"历史学家"，不客气地说，应该称之为"历史篡改学家""历史伪造学家"或者"历史文学家"更为合适。相信看够了他们是怎样篡改伪造近现代历史的种种表演的世人，都不会不同意我的这种说法。更何况是虚无飘渺的古代历史, 最近这些年来，人们对中国越演越烈的学术腐败学术造假现象都很关注，但主要都集中在一些造假者有丰厚利润可图的学科领域，对历史学界，考古学界这些好像没有什么油水的圈子都不太注意，其实这两个看似不重要不起眼的学科领域倒是最有学术腐败学术造假的可能性的，因为这两个学科是直接为政治服务的。比如说那个在国际学术界臭名远扬的所谓《夏商周断代工程》伪学术项目，就存在着大量学术腐败学术造假情况，例如在用碳14测年法测算文物年代的问题上，主事者在数种测年法中故意选用最不准确但是却能够有利于将文物年代往前提早的那一种，他们就是这样搞"学术研究"的，不知道骗取了多少国家科研经费。此类事例，举不胜举，很多资料都有披露。 我在商务印书馆三十年代出版的一本《考古学》上看到那时的考古学前辈是 考古学的目的一不是为了夸耀古国的辉煌，二这样阐述研究考古学的意义的:" 不是为了粉饰现实的政治。而是为了了解历史的真实，知道我们以前的路是怎样走过来的，以为参考，对我们将来应该走什么样的路有一个更清醒的认识。" 中国的某些"考古学家"，把前辈们的教诲全都扔到茅坑里去了。将来到地下碰见这些先辈，肯定是要被打屁股的。 还有某些国人，常常喜欢放这样一种话:"我们中国人辉煌灿烂的时候，你们(西方人)还在树上呢"，说这话的人不一定就是对起码的人类进化史常识无知，虽然大家都知道人类早在一两百万年前就已经从古猿逐渐过渡到直立人了，也就是说早就不"在树上"。可能他们的意思只是以此比喻谁开化得早一些。不过我们前面已经说明得很清楚了:中国进入文明时代远远晚于其他文明地区而且也晚于欧洲。 而现在我们需要更进一步来比较一下石器时代的情况:在欧洲发现的不管是从旧石器时代早期的舍利文化，阿舍利文化，克拉克当文化，还是中期的穆斯特文化，晚期的奥瑞拉文化，索鲁特文化，马格德林文化，以及中石器时代的阿齐尔文化，塔登鲁尔文化，阿斯度尼亚文化，马莱姆斯文化，一直到新石器时代诸多文化，在谱系上都非常完整，不象中国地区有一个很大的断层。时间上也早得多。 就连日尔曼这种相对来说在欧洲算较为野蛮的地区，公元前一千年左右就已经进入了铁器时代了(武器和工具普遍使用铁制)，比中国地区早了近一千年;英国地区早在五千年前其最早的居民皮克特人也已经开始建筑石头城殿;西班牙和法国尼奥岩洞等地，考古发现了数万年前的绘画作品(是世界上最早的绘画和艺术品。奥瑞拉文化时期)以及最早发明弓箭的考古证据。 而中国，即使是公元前1500年才开始的商王朝，也还是青铜器时代，夯土建筑，其主要覆盖范围也只不过就是河南的一小部分地区(注意我说的是主要)，而古中国其他广大地区，基本上都还处在野蛮原始的部落文化状态。这到底是谁"还在树上"呢,这不是很明显的事情吗, 其实当很多中国人得意洋洋地吹嘘"我们的祖先比你们西方人辉煌灿烂"的时候，用心思考的人会发现，这句话所包含的潜台词其实就是"我爸爸比你有钱"。且不说这只是颠倒的事实，就这句话的潜意识来说，这样吹嘘本来不是什么光彩的事情。我们在日常生活中，如果有人用"我爸爸比你有钱"来炫耀自己，毫无疑问地都会遭到那怕是最势利最无廉耻的人的鄙视。可偏偏有一些人不以为耻，反倒以此为荣。 每次看到这些人无知地吹嘘什么"我们的祖先比你们西方人辉煌灿烂(我爸爸比你有钱)"或者是"我们中国人辉煌灿烂的时候，你们(西方人)还在树上呢"的时候，都让人忍俊不禁。 我真不知道咱们的脸皮怎么就这么厚，也真不明白中国历史到底有什么可以吹嘘的，有什么可以得意的。讲政治，中国三千年来一直都是最专制，最腐败，最黑暗的，一直到现在都还是类似于中世纪般的半封建专制体制;讲文化，中国文化其实质根本就是最腐朽最堕落的奴才文化，太监文化，官场文化，伪君子文化，一点可取之处都没有，这个问题也是自五四以来鲁迅等仁人志士早就已经多次阐明了的;讲经济，中国老百姓在封建帝王，贪官污吏，地主豪强等多重压迫下一直都是最穷困的，所谓"唐朝时一个马车夫都比欧洲贵族富有"之类的蠢话恐怕也只有白痴才说得出来;讲历史，中国不要说跟中东，埃及，欧洲，印度这些文明悠久的国家和地区相比，就连跟自己的邻居日本和朝鲜韩国等比，都没有多少可骄傲的资本;讲科学，我们对科学毫无贡献，唯一能够拿来吹嘘一下的就只有个子虚乌有的" 四大发明"，还是李约瑟这个洋人帮着编造的(连编谎都得靠着外国人来编～李约瑟炮制的《中国科学技术史》里面那些胡编乱造的"中国古代科学发现"连稍有良知的中国人自己都不好意思拿到正式场合来炫耀，这里也就不多说了，具体可参考《从头审视所谓四大发明等说法的种种谬误》等文章。) 我觉得国人这德性很不好:刚吃了几天饱饭，就得意得不知道自己几斤几两了。任何事情都要撒谎吹嘘成是自己"世界第一"(虽然昨天还在挨饿)，其他国家民族在中国人眼里好像根本不存在似的(其实心里面一门心思琢磨着怎么移民到外国去)。这样自欺欺人下去，没准明天又要挨饿。这就叫做"器小易盈"。 某些国人就是想通过种种方式来抬高自己贬低其他国家民族(特别是让他们嫉恨不已的西方国家)，来满足他们那种面对西方文明时极度自卑心理背后的需要，并迎合官方的愚民。是一种极其可笑的行为。 最后要说明的是，本文所引用有关世界史的大部分数据和资料都可以在中国高等教育出版社出版的《世界史》教材中找到出处，相信不会再有任何理由指责我"歪曲，捏造，不客观"了。当然，关于中国史的部分，那你得看国外学者的著作才能知道真实的情况，基于中国"历史学家"一贯的德行表现，我相信这一点大家也不会有什么异议的。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.