状语及状语从句

状语及状语从句 目录 , 状语 , 状语从句及其分类 , 时间状语从句 , 地点状语从句 , 原因状语从句 , 条件状语从句 , 目的状语从句 , 让步状语从句 , 比较状语从句 , 方式状语从句 , 结果状语从句 内容 , 状语 , 状语（adverbial)：英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置 一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语． He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. 3.介词短语 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.分词 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another 5.形容词： He said nothing but sat silent smoking.他没说话，只静坐在那里抽烟。 Fresh fromthe oven,rolls are delicious.刚出炉的小面包很好吃。 6.词组： I shall stay another five months.我将再呆五个月。 First thing in the morning we swept the courtyard for the landlord.每天早上我们的第一件事就是给房东扫院子。 7.复合结构： It being a holiday,the library isn't open.这天是假日，图馆不开门。 They will send you the book for $2.50,postage included.他们将把书寄给你，书架2.50美元，邮 资在内。 8.从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. , 状语从句及其分类 , 1.状语从句的定义 （Adverbial Clause） 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状 语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等 从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用 逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 2.状语从句的种类 状语从句可分为： 1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison) 8.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 9.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) , 时间状语从句 , 引导时间状语从句的普通类从属连词有when（当...时），while（在...期间），as（当...,一边..., 一边...,before-（在...之前），after（在...之后），since （从...以来），till/until（直到），whenever （无论何时），as soon as（一...就）等。如： When I went into the classroom, he was reading. 当我走进教室时，他正在看书。 He read a newspaper as he went along. 他边走边看报纸。 We must strike while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。 I will tell you after they leave. 于他们走后我再告诉你。 I told him to come back whenever he wants to.我告诉他什么时候想回来就回来。 I waited till/until she was back. 我一直等到她回来 Once time is gone, you will never get it back. 时间一旦失去就再也得不到了 在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般 现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。如： I’ll telephone you as soon as I get there. 我一到达那里就打电话给你。 She said she would phone me as soon as she got there. 她说她一到达那里就给我电话。 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.等车停稳后才下车。 time 可引导时间状语从句的短语有every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等。如 Every time I listen to music, I’ll think of it. 每当我听音乐，我就想起这事。 He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him. 上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。 Each time she moved her head she let out a moan. 她每转动一下头，就发出一声呻吟。 “…………” 除as soon as外，还有三类：名词型——the moment, the minute, the second, the instant；副词型——immediately, directly, instantly；句式型——no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…。如： The moment I saw him I knew that there was no hope. 我一看到他，就知道没有希望了。 I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。 I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家就下起雨来了。 如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。如： Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. before before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。如： I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。 He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 Before I could get in a word, he measured me. 我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。 I’ll water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。 Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。 Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it. 时间过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月. I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。 since 1. since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如： I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。 2. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如： She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city. 自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看 我。 3. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如： I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。 4. since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形 容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如： I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。 till/until 1. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到 until / till 从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）到……”。如： He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来。 2. 主句为否定式（包括含 no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little 等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在 until / till 从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到……”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到……才……”。如： His mother didn’t leave until/till he was asleep. 直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。 Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。 3. 主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到……才……”或“没有到……”。如： He didn’t wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。 She didn’t sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。 , 地点状语从句 , 地点状语从句主要用于回答Where?的问题，可以由where (在…的地方)，wherever (无论什么地方)，anywhere (无论何处) 以及everywhere (到处) 等连词来引导。 ?地点状语从句一般置于主句之后 Sit wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿都可以。 Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。 He lives where the climate is mild. 他住在一个气候温暖的地方。 I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。 You can’t camp where / wherever / anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随意在哪儿宿 营。 ?根据强调的需要，anywhere, everywhere和wherever也可以 (where则一般不可以) 放在句首。如： Anywhere she goes, he goes too. 不论她去哪儿，他也去哪儿。 Wherever I am l will be thinking of you. 我不论在哪儿，都会想你的。 Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。 Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for Princess Diana. 无论詹妮走到什么地方，她都会被误 认为是戴安娜公主。 ?where一般表示一个确定的但非特指的地点。如： The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 教堂建在曾一度是罗马神庙的地方。 Next time I hope you’ll go where I tell you to. 下次我希望你去我告诉你去的地方。 ?wherever, anywhere 和 everywhere 表示“任何地方”。如： With a special train ticket you can travel wherever / anywhere / everywhere you like in Europe for just over￡100. 你如持有专车票，仅花一百多一点英镑，就可以到欧洲各地旅行。 ?有些地点状语从句中有的词可以省略。如： Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies. 只要可能，他们就设法取得殖民地。 Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 只要可能，就要避免这种结构。 , 原因状语从句 , 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), now(that)(既然), when(既然), seeing (that) (由于，鉴于), considering (that)(考虑到), given (that) (考虑到)等。如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。 As it was raining, I stayed at home. 由于下雨，我便呆在家里。 Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。 Now that you are well again, you can travel. 既然价钱恢复了健康，你就可以去旅行了。 How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了, 还能学什么东西呢? Seeing that you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside. 鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内。 Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此的了解已经不少了。 She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了，因为她已经通 过了驾驶考试。 Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。 I’m afraid we don’t stock refills for pens like yours because there’s little demand for them. 对不起，我们没有你那种笔的笔芯，因为销路不好。 1. considering 和 given 还可用介词。如： Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. 就他的年龄来说，这小孩读得挺好的。 Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。 2. 表示“因为”的连词不能与表示“所以”的 so 连用。如： 译：因为他病了，所以没有出席会议。 误：Because he was ill, so he didn’t attend the meeting. 正：He didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill. 正：He was ill so he didn’t attend the meeting. , 条件状语从句 , 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if, unless (=if…not如果不……，除非), as/so long as(只要), while(=as long as只要), supposing (that)/provided /providing (that)(假如), in case(假使), on condition that(在……的条件下)等。如： You can learn anything so long as you set your mind to learn it. 用心学本领，总能学到手。 I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.(=…if it doesn’t rain)除非下雨，否则我明天要去那儿。 He will do the work providing you pay him. 如果你能付费，他可以做这工作。 In case l forget，please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒我。 We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy. 我们可以让你使用这个房间，条件是你把它保持整洁。 条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，从句的谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时态或 将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时态来替代。又如： Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。 Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 如果他不来，是不是不带他去? 但若从句谓语用了will 或 would，那 will 或 would 则是表示“愿意”的情态动词。如： If you will go with me, I’ll wait for you. 如果你愿意等我，我们就帮你做这事儿。 , 目的状语从句 , 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so(以便), that(以便), so that(以便，为了), in order that (为了，以便)；in case(以防，以免), lest(免得，以防), for fear that(以免，惟恐)等。从句中一般含有can, could, may, might, will, would 等情态动词。如： Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better. 拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。 Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly. 咱们坐前排，以便看得清楚点。 I left at 6:00 so that/in order that I could catch the train. 为了赶上火车，我六点就出门了。 I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码写下，以免 忘了。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。 Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。 Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。 He walked fast for fear that he should be late. 他走得很快，以免迟到。 She dresses like that so that everyone will notice her. 她那样穿戴是为了引起人们的注意。 I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes. 我给了他一把钥匙，以便他随时能进来。 So that I shouldn’t worry, he phoned me on arrival. 为了不让我担心，他一到就给我打了电话。 They risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 他们冒了生死危险使我们生活得更安 全。 注：当从句主语与主句主语相同时，可用不定式来表达相同的意思。如： 译：为了通过考试，他学习非常努力。 正：He studies very hard so that(=in order that) he can pass the exam. 正：He studies very hard so as to (=in order to) pass the exam. , 让步状语从句 , 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有although, though, as, while(虽然), even if/though(即使), whether…or…(不论/不管……还是……) 以及“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”等。如： Although/Though they are poor they are happy. 虽然他们很穷，但很快乐。 Though he is very old, he works hard. 尽管他年老了但仍努力工作。 Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。 While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢 它的形状。 I’ll go even if/though it snows. 即使下雪我也要去。 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你信还是不信，这的确是事实。 However (=No matter how) tired you may be, you must do it today. 不管怎样累, 你也得今天做。 Wherever (=No matter where) I am, I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 1. as 作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首，though 引导的让步状语从句，也可将这些成分置于句首，但 although 等其它词引导的让步状语从句不能 将这些成分前置。如： Hard as/though they tried (=Although/Though they tried hard), they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。 2. 引导让步状语从句时，若提前的是可数名词单数，要省略不定冠词。如： Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他是孩子，但他却很懂事了。 3. 表示“虽然”的连词不能与表示“但是”的连词 but 连用，但可以 yet 或 still 等副词连用。如： 译：虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。 误：Though it was raining, but he went there. 正：Though it was raining, he went there. 正：It was raining, but he went there. 正：Though it was raining, yet he went there. , 比较状语从句 , 引导比较状语从句的从属连词为as...as（和……一样），not as/so...as（和……不一样），than（比），the more...the more（越……越）。这类从句常以省略形式出现。如： The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。 You look younger than you are. 你看上去比你的实际年龄要年轻。 The more you study, the more knowledge you can get. 你学的知识越多，你的知识越丰富。 He doesn’t work as hard as she (does). 他工作不像她那样努力。 , 方式状语从句 , 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as(正如)，as if或as though(好像)等。如： Do as I told you. 按我告诉你的那样做。 As a man lives, so he dies. 正如人能活，也能死。 I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 整个这件事我记得很清楚，就仿佛是昨 天发生似的。 口语中like也可用连词引导方式状语从句。如： Do it like he does. 照他那样做。 She can’t cook like her mother does. 她菜做得没有她妈那样好。 , 结果状语从句 , 引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that（以致，结果），so…that, such…that（如此……以至于）等。如： We arrived early, so that we got good seats. 我们到得很早，因此我们座位很好。 It was so hot that we wanted to go swimming. 天气太热，我们想去游泳。 She is so good a teacher (=She is such a good teacher) that all the students like her. 她是那么好的老师，每个学生都喜欢她。 His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him. 他的反应如此敏捷 (以致) 无人比得上他。 He is such a marvelious joker that you can’t help laughing. 他是一个如此奇妙的诙谐人物，(以致) 弄得你不能不笑。 They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. 他们都是出色的运动员，没有人能 战胜他们。 In his fury he threw the stone tablets upon the ground so that they were broken. 他大怒之下，便把那些石匾扔到地上，摔破了。 My suitcase had become damaged, so that the lid would not stay closed. 我的箱子损坏了，因此盖子关不上了。 Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. 我们再也没有收到过他的信，因此我们开始怀疑他是不是死了。 It was so dark that he couldn’t see the faces of his companions. 天是那样黑，他同伴的脸他都看不见了。 1. 在口语中 that 常省略。如： I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我是那样忙，写信的时间都没有。 2. 有时主句中还有倒装语序。如： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day. 月亮是那样亮，花都像白天时那样鲜艳。