呼吸(英文讲义)

Respiratory system Composition 1•Respiratory tract: ⑴upper respiratory tract:Nose,Pharynx ,Larynx ⑵lower respiratory tract :Trachea , Bronchi •Lungs-paired organs of respiration 2 Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism Two parts: •Divided by limen nasi 鼻阈 •Nasal vestibule鼻前庭 •Proper nasal cavity固有鼻腔 Boundaries •Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid •Floor－hard palate •Medial wall－nasal septum •Lateral wall –Nasal concha: superior, middle and inferior –Nasal meatus: superor, middle and inferior –Sphenoethmoidal recess Mucous membrane of nose •Olfactory region嗅区: located on superior nasal concha and opposing part of nasal septum ,contains olfactory cells •Respiratory region 呼吸区: its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air Name of sinus Site of drainage Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoidal sinuses: anterior group middle group posterior group Middle meatus Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus The Larynx 喉 Position－situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6 in adult. Layngeal cartilages 喉软骨 Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 •Shield-shaped cartilage •Laryngeal prominence at base of thyroid notch •Superior thyroid notch, superior and inferior cornua Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 •Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring图章戒指) •Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C6 •Larnina of cricoid cartilage Arytenoid 杓状软骨 •Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage •Vocal process声带突anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold声带 •Muscular process肌突 Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue •Laryngeal cavity Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds杓会厌襞and interarytenoid notch杓间切迹 Structure features •Two pairs of shelf like folds : –Vestibular folds 前庭襞 –Vocal folds 声襞 •Two fissures –Rima vestibuli 前庭裂 –Fissure of glottis 声门裂 •Inter membranous part膜间部 －anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds •Inter cartilagrnous part 软骨间部 －posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages •Laryngeal cavity can be divided into Three parts： •⑴ Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 –Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli •⑵Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔 –Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis –Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side •⑶Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 –extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage The Trachea 气管 •Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi •Structure features –Consists of about 16－20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages , smooth muscle and connective tissue block the gap of tracheal cartilages. –Carina of trachea 气管隆嵴 －ridge隆起 of cartilage at bifurcation into principal bronchi Right principal bronchus 右主支气管 •Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left •Foreign bodies异物are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches Left principal bronchus 左主支气管 •Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right The Lungs 肺 Position: located in the thoracic cavity by both sides of mediastinum纵隔 General features •Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower •Apex of lung－rises 2 ～3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck •Base－concave凹面的, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface •Costal surface－large, convex凸面的, related to thoracic wall ••Medial surface－concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae –Hilum of lung 肺门：area on medial surface where structures in root enter or leave lung –Root of lung 肺根 •Contents –Principal bronchus –Pulmonary artery and vein –Nerves and lymphatics –branchial artery and vain •Surrounded by connective tissue •Order of structures in the root of lung –From anterior to posterior: V.A. B. –From superior to inferior : »R.－B. A. V. »L.－A. B. V. Borders –Posterior－blunt –Inferior－ sharp –Anterior－sharp •cardiac notch心切迹 •lingual in left lung 左肺小舌 Lobes and Fissure •Right lung –Two fissures : horizontal and oblique –Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior •Left lung –One fissure : oblique –Two lobes : superior and inferior The Pleura 胸膜 •Two layers –Visceral pleura脏胸膜－adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung –Parietal pleura壁胸膜－lines the thoracic cavity •Named parts of parietal pleura •Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 －extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2～3cm above the medial third of clavicle •Costal pleura 肋胸膜 －lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest •Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜 –Lines mediastinum –Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带 － Mediastinal pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, forming the root of lung •Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm •Costodiaphragmatic recesse肋膈隐窝－are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity. •Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－between the costal pleura and mediastinal pleurae. The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae Lower border Midclavicular lines Midaxillary lines Sides of the vertebral column Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib