浅析借卡透支与银行催收的法律认定

浅析借卡透支与银行催收的法律认定 黄刚 随着市场经济的不断发展和消费水平的提高，信用卡在社会生活中日益普及。信用卡具有转账结算、资金存取方便、允许透支且在规定的透支期限内免息等功能，受到消费者的欢迎。推行和普及信用卡，符合现代生活消费需求，而且在今后会更加普及。如:“一卡在手，走遍天下”的黄金周旅游消费，“刷卡无障碍”、取消透支五万元上限的高额购车、购物消费，都给绝大多数有诚信的、暂时缺少资金周转的消费者带来诸多优惠。信用卡在促进消费，给银行带来丰厚利润的同时，也带来了资金风险。据统计，利用信用卡犯罪的数额每年都在一亿元以上。特别是近年来，以信用卡为工具实施的诈骗案件，发案数逐年上升，而且案值大，案件损失惊人。此类犯罪作案手段多样，流动性大，隐蔽性强。不仅给案件侦破带来难度，而且在司法实践中带来诸多法律适用问，值得高度重视。 一、借卡透支的法律认定 借卡不同于使用伪造、作废的信用卡，也不同于冒用他人信用卡。由于我国的消费者对信用卡的法律意识普遍限于信用卡的载体及密码的保护，对信用卡的法律，特别是权利、义务的规范不作深入的了解和掌握，造成借卡现象不断发生。司法实践中，对借卡人透支消费，超过规定限额、规定期限，经过银行催收或持卡人催要仍不还款的行为，是否构成犯罪，构成何种犯罪，存在不同的认识。 一种观点认为，借卡透支经催收或催要不还款，是民事行为，不构成犯罪。主要理由是:1、借卡行为是无效的民事法律行为。借卡人因借卡而取得的财产，应当返还持卡人并赔偿持卡人因此所受到的损失。按照中国人民银行《银行卡业务管理办法》(以下简称《管理办法》)第二十八条规定:银行卡及其帐户只限经发卡银行批准的持卡人本人使用，不得出租和转借。持卡ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain 人与借卡人的借卡行为，符合我国民法通则第五十八条第(五)项及第六十一条第一款的规定，即持卡人因借卡人的透支行为造成的财产损失，只能由持卡人自己承担。《管理办法》第五十一条第(二)项规定:发卡银行对持卡人透支有追偿权。从这个意义上讲，借卡人透支取得的财产是持卡人背负银行的债务，并不是银行的财产。根据《管理办法》第六条规定:信用卡分为贷记卡、准贷记卡。贷记卡是指发卡银行给予持卡人一定的信用额度，持卡人可在信用额度内先消费、后还款的信用卡。准贷记卡是持卡人向银行交付一定金额的备用卡，当备用金帐户余额不足时可在信用额度内透支的信用卡。因此，持卡人按照上述规定，享有持卡人的权利，承担持卡人的义务，即持卡人应当按照发卡银行的章程及《领用合约》的条款，履行还款义务，而不是借卡人向银行履行义务。2、借卡行为是持卡人将本人享有的信用卡权利转让给借卡人，是一种民事权利的转让或者是授权。而《管理办法》严格规定“信用卡只限持卡人本人使用，不得出租和转借”。对于出租和转借信用卡行为的法律责任，仅仅是“发卡银行应当责令其改正，并对其处以1000元人民币以内的罚款”。借卡人透支行为，该《管理办法》视为持卡人透支，而且“对持卡人不在规定期限内归还透支款项的，发卡银行有权申请法律保护并依法追究持卡人或者有关当事人的法律责任”。对于上述规定，发卡银行追究持卡人的透支行为，即对“申请法律保护”的正确理解，一是民事追偿权，二是刑事责任的追究权利。追究透支行为的刑事责任，是按照我国刑法第196条恶意透支的规定来处理。恶意透支犯罪主体的法律概念，是指持卡人而并非是借卡人。《管理办法》中对透支行为追究“有关当事人的法律责任”，这个“有关当事人”不宜理解为借卡人，司法实践中掌握的是，借卡人与持卡人恶意串通，共同实施信用卡诈骗犯罪的，以共犯处罚。3、对于借卡行为人恶意透支，没有具体的刑事法律规范调整。按照我国刑法罪刑法定原则的规定，法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处罚。 第二种观点认为，借卡透支行为虽属无效民事行为，但是无效民事行为也能导致刑事犯罪行为。主要理由是:1、借卡人在犯罪的主观方面，具有非法占有财产的目的，表现为借卡人以借卡的方法恶意透支，侵害的不仅是银行财产所有权，同时侵犯的也是金融管理秩序。而持卡ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain 人违反《管理办法》的禁止性规范，持卡人承担的是违约责任和民事赔偿责任。对借卡人隐藏的恶意透支行为造成银行财产损失和金融秩序的破坏，是追究借卡人刑事责任的前提，如果持卡人不具有主观犯罪的故意，可由民事法律规范调整其转借信用卡的行为。如果持卡人明知借卡人是为了达到恶意透支的目的，或双方恶意串通透支，则应当追究借卡人和持卡人双方的刑事责任。2、借卡人恶意透支侵害的客体是复杂客体，不能仅认定是持卡人背负了债务，而忽视银行所具有的财产权。应当认为，在财产的权属上，借卡人违法占有的财产实际上就是银行的财产，虽然在法律上设定持卡人为债务人，但是这种财产权利是法律设定的，并非是持卡人实际真正拥有的财产权。3、借卡人的恶意透支行为应认定为信用卡诈骗罪。因为真正的持卡人就是借卡人，信用卡诈骗罪的犯罪主体并不是特殊刑事责任主体。 第三种观点认为，借卡行为是法律明确规定的禁止行为，自然产生无效民事行为的法律后果。借卡人超过规定限额和规定期限透支，经银行催收后仍不归还，应根据具体情况判断，不宜一律认定为信用卡诈骗罪。对于借卡人以欺诈的方式答应透支款由借卡人偿还而拒不归还透支款，由此给银行或持卡人造成财产损害的，应以诈骗罪定罪处罚。笔者同意第三种观点。 首先，尽管我国刑法明确规定了信用卡诈骗犯罪，但新类型的信用卡犯罪案件不断攀升，滞后的立法给信用卡犯罪的打击带来诸多被动。如上述借卡透支的犯罪形式，借卡人作为金融诈骗犯罪的主体及客观行为要件上，缺乏法律规定，需要在今后的立法中进一步完善和补充。值得注意的是，我国刑法第195条规定的信用证诈骗罪，对犯罪行为的表述使用了兜底条款，即“以其他方法进行信用证诈骗活动的”。这一规定，有利于司法机关在打击信用证犯罪活动中，针对不同的信用证诈骗犯罪行为，作出相应的司法解释。但刑法第196条却没有相同的规定。笔者认为，借卡恶意透支的实质是法定信用卡诈骗行为之外的其他方法。 ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain 其次，对持卡人转借信用卡，借卡人诈取银行财产，造成银行或持卡人财产损失的，应以诈骗罪追究借卡人的刑事责任。司法实践中，有的公司法人代表;以公司需要资金周转为由向员工借卡透支，用于公司资金周转;也有的持卡人借用亲属、朋友的信用卡透支，透支款拒不归还。如果放纵此类行为不予追究，将会给公私财产造成极大的侵害。笔者认为:(1)借卡人透支后，如果持卡人也不能或者没有偿还透支款的能力，虽经发卡银行申请法律保护仍不能挽回财产损失的，或者持卡人因借卡人的透支行为造成财产损失的，受害人有权追究借卡人诈骗犯罪的刑事责任。(2)诈骗罪客观行为表现在，用虚构事实或者隐瞒真相的方法作取公私财物。虽然借卡行为在民事法律和金融法律规范中是明令禁止的，是无效的民事行为，但是持卡人转借信用卡是以借卡人偿还透支款为前提条件。借卡人隐瞒归还透支款的事实真相，骗取持卡人的信用，骗取银行的信用，无力偿还或者有能力偿还拒不偿还，就是为了达到非法占有财产的目的。因为银行按照信用卡合约规定，是以交易的密码完成的货币支付，而交易密码是发卡银行设定给持卡人的，是绝对禁止转借使用的。(3)金融诈骗犯罪也属诈骗罪的范畴，是诈骗罪的法律特别规定。在适用法律上，诈骗公私财物，刑法没有特别规定的，应以诈骗罪追究刑事责任。 二、恶意透支诈骗中银行催收的法律认定 1、关于催收方式的认定。我国刑法对“恶意透支”的概念中，以“经发卡银行催收后仍不归还”作为恶意透支的构成要件，是司法机关衡量持卡人主观故意具有“以非法占有为目的”的客观尺度。1995年4月24日，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院公布了《关于办理信用卡诈骗犯罪案件具体适用法律若干问题的解释》，以持卡人“明知无力偿还、逃避侦查或自收到发卡银行催收通知3个月内仍不归还”，推定持卡人具有“非法占有目的”。修改后的刑法虽然删去了“明知无力偿还、逃避侦查”的规定，但以“经发卡银行催收后仍不归还的行为”，来判定是否构成此类犯罪。那么“银行催收”行为显然十分重要和突出。 ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain 根据我国信用卡的发展现状和法律环境，对于“银行催收”没有在银行的信用卡章程和信用卡合约中作出较详细的规范和约定。实践中，各商业银行银行卡发行单位的做法不尽统一和完整，容易造成犯罪分子反侦查和逃避法律追究情形的发生。目前，中国工商银行牡丹贷记卡透支催收方式是电话催收、上门催收、书面催告。 电话催收、上门催收、书面催告均符合法律规定，但银行应当如何保存和采集这些证据，则是追究信用卡恶意透支犯罪的关键。工商银行在发生超过规定期限的透支行为以后，以自己电脑的记录单反映催收，是不准确的。上门催告没有记录和持卡人的签字，书面送达也没有持卡人签收。这些“催收”工作只能是徒劳的，不具有刑事诉讼中作为证据使用的意义。当然，持卡人有意躲避银行催收不留痕迹是客观事实。因此，笔者建议银行发卡机构，针对恶意透支，可以采用以下几种形式防范和采集证据:一是电话录音。调取发卡行与持卡人的通话记录，以 二是邮政专递。按照信用卡合约的规定，明确持卡人接收文件的地址及视听作为证据使用; 因持卡人的原因造成地址不明确或无法接收的法律后果;三是登门催告，应由银行业务人员两人邀请无利害关系的见证人到场催告，并由银行作出催收记录，由持卡人签字确认，持卡人拒不签字时，可由在场见证人签字证明。 2、关于催收期限的认定。我国商业银行法第42条规定:借款人应当按期归还贷款的本金和利息。借款人到期不归还信用贷款的，应当按照约定承担责任。因此，信用卡的善意、恶意透支应分为三个阶段:即免息期、计收贷款利息期和计收逾期贷款利息期。牡丹贷记卡用于消费透支，按照中国工商银行牡丹贷记卡合约的规定，从银行记帐日起25日以内为免息期限，透支的期限在60日以内计收贷款利息，透支超过60日至180日，收取超限费及逾期贷款利息。因此，银行的催收应是在持卡人透支行为发生后，银行记帐之日起180天以后。 ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain 3、关于催收透支金额的认定。根据“两高”司法解释的规定，认定信用卡诈骗犯罪数额在 500元以上，才能构成追究犯罪的起点。实践中，透支金额往往不是一笔发生，而是持续发生。 在没有达到犯罪数额标准的时候，即使欠款超过180天的规定期限，也不能进入刑事诉讼程序 追究持卡人的刑事责任。只有透支金额超过5000元，或累计透支超过5000元时起，超过180 天规定的期限经银行催收仍不归还的，才能启动刑事诉讼的法律程序。 ith. 3, fill embankment before base and completed the inspection and acceptance of works. 4, before the requirement level elevation sign layout according to the drawing, every nail on the level of a certain distance, elevation of forklift parts according to the design requirements set. 5, according to the site conditions determine the routes of earth-moving machinery, vehicles, and prior checks, reinforce and widen if necessary and other preparatory work. (B) construction processes and methods; 1, process: before filling, and statistics to the existing buildings and trees, the soil on the cave or on the surface of roots, trash and other debris to be cleared. 2, have the soil inspection work. Species of fill, size, check there is no debris, and soil moisture content control within the design range. Tier 3, fill casting: each layer thickness according to soil, density to determine requirements and equipment performance. 4, as needed when rolling, wheel (RAM) track lapping each other, prevent leaks RAM leakage. Aspect is high, filling segments. Each layer into slope-shaped seams, ground track about overlapping 0.5-1.0M, is less than the distance from the upper and lower joints 1M. 5, fill out the base surface, we will do the edge compaction quality assurance work. After the earth-moving, does not require trimming of the slope would be preferable to filling edge fill 0.5 m wide called slope rides on and shoot, wide filling 0.2m. 6, in machinery construction not rolling the filling position, manual blade filled with frog-type ramming machine or diesel hierarchical dynamic compaction-compacting. 9, rain during construction: (1) in the rain during embankment construction, we will be completed as soon as possible a continuous; face do not seek too large, hierarchical segment-by-film basis, important or special backfill, as completed by the rain. (2) in the rain at the time of construction, check all the rain