英译

At constant temperature，the pressure of a gas is inverse1y proportional to its volume。 温度不变，则气体压力和其体积成反比例。 A designer must have a good foundation in statics， kinematics， dynamics and strength of materials。 一个人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这四个方面有很好的基础。 A key is a piece inserted between a shaft and a hub to prevent relative rotation. 键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件，用以防止相对转动 Air moves from p1aces where the pressure is high to places where the pressure is low。 空气从压力高的地方向压力低的地方流动。 After dinner ,the four key negotiators resumed their talks ,which continued well into the night . 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进讨会谈，一直谈到深夜。 As soon as the temperature rise ,the chemical reaction speeds up. 温度一上升，化学反应马上就加快。 A new principle must be tested in practice before one can be certain that it is valuable .一条新得定理必须经过实践的检验后，才能肯定是否有价值。 Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet，the impact is uneven. 虽然这场经济衰退波及地球的每个角落，但各地受到的影响不尽相同。 A satellite will continue moving at constant speed in its orbit, just as planets have been going round the sun for hundreds of millions of years.人造卫星以恒速在轨道上不断运行，正像行星亿万年来一直在环绕太阳运行一样。 And it is not whether universities have produced valuable research and scholarship. 问也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。 As divorce rates in Asia are on the rise , moral education is getting more and more important. 在亚洲，由于离婚率不断上升，道德教育越来越重要。 All is not well in the world nowadays。今天世界形势并不是一切都好。 A smoother tongue and a lighter manner would have been better suited to the situation 如果当初讲话圆滑些，态度和善些，那局面就会好些。 A student of mathematics must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in mathematics and bear them in mind firm1y，and be well versed in the definitions，formu1a，as well as the technical terms in the field of mathematics，in order that he may be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study。为了打好数学墓础，掌握好数学，以便学习深遣，一个学数学的人必须熟悉和牢记数学中常用的记号和符号，精熟定义、公式以及术语。 All these metals are not good conductors. 所有这些金属不都是良导体。 Although he explained it to her, she was still completely at sea. 尽管他给她作了解释，可她仍然迷惑不解。 Automatic control which is known as automation is not limited to such operations as have some connection with the controlling or adjustment of individual machines or instruments, the system set up with automatic controls being, in a wider sense, a long producing line which enables materials to be fed from one end and the products to be turned out at the other with the whole process being controlled automatically. 自动控制，通常称为自动化，不仅限于那些与控制或调整个别机器或仪器有关的操作，从更广泛的意义上说，这种自动控制建立的系统，是一个很长的生产线，从一端投入原料，到另一端制成产品，整个过程都是自动控制的。 A good way of learning to make the sound of a new language is to use recordings which　have pauses after each sentence giving you time to say what you have learnt before the next sentence comes.学习一种新的语言的发音有一种好办法，那就是利用录音，它可以在每句话后多留些间隙，以便你有时间在下一句还没出现之前练习你刚刚学过的东西。 Although feeding the world’s population will be a major problem， the world is probably not headed for disaster（1）．First， the world’s arable acreage can be expanded great1y（2）。Second，the distribution of food and the yield of food per acre can be improved（3）．Third，population growth can be controlled（4）． Historical evidence shows that birth and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial stage（5）。养活全球的人口将是一个很大的难题，不过大概还不至于因此而使世界走向灾难。第一，全世界的可耕地面积可以大大地增加，第二，粮食作物分布状况可以改善，每英亩土地的粮食产量可以提高。第三，人口增长可以加以控制，历史上的材料明，一些国家进入工业高度发展的阶段以后，人口出生率和死亡率便会拉平。 Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times． In the business world of today， supply is usually greater than demand． There is great competition between different manufacturers of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their own particular brand．They always have to remind the consumer of the name and the qualities of their product， They do this by advertising． The manufacturer advertises in the newspapers and on posters． He sometimes pays for songs about his product in commercial radio programs． He organizes competitions，with prizes for winners．He often advertises on local cinemas．manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements．We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best．We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so. Some people never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth．广告宣传已成为了现代高度专业化的活动了。在今天的商业世界中，供过于求是普遍现象。为了说服顾客购买有自己商标的产品，大规模的竞争就在同类商品的工厂主之间展开了，他们得经常设法向消费者提醒他们产品的名字和优等质量。这就要靠广告了。他们在报纸上登广告，在海报作宣传。他们有时出钱在广播节目中播出产品宣传歌。他门组织各种竞赛活动，给获胜者赠送奖品，他们经常在当地电影院的银幕上打出宣传广告。为了这些广告，工厂的老板们要花掉大量的金钱。我们购买某个商品时，总认为它是最好的货色。我们有这种看法，因为广告就是这么说的，有些人从来未冷静地问问自己：这些广告是否说了真话？！ A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps； for there is a companionship of books as well as of men； and one should always live in the best company， whether it be of books or of men．我们往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。这是因为人与人之间有友谊，同样的，人与书也就有了书谊。人们应该经常生活在与最好的书以及最好的人的交谊之中。 A good book may be among the best of friends， It is the same today that it always was， and it Will never change． It is the most patient and cheerful of companions． It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress。 It always receives us with the same kindness； amusing and instructing us in youth l and comforting and consoling us in age．一本好书可以成为一个很好的朋友。它过去是这样，现在是这样，将来也是不会改变的。它是人们最有耐心、最能使人感到欢乐的伴侣。它不会在我们遇到不幸与危难的时刻抛弃我们，它永远以同样的好意对待我们，在我们年青时使我们欢乐和给我们指导，在我们年老时则给我们以愉悦和慰籍。 A good business leader can’t operate that way。 It’s perfectly natural to want all the facts and to hold out for the research that guarantees a particular problem will work． After all， if you’re about to Spend $ 300 million on a new product， you want to be absolutely sure you’re on the right track．一个优秀的企业领导不能那样做。希望得到所有事实，坚持等到研究工作确保某项定会成功以后才采取行动，这是非常自然的事情，如果你要花三亿美元开发一项新产品，你毕竟希望绝对肯定你的做法是对头的。 All sorts of necessaries of life can be made of plastics 用塑料可以制成各种各样的生活必需品。 A first problem is that of culture. When companies do business overseas, they come in contack with people from different cultures. These individuals often speak a different langage and have their owe particular custom and manners. There differences can create problems.第一个问题是文化问题。在国外做生意时，各公司均会接触具有不同文化背景的人。这些人常常操不同的语言，有各自独特的风俗习惯。这些差异会带来麻烦。 A second traditional problem is that of monetary conversion. For example, if a transaction is conducted with the Sovier Union, payment may be made in rubles, Of course, this currency is of little value to the American firm. It is, therefore, necessary to convert the foreign currency to American dollars.第二个常遇到的问题是货币兑换问题。比如，如果是与前苏联做生意，就可能采用卢布来付款。当然，这种货币对美国的公司是没有用的。因此，有必要将这种外币兑换成美元。 A third unique problem is tyade barriers. All countries imposes trade barriers(贸易壁垒)on certain goods crossing their borders. Some trade barriers are directly related to exports. Most trade barriers, however, are designed to restrict imports.Two of the most common import barriers are quotas and tariffs.第三个特殊的问题是贸易壁垒。所有国家对通过它们边境的某些商品都设有贸易壁垒。 有一些贸易壁垒是直接和出口有关。不过大多数贸易壁垒是用来限制进口的；两种最常见的进口壁垒是配额和关税。 A quota is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value. For example, a quata that restricts the importation of Class A widgets(小商品) from Europe to no more than 50000 each year is a restriction stated in terms of physical quantity.Meanwhile, a quota that restricts the importation of certain type of Japanese glassware to no more than $1 million worth a year is stated in terms of value.配额是用物质的数量或价值表示的数额限制。例如，每年从欧洲进口的 A级小商品不得超过50000件的配额是一种以物质数量表示的限制。而对某种日本玻璃器皿的进口规定每年不得超过价值100万美元的限制是一种以价值表示的配额。 A tariff a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into the county. These tariffs can be of twe types: revenue or protective tariff. A revenue tariff is designed to raise money for the government. These tariffs are usually low. Protective tariff is designed to discourage forign businesses from shipping certain goods into the country. The basic reason for a protective tariff is to keep out goods that will undersell products made in the home country. Forthis reason, protective tariffs are often very high. 关税是对进口到一个国家的商品所征收的税额或费用。这类关税有两种：收入关税和保护关税。增设收入关税是为了增加政府税款。这些关税一般较低。保护性关税是为限制外国企业将某种商品运进一个国家而制订的，保护性关税的主要目的是阻止可能以低于本国产品价格出售的商品进口。由于这个原因，保护性关税通常是相当高的。 A team of University of Illinoes scientists led by biochemistry professor Stephen is using genetic engineering to make protein molecules that collectively act as transistors or other electronic devices. The researchers believe that,within the next 10 years,they will be able to emulate the brain by constructing a network of these molecules.一个以生物化学教授斯蒂芬为首的伊利诺利大学科学家研究小组，目前正利用遗传工程来研制蛋白质分子，它们能集中起到晶体管或其他电子件作用。这些研究人员相信，在今后的十年内，他们将通过构造出一种由这些分子组成的网络来模拟人脑。 Among the advantages that future biochips(生物芯片)，or “living computers,”would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller,they do not generate as much heat and they allow for the parallel processing of information,making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.未来的生物芯片或“活计算机”与普通半导体晶片相比优点是：它们体积较小，产生的热量少，并能并行处理信息，从而使其速度快于当今的半导体器件。 Another key advantage is that the biochips are created thyough genetic engineeyings and thus could be produced with specific senses in order to perform particular tasks.According to Stephen,“One of the problems with semiconductor devices is that,while they can transmit electrical signals very fast,they are limited in sensing their environment.With genetic engineering, we can create protein molecules that recognize specific molecules.”另一个主要优点是：由于这些芯片是通过遗传工程创造的，因此可以生产出一种具有特殊感觉的芯片以便执行特殊的任务。就斯蒂芬所言，半导体器件存在的问题之一是：“虽然它们能很快地传输电信号，但它们感知其环境的能力是有限的。利用遗传工程后，我们能创造出辨别分子的蛋白质分子”。 A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes.Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement.Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrient supplement contained.Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water.Many industries,such as meat and poultry processing plants,are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts.Other industies are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. 第二个办法是利用所有垃圾或部分垃圾的经济使用价值。农用肥料可作为滋养或有机补充肥料洒入田间，从污水处理厂排出的废水在某些地方既可用来灌溉，所含的滋养成分也可作为滋养补充肥料。从其他处理厂排出的废水也能用来作为水源的补充。许多工业，例如肉类和家禽的加工厂，正在把原来的废物变成可售的副产品，其它工业也正在挖掘其废品潜在的经济使用价值。 Advertising is a way of bringing information to the public for the purpose of selling a product,providing a service,giving an idea.The information is transmitted by means of the printed word or over the air.It may be presented as a simple statement of fact,as is more frequently the case,it may be offered in colorful or even emotional language.All advertising is intended to stimulate people to do some specific thing,such as buy a product,order a service,join an organization,attend a meeting,or think sympathetically about a situation.Each advertisement is paid for by a person,a group,an organization,or a business enterprise seeking to advance his or its goals.广告是一种为大众传播信息的方式，其目的是为了销售产品、提供服务、宣传思想。信息是通过印刷文字和广播方式来传播的。也许它以一句有关事实的简单话来表示，但更常见的是以多姿多彩的甚至富有感情的语言来表示的。所有广告的目的都在于刺激人们做某件具体的事，比如购买产品、寻求服务、加入组织、参加会议、或出于同情而考虑某种情况，每个广告都是以个人、集体、组织、商贸企业为达到其目的而付费的。 Although starting salaries of scientific men are excellent, it must be admitted that the highest-paid jobs in American industry are those of executives in sales, advertising, and production departments, Rarely does a scientist or an engineer become president of the firm. Although now there is a small improvement in this direction, men from other departments usually pass him by on the promotion ladder.虽然科学人员在开始工作时的薪金十分优厚，但必须承认，在美国企业中薪金最高的职位却是推销、广告和生产部门的经理，科学家或工程师很少成为公司的总经理。虽然现在这方面情况稍有改善，但其他部门的人员通常比他们优先得到提升。 B Be through with the oiling of the parts before the machine is operated在开动机器之前，要把部件的上油工作做完。 Both the instruments are not precision ones。 这两台仪器并不都是精密的。 But for his sickness， he would have joined the Army。 要不是他当初病了，他原本会参军的。 Between atoms there is enough space for them to move, and move they do. 原子之间有足够的空间让原子运动，而它们的确在运动。 But that is not al1． Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present—day Capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created．The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem ， in trying to solve which all ，previous investigations，of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics， had been groping in the dark.不仅如此。马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家一直在黑暗中摸索探测，企图加以解决的问题，由于剩余价值的发现，一下子变得一清二楚了。 By and large， business can make profits only by producing goods and services that people Want to buy autos， houses， dry cleaning , dogfood ． If there is no consumer who is willing and able to buy， the businessman is out of luck． Maybe the government will temporarily come to his rescue with a subsidy， or maybe he can keep going by using up his invested capita1． But over the long pull， it is the customers who are willing and able to buy who direct production in a private—enterprise economy． Since consumer demand largely directs production in a private—enterprise system ， it is important to define “demand” accurately at the outset，“ Demand” is the schedule of amounts of any product that buyers will purchase at different prices during the stated time period．This definition takes some explaining，since it obviously isn’t what the word means in every conversation. 一般来说，企业获取利润，只能靠生产和提供人们愿意购买的产品和服务，如汽车、房屋、干洗、狗食。如果没有愿意买而且买得起的消费者，企业主就倒霉了。也许政府会提供津贴来暂时帮他一把，或者他耗用自己的投资而得以维持下去。但从长远来看，正是那些愿意买而且买得起的顾客支配着私营企业的生产。既然私营企业体制中生产大都由消费需求来支配，那么一开始就给“需求”下一个精确的定义便是很重要的了。“需求”就是在一定时期内购买者想要按不同的价格购买的任何产品的数量一览表。这个定义需要解释一下，因为它显然不是这个词用于日常谈话时所指的意思。 Books introduce us into the best society； they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived． We hear what they said and did； we see them as if they were really alive； we sympathize with them ， enjoy with them ， grieve with them ； their experience becomes ours， and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe． 书引导我们置身于最优秀的人群之中，让我们接触到历代最伟大的思想家。我们听到他们的所言所行，见到他们的身影仿佛他们仍是活着一样。我们和他们有同样的感受，与他们共享欢乐和分担悲痛，他们的经验变成了我们自己的经验，我们感到有点像是在他们所描绘的情景中与他们一道扮演着角色。 Buckminster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms， e.g. in order to reduce traffic accidents , improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers . The same concept should be applied to human relations . There is a need to think in terms of social architecture , and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they really want to see in themselves． Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture， and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component．but most of these designs are only for safety， efficiency， or productivity． System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life， romance, and esthetic experiences． Social technology as well as physical technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced． People need not to be victimized by their environments； they can be fulfilled by them．巴克明斯特·富勒曾经说过，社会需要的不是改革，而是要全新的模式。举例说，为了减少交通事故，那就改进汽车和公路，而不是试图去改进司机。这一观念也应运用到人际关系中去。有必要从社会结构的角度进行思考，提出一种人际安排，这种安排能够唤起人们真正想看看自己内心的东西。人类一贯精心于有形的建筑，而现在开始关心起人作为其中组成部分的系统设计了。但是这些设计中的大部分，只是为了安全、效率和生产力。系统设计没有用来影响人们最关心的生活中的那些方面，例如家庭生活、爱情、美的享受。我们需要运用社会科学和自然科学的技术作出人际安排，这种安排将超越人类迄今为止的一切经验，人不必成为其环境的牺牲品，人可以通过自身的环境充实自己。 Bad weather made us cancel our trip. 因为天气太糟，我们未能成行。 But this idealized version of how one ``does'' science is naive. Although science demands proof that observations made by one observer be observable by other observers using the same methods , even when confronted with identical phenomena ,different observers will by no means report identical observations. And it is most certain that , even if the same observations are made , the conclusions as to the result of the observations frequently differ.但这种关于人们怎样进行科学的理想化的描述是很天真的。虽然科学要求能证明一个观测者的观测结果也能被其他观测者用同样的方法观测到，但是，即使面对同样的现象，不同的观测者的观测绝不相同，并最有可能的是即使观测相同，由观测结果得出的结论常常是不同的。 C Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and dump。 应该时常注意保护仪器，使其不沾灰，不受潮。 Christmas tree is an assembly which contains aontrol values,pressure gauges and chokes assemblid at the top of the well to control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been drilled and completed.采油树十一中装载井口的，带有控制阀、压力计和油嘴的装置，用来在钻井和完钻后控制室油和天然气的产量。 Cargo insurance is to protect the trade from losses that many dangers may cause.货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。 Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries,who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective government. 中国派了贸易代表团的前往非洲各国，以便与有关政府商谈贸易协定。 China’s isolation from the West was finally broken in the 19th century, when it was invaded from the sea. 中国与西方隔绝的状态终于在19世纪被打破了，当时中国遭到了从海上来的侵略。 Constant1y growing is the volume of chemical goods。不断增加的是化学制品的产量。 Current will not flow continually, since the circuit is broken by the insulating material. 电流不再继续流动，因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。 China has always been a disciplined and cultured nation, and if it seemed to old China hands that it was not , it is likely that it was the disturbing influence of western materialism and amorality that corrupted the personality of the Chinese who were in contact with it, and who thus became, in essence , its victims.中国一直是一个守纪律有文化的国家，如果对某些中国通来说，中国看来并不是那样，那很可能是由于西方的那种追求物质享受不讲道德是非的风气破坏性的影响，腐蚀了那些与这种影响接触的中国人的品格，在实质上这些人是这些影响的受害者。 Company scientists say their amorphous transistors are just as fast as silicon crystal transistors． But they cost much less to make， They produce much less heat． And thin layers， or films Of amorphous silicon can be made in any size． This means it can be used to make electrical circuits or system as large as needed。公司的科研人员说，他们的非晶体半导体管与硅晶体半导体管电流速度一样快，但是造价却低得多，产生的热量也大为减少。同时，非晶体硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸，这意味着它可用于无论多么大的电路或系统。 China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capital agricultural land . 中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to further our joint work,and establish and develop business contacts.热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。 Computer programs and software are protectable subject matter under trade secret law. Trade secret can protect the idea, the information, the invention ,the design, and the expression of the idea. Trade secrets are not protected against independent discovery.计算机程序和软件都是贸易秘密保护法的受保护对象。贸易秘密能保护设想、信息、发明、设计和设想的表达形式。但是保护贸易秘密并不是要阻止独立的发现。 Copyright protection of software is effective and should be pursued by any proprietor wishing to protect his interest in software/firmware. Proprietors ,however, should understand the limitations of copyright ,as well as trade secret protection and use a combination of both to cover the shortcomings in each. The combination of trade secret protection under state law and copyright protection under the 1976 Act will provide the maximum amount of legal protection for a computer program short of patent.软件的版权保护现已生效，因此，任何希望保护自己软件/固件利益的所有人都应采取版权保护。然而，所有人应该了解版权保护和贸易秘密保护的局限性，利用两者的结合来克服各自的缺点。（美国）州法里的贸易秘密保护和1976年法案里的版权保护这两者的结合，将最大限度地对尚未获得专利的计算机程序提供法律保护。 Created only by nature but exploited by man ,petroleum is a nonrenewable resource because people consume it approximately one million times faster than nature can create it , Timber is a renewable natural resource; it can be harvested , replanted, then reharvested in a few decades. In a sense ,petroleum “seeds” are being planted today because the natural processes that create petroleum occur continuously .however, the resul